METODE ILMIAH

DALAM PSIKOLOGI

Psychology: An Introduction
Permasalahan:
jika anak-anak makan jajan/snack dalam jumlah
banyak, mereka menjadi hiperaktif
• Problem:
Bagaimana Anda akan menguji
kebenaran tersebut di atas bahwa
jajan/snack dapat menyebabkan anak-
anak hiperaktif?

Psychology: An Introduction
Team Teaching: Islamic University of Indonesia
Bagaimana cara ilmuan mengembangkan pengetahuan
baru?

• Penyelidikan Empiris (Empirical investigation):

Sebuah pendekatan penelitian yang mengandalkan
pengalaman sensori/indrawi dan pengamatan sebagai
data penelitian
Metode Ilmiah (Scientific method):
Sebuah proses investigasi empiris, terdiri atas lima tahapan, bertujuan
untuk menguji hipotesis penelitian di mana penelitian didesain sedemikian
rupa sehingga bias-bias dan penilaian-penilaian subjektif yang mungkin
muncul dalam penelitian terkendali
3
Psychology: An Introduction
Pengantar

 Sains/Ilmu pengetahuan (Science) merupakan sebuah kata yang

diturunkan dari kata dalam bahasa Latin “scientia” yang bermakna
“knowledge.”
 Praktik ilmiah membantu ilmuwan psikologi untuk mengetahui bahwa
mereka telah mendapatkan pengetahuan yang paling akurat dan berguna
tentang proses mental dan perilaku manusia.

Psychology: An Introduction
Pengantar

 Metode ilmiah menyediakan panduan-panduan kepada para

ilmuwan di semua bidang, termasuk psikologi, untuk
menggunakannya dalam mengevaluasi hipotesis-hipotesis dan
teori-teori.
 Metode ilmiah memungkinkan kita untuk mendeklarasikan
kesimpulan-kesimpulan kita sampai pada tingkatan tertentu
masuk akal untuk diperlakukan sebagai sesuatu yang bersifat
faktual

Psychology: An Introduction
 Apa yang menjadikan penelitian Psikologi bersifat ilmiah?

Ilmuwan psikologi menggunakan metode penelitian untuk memisahkan

kesimpulan yang dibuat berdasarkan bukti yang dapat dipercaya, dari
keyakinan yang tidak memiliki dasar apapun.
Pemahaman mengenai metode penelitian membantu seseorang untuk dapat
berpikir secara kritis mengenai berbagai masalah psikologi dan dapat
bertindak sebagai konsumen yang kritis terhadap temuan dan program
psikologi.

Psychology: An Introduction
Lima langkah dalam metode ilmiah

• Mengamati sejumlah gejala

• Merumuskan hipotesis dan dugaan
• Menguji melalui penelitian empiris
• Menarik kesimpulan
• Mengevaluasi kesimpulan

Psychology: An Introduction
Scientific Theories

• What is a Scientific Theory?

– Teori merupakan sebuah penjelasan komprehensif atas
peristiwa-peristiwa/kejadian-kejadian dan kondisi-kondisi yang
dapat diamati (observable events and conditions).
– Sebuah teori yang baik membuat prediksi-prediksi yang akurat
dan konsisten dengan menyandarkan diri pada sejumlah
asumsi-asumsi yang mendasarinya

Psychology: An Introduction
The Five Steps of the Scientific Method

Developing a hypothesis

Performing a controlled test

Gathering objective data

Analyzing the results

Publishing, criticizing, and

replicating the results
9
Psychology: An Introduction
 The Five Steps of the Scientific Method
Developing a
hypothesis Hypothesis:
Performing a A statement predicting
controlled test the outcome of a
Gathering scientific study
objective data Operational definitions:
Analyzing the Exact procedures used in
results establishing experimental
Publishing, conditions and
criticizing, and measurement of results
replicating the
results 10
Psychology: An Introduction
 Scientific Method:
Hypothesis
Formulate Hypothesis
– Testable prediction
– Derived from theory
• Hubungan ant. teori dg hipotesis tdk sll langsung
– Teori dpt mnghasilkan byk hipotesis
– Jk lbh byk hipotesis terkait dg sbuah teori  teori
tsb mdptkan kredibilitas
Psychology: An Introduction
 Scientific Method:
Observation

• Gejala yg diteliti ilmuwan  variabel

• Operational Definitions

– Objective description of variables

– How will variables be measured?

