Kuliah Ke 2

Fisika Dasar I
Semester Ganjil 2016/2017
Minarni, Iwantono, Zulkarnain
 Soal no 1: Percepatan yang dimiliki Cheetah ketika
berburu adalah a = 6.1 m/s2 Berapa Percepatannya
dalam ft/min2 ?
Faktor Konversi: 1 ft = 0.3048 m

Soal no 2 pilih : Jika w = (4.52 ± 0.02) cm, x =

(2.0 ± 0.2) cm.
Tentukan z = wx dan ketidakpastiannya.

Soal No 2 pilih: Tentukan jumlah angka berarti

berikut ini:
40 
4,0 x 101 
0,0031 
3.03 
QUIZ I 4,0 x 101 : 2,04 x 102 = ? X 10-1
 Example
w = (4.52 ± 0.02) cm, x = (2.0 ± 0.2) cm.
Find z = wx and its uncertainty.
(1) z = wx = (4.52) (2.0) = 9.04 cm2
(2) Average error:

 z = 0.1044 (9.04 cm2) = 0.944   round to 0.9 cm2,

 z = (9.0 ± 0.9) cm2.
(3) Standard deviation: z = 0.905 cm2
  z = (9.0 ± 0.9) cm2
The uncertainty is rounded to one significant figure and the <z>
is rounded to match. To write 9.0 cm2 rather than 9 cm2 since
the 0 is significant.
 Example 
x = ( 2.0 ± 0.2) cm, y = (3.0 ± 0.6) sec.
Find z = x/y with a dimension of velocity.
(1) z = 2.0/3.0 = 0.6667 cm/s.
(2) Average error:
z = 0.3 (0.6667 cm/sec) = 0.2 cm/sec
(3) Using average error: z = (0.7 ± 0.2) cm/sec
(4) Using standard deviation: z = (0.67 ± 0.15)
cm/sec
Note that in this case we round off our answer to
have no more decimal places than our uncertainty.
ANALISA VEKTOR

• Pengertian Vektor

• Notasi Vektor

• Penjumlahan dan Pengurangan Vektor

• Perkalian Vektor
•Perkalian Dot atau Skalar
•Perkalian Cross atau Vektor
Sebuah Skalar adalah suatu besaran
Fisika dengan ukuran (nilai/besar) nya
saja dan satuan
Contoh:
◦ Suhu, tekanan, jarak (distance), laju (speed)
Sebuah vektor adalah sebuah besaran
Fisika yang mempunyai ukuran dan arah
Contoh:
◦ Perpindahan (Displacement
◦ Kecepatan (velocity)

Pengertian Vektor dan Skalar

 Scalars and Vectors

Temperature = Scalar Velocity = Vector

Quantity is specified by a single Quantity is specified by
number giving its magnitude. three numbers that give
its magnitude and direction
(or its components in three
January 7, 2013 Physics 114A - Lecture 1 7/21
perpendicular directions).
Vektor dapat digambarkan secara grafik
mengunakan tanda panah:

 Arah dari besaran Fisika diberikan

mengunakan arah tanda panah
 Nilai atau magnitude dari besaran
tersebut diberikan oleh panjang dari
tanda panah tersebut.

Notasi Vektor
MetodeGrafik:
menghubungkan ekor dengan kepala tanda
panah dari vektor vektor (Tail-to-head
method) dan Metode Paralellogram

Metode Analitik
Menjumlahkan Komponen komponen vektor

Penjumlahan Vektor
Metode Grafik
 Penjumlahan Vektor

 Jumlah 2 vektor merupakan vektor lainnya

A =B+C
B B

C A C
 Tip to Tail Method 20 N
12 N
(Vektor –vektor segaris)
Tempatkan ekor salah satu 16 N
9N vektor pada ujung vektor
yang lain. Jumlah vektor
(disebut juga resultant)
diperlihatkan warna merah 20 N
16 N
21 N Dalam contoh ini, vektor-
vektor mewakili . 4N
9N
•Anda dapat menjumlahkan
dan mengurangi nilai vektor
12 N jika vektor-vektornya
segaris! Penjumlahan Vektor
Tip to Tail – 2 Vectors
• Besar dari Resultan hasil
penjumlahan harus < 7 dan > 3
(5 + 2 = 7) dan (5 - 2 = 3). 5m
Interpretasi: Berjalan 5 m dalam
arah vektro biru dan 2 m dalam 2m
arah vektor merah sama atau
ekivalen dengan berjalan dengan
nilai dan arah vektro warna hitam.
2m

5m
+ red
blue
 Sifat Komutatif Penjumlahan
Vektor

+ b lue
red
+ r ed
blue

Perhatikan bahwa resultan (vektor hitam) mempunyai

niai dan arah yang sama.