Psychology: An Introduction
 General Principles of Research

• Definitions of Psychological Terms

– The problems of measurement
• We need to measure the phenomena we are studying.
• Sometimes what we study in psychology is not tangible. It is not
as we are measuring weight or length of time.

Psychology: An Introduction
 General Principles of Research
• Definitions of Psychological Terms
– The problems of Measurements
• In order to accurately measure these concepts and phenomena, we develop
behavioral or observable definitions of them.
• We call these definitions operational definitions.
• An operational definition is one that specifies the operations or procedures used to
produce or measure something. It’s a way to give an intangible idea a numerical
value.

Psychology: An Introduction
General Principles of Research

• Definitions of Psychological Terms

– So if we are investigating the effect of watching
violence on television on children’s aggressive
behavior:
• We need to operationalize “violence” on television.
• We need to operationalize “aggressive behavior.”

Psychology: An Introduction
 The Five Steps of the Scientific Method
Developing a
hypothesis
Independent variable:
Performing a The variable manipulated
controlled test
by the experimenter
Gathering
Randomization:
objective data
Using chance alone to
Analyzing the determine presentation
results
order of stimulus
Publishing,
criticizing, and
replicating the
results 16
Psychology: An Introduction
 The Five Steps of the Scientific Method
Developing a
hypothesis
Performing a Data:
controlled test Information gathered by a
Gathering researcher and used to
objective data test a hypothesis
Analyzing the Dependent variable:
results The measured outcome
Publishing, of a study; the responses
criticizing, and
replicating the of participants in a study
results 17
Psychology: An Introduction
 Scientific Method: Research

• Collect Data
– Select participants
• Population – entire group of interest
• Sample – subset of population
• Random sampling
– Design Study / Select Research Method
– Analyze Data
• Data – all information collected in a study
• Use statistical procedures to understand data

Psychology: An Introduction
 General Principles of Research

• Population Samples
– Usually in research we are asking questions
that are pertinent to a large population of
interest such as:
• Seven to ten-year-old children
• People diagnosed with depression

Psychology: An Introduction
 General Principles of Research

• Population Samples
– But it is not practical to study all the individuals in the
population.
– We take a relatively small number of observations or
individuals from the population, and we generalize
from that small number.
– The small number of individuals or observations is
called a sample.
Psychology: An Introduction
 The Five Steps of the Scientific Method
Developing a
hypothesis
Performing a
controlled test
Gathering
objective data
Analyzing the Based on statistical analyses
results of results, the hypothesis is
Publishing, accepted or rejected.
criticizing, and
replicating the
results 21
Psychology: An Introduction
 The Five Steps of the Scientific Method
Developing a
hypothesis
Performing a
controlled test
Gathering
objective data
Analyzing the
results
Publishing,
criticizing, and
replicating the
results 22
Psychology: An Introduction
 Scientific Method: Conclusions

• What do the results mean?

• Statistical data analysis

• Replication of results (reliability)

• Revise theory?

Psychology: An Introduction
What is the relationship between
sugar and behavior?

24
Psychology: An Introduction
 The Scientific Method
• The method of meta-analysis
– Karena kita kadang-kadang menemukan dalam jumlah cukup banyak
penelitian pengaruh dalam level kecil sampai medium tentang fenomena
tertentu (misalnya perbedaan jenis kelamin dalam hal perilaku agresif, kita
kemungkinan mengkompilasikan hasil-hasil studi yang banyak tersebut dan
memperlakukannya sebagai sebuah penelitian baru).
– Studi meta-analisis memberikan kita lebih banyak informasi tentang situasi-
situasi yang akan meningkatkan atau menurunkan kemungkinkan pengaruh
yang diprediksikan.

Psychology: An Introduction