Penjumlahan Vektor
 Tip to Tail Methods
– 3 Vectors

Kita dapat menjumlahkan 3

atau lebih vektor dengan
menempatkan ekor ke kepala
vektor lainnya asalkan vektor-
vektor yang dijumlahkan
merupakan besaran-besaran
yang sama (force, velocity,
displacement, etc.).

blue + green + red Penjumlahan Vektor

Parallelogram Method
This time we’ll add red & blue by
placing the tails together and
drawing a parallelogram with
dotted lines. The resultant’s tail
is at the same point as the other
tails. It’s tip is at the intersection
of the dotted lines.

Note: Opposite sides

of a parallelogram
are congruent.
Comparison of Methods
+ b lue
red
The resultant has the
same magnitude and
Tip to tail method direction regardless
of the method used.

Parallelogram method
Opposite of a Vector

If v is 17 m/s up and
v to the right, then -v is
17 m/s down and to
the left. The
directions are
-v opposite; the
magnitudes are the
same.
Scalar Multiplication
Scalar multiplication means
x multiplying a vector by a real
number, such as 8.6. The
result is a parallel vector of a
different length. If the scalar
is positive, the direction
3x doesn’t change. If it’s
negative, the direction is
exactly opposite.
-2x Blue is 3 times longer than red in the
same direction. Black is half as long
as red. Green is twice as long as red
½x in the opposite direction.
Vector Subtraction
Put vector tails together and
complete the triangle, pointing to the
red - blue
vector that “comes first in the
subtraction.”
Why it works: In the first diagram,
blue and black are tip to tail, so
blue + black = red
blue - red  red – blue = black.

Note that red - blue is the opposite of blue - red.

Penjumlahan Vektor: Mengunakan
Komponen
 Bila dua vektor ditambahkan, komponennya
dijumlahkan secara terpisah.:
◦ C x = A x + Bx = Bx + Ax
◦ C y = A y + By = By + Ay

C.E.H.-W., Fall 2005 Walker, Chapter 3 21

Komponen Skalar dari sebuah
vektor (dalam 2 dim.)
Komponen skalar dari
vektor A:
A = Ax x +Ay y
|A|, diketahui:
|Ax|= |A| Cos 
|Ay|=|A| Sin 
Ax, Ay diketahui:
|A| A2=(Ax )2+(AY)2
= Tg-1 |Ay|/|Ax|
 Vektor Satuan adalah vektor yang mempunyai
panjang 1 dan tidak ada satuan.
 Digunakan untuk memberikan arah pada v
sebuah komponen vektor. ^v
◦ Biasanya dilambangkan pakai topi atau “hat”:

 Besarnya vektor dilambangkan |v| atau v ^v

 Contoh
^
vektor r = r r
z
 Kordinat Kartesius
^ ^ ^ ^^^
Vektor Satuannya , x, y, z atau i, j, k . k
◦ arahnya searah sumbu yang diwakil x, y dan
j y
z i
x

Vektor Satuan
Vektor Satuan
Contoh. Tentukan Vektor yang
diwakili oleh titik dari kordinat (0,0,0)
ke (3,4,1) dan vektor satuannya
 z
◦
a  3 î  4ĵ  k̂
k (3,4,1)
◦ |a| = 9  16  1 =
y
j
◦ Vektor Satuannya i
1
◦ a = +/- (3i + 4j + k)x
26
 Penjumlahan Vektor
Mengunakan Vektor Satuan :
 MisalkanC = A + B.
(a) C = (Ax i + Ay j ) + (Bx i + By j ) = (Ax + Bx )i
+ (Ay + By )
(b) C = (Cx i + Cy j )

 Bandingkan Komponen (a) dan (b): By

C B

◦ Cx = A x + B x
Bx
◦ Cy = Ay + By A Ay
Ax
Latihan NOTES
 Vector a = 2 i
 Vector b = i + j

Berapakah vektor resultan dari:

(i)menjumlahkan, a+b?
(ii)mengurangi, a-b ?
Solusinya

c = a + b = (axi + ayj + azk) + (bxi + byj + bzk)

= (ax + bx)i + (ay + by)j + (az + bz)k
a=2i
= (2 + 1 )i + (0 + 1 )j = 3 i + 1 j b=i+j

c = a - b =(axi + ayj + azk) - (bxi + byj + bzk)

= (ax - bx)i + (ay - by)j + (az - bz)k
= (2 - 1 )i + (0 - 1 )j = i - j coba check hasil c = b-a
Konversi Kordinat Kartesius ke Polar
 Dalam Kordinat Polar vektor R = (r,)
 Dalam Kordinat Kartesius R = (rx,ry) = (x,y)
 Konversi antara keduanya dapat dilakukan :

rx  x  r cos
y
ry  y  r sin  (x,y)

R  x î  y ˆj r
ry
r  x2  y2 
tan-1 ( y / x ) rx x

• Dalam Kordinat silinder 3D, (r,z), r

sama besarnya
dengan Kordinat polar 2D yaitu [sqrt(x2 +y2)]
Sifat Sifat Vektor

30/
January 7, 2013 Physics 114A - Lecture 1 21
Perkalian Vektor:
Scalar x vector

Contoh Sederhana
◦ 2 a = 2 x vector a
Hasil : Vektor lain yang arahnya sama
tapi lebih panjang 2 x.
 vektor x vektor - 2 kemungkinan

1.Scalaror dot product a•b ...

disebut ‘a dot b’
◦ Berguna bila sebuah hasil skalar dibutuhkan
dari dua vektor.

2. Vector or cross product a x b ...

Pronounced ‘a cross b’
◦ useful where a vector result is wanted from
the product of two vectors.

Perkalian Vektor:
 Perkalian Vektor: dot product
Dot Product Angle  measured counterclockwise
b wrt positive x-axis

a•b = |a| |b| cos NOT b

 
a a
Catatan cos(90°) = 0, sehingga vektor – vektor yang saling tegak lurus, the
dot product is zero.
 e.g. Work = F•d = Fd cos
scalar vectors
F


d
Perkalian Vektor: dot product
 Properties:

1. a•b = b•a
2. a•a = a2
3. a•b = 0 dimana a dan b orthogonal
z

Thus i•i =1, i•j0°== 0

(cos 1) (Cartesian unit k
vectors)
j y
 Dot product of two general vectors i
x

a = axi+ayj+azk and b = bxi+byj+bzk is a•b

= axbx+ayby+azbz
 Latihan : Dot Product
NOTES
 Vector a = 2 i
 Vector b = i + j

Berapakah a•b ?
a=2i
b=i+j Jawaban Dot Product

(i) a•b = ab cos  j y

1
Magnitude (panjang) sebuah vektor b

Ditentukan dengan Pythagoras theorem: 45 ° a

x
 1 1 2
| a |  2 | b | 2 cos(45 )  i
2
   1 
a  b  (2) ( 2 )  2
 2

(ii) Scalar product of two general vectors

a = axi+ayj+azk and b = bxi+byj+bzk is a•b = axbx+ayby+azbz

Therefore a•b = 2
  
• Dengan komponen-komponen AB  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz.
• Contoh: Tunjukkan cara menghitung suatu perkalian skalar
dua vektor A dan B!

[Insert figure 1.27 here]

Calculating a scalar product

• Contoh : Tunjukkan cara mengunakan komponen-komponen
untuk menghitung sudut antara dua vektor!.

Finding an angle using the scalar

product
 Kesimpulan I: Analisa Vektor
Scalar : a quantity with magnitude only
Vector : a quantity with magnitude AND
direction
 Vectors usually written as v (bold face) or v
 Magnitude is simply v or |v| and is a positive value
 Unit vector: vector having length 1 and no units:
 Cartesian unit vectors are: i, j, k .
 Vector addition/subtraction: c = a + b = (axi + ayj + azk) + (bxi + byj + bzk)
= (ax + bx)i + (ay + by)j + (az +
bz)j
 Kesimpulan I : Analisa Vektor
• Vector multiplication : First Type:

(I) Scalar or dot product a•b - scalar result.

a•b = |a| |b| cos For orthogonal vectors,  = 90°, a•b = 0

 Perkalian Vektor yang ke 2

 (II) Cross product: a x b

◦ Properties

◦ General method

◦ Determinant Method

◦ Examples
 Perkalian Vektor: vector product
 Vector or cross product a x b - vector result
c=axb

Magnitude of c = |c| =|a x b| = a b sin

c has DIRECTION to a and b

RH or
Corkscrew
RULE
 Vector or cross product: a x b

c=axb

Right Hand (RH) or Corkscrew Rule

 Vector/cross product: Sifat sifatnya

1. a x b = - b x a

2. The vector product of any vector with itself = 0

a x a =0
So i x i = 0, j x j = 0, k x k = 0 (strictly a zero vector, but
often just write 0)

3. Magnitude of cross product of two perpendicular vectors a and b is ab

(|a x b| = a b sin, when sin

 Vector/cross product: sifat sifatnya

4. Cartesians z
k
ixj =k
y
j x k = i Cyclic permutations i
x
kxi=j

j x i = -k
k x j = -iAnticyclic permutations j y
x
i
i x k = -j -k
 Vector/cross product:
 General Method
Some books give a general formula:
a x b = (aybz – azby)i + (azbx – axbz)j + (axby – aybx)k

Why try to memorize this? Just work it out from scratch.

 Determinant Method
i j k
a a a
x y z
axb=
b b b
x y z
 Vector/cross product: Determinant method
i j k
a x b =a a a
x y z

b b b
x y z

Procedure: Take each of the three top-row elements in turn and form
the 2x2 determinant associated with it, by covering the row and
column that the top-row element is in.

i j k
For i:
ax ay az = (aybz – azby)i
bx by bz Determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix is the
difference of the product of diagonals
 Vector/cross product: Determinant method

For j: j i k
ay ax az
= = - (axbz – azbx)j
by bx bz

To form the 2 x 2 determinant we must swap the first two columns. In switching the
columns we change the sign of the determinant.

i j k
For k: ax ay az = (axby – aybx)k
=
bx by bz
Vector/cross product: Determinant method

a x b = (aybz – azby)i - (axbz -azbx)j + (axby – aybx)k

 Vector/Cross Product
NOTES
 Vector a = 2 i
 Vector b = i + j

What is a x b ?
a=2i
b=i+j Vector/Cross Product Solution

(i) Magnitude: a x b = ab sin 

z
1
|a| 2 | b | 2 sin(45 ) 
2 c=axb
   1 
a  b  (2) ( 2 )  2
 2  y
a b
Direction is k x
Therefore a x b = 2 k
(ii) Vector product of two general vectors  = 45°

a x b = 2 i x (i + j) = 2 (i x i) + 2 (i x j) = 0 + 2 k

=0 =k
Therefore a x b = 2 k
 Vector/Cross Product 2
NOTES
 Vector a = 2 i + j + 3 k
 Vector b = j + 2 k

Use the determinant method to calculate a x b

 Vector/Cross Product 2 Solution
a=2i+j+3k
b=j+ 2k

so 2 1 3
0 1 2

= i (2-3) - j (4-0) + k ( 2-0) = -i - 4j + 2k

 Geometric representations

Area of parallelogram
a
|a x b | = a b sin 
b

Dot and cross multiplication of 3 vectors: a, b, and c

Volume of parallelepiped:
a
d = a•(b x c) - triple scalar product c

b
Triple vector product:

d = a x (b x c) - triple vector product

 Common errors!

a x (b•c) - vector x scalar

a x (b x c) (a x b) x c - order is important when you

cross vectors

axbxc - meaningless
 Examples of vector/cross products in physics
MECHANICS:

a) Torque
=rxF

b) Angular momentum
L = r x p (p=mv)

ELECTROMAGNETISM:

c) Force on charged particle in a magnetic field

F = q (v x B) v = velocity, B = magnetic field

 Summary

Cartesian unit vectors: i, j, k . k

j y
Scalar or dot product i
x

Thus i•i =1, i•j = 0 (cos 0° = 1)

Vector or cross product

Thus i x i = 0, i x j = k (sin 0° = 0)