Waikar SS, Curhan GC, Wald R, McCarthy EP, Chertow GM. Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002. J Am Soc Nephrol.
2006;17:1143-50.Xue JL, Daniels F, Star RA, Kimmel PL, Eggers PW, MolitorisBA, et al. Incidence and mortality of acute renal failure in Medicare
beneficiaries, 1992 to 2001. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 17:1135-42.Palevsky PM. Epidemiology of acute renal failure: the tip of the iceberg. Clin J Am
Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:6-7.
Epidemiologi
Etiologi
• Pre renal (25–60%)
• Renal (35–70%)
• Post Renal (5 - 10%)
1. http://www.medicalassessmentonline.net/terms.php?R=3
2. Basille DP, et.al. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury. Compr Physiol. 2012 April ; 2(2):
1303–1353. doi:10.1002/cphy.c110041.
URO
Patofisiologi
Basile, David P et al. “Pathophysiology of acute kidney
injury” Comprehensive Physiology vol. 2,2 (2012): 1303-53.
Presentasi klinis
Simptom Tanda
Malaise Hipertensi
peningkatan JVP
Pruritis
Dehidrasi: Hipotensi
Dehidrasi
ortostatik, penurunan eksresi
Kebingungan, kejang
urin
Menghitung Fungsi Ginjal
Bellomo R, et.al. Acute renal failure – definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs:
the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care. 2004; 8(4): R204–
R212.
Keterbatasan dari RIFLE Criteria
Istilah lain
• Azotemia:
– Akumulasi dari nitrogenous waste
• Uremia:
– AKI simptomatik (eg perubahan
muskuloskeletal, hilangnya nafsu makan,
tremors)
Pemeriksaan lanjutan
1. Darah lengkap
2. Serum biokimiawi
Myoglobin atau hemoglobin bebas - cth, nefropati pigmentasi
Peningkatan serum kadar asam urat - cth, tumor lysis syndrome
Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) - cth, renal infark
8. Angiografi Aortorenal
9. Biopsi ginjal
10. Furosemide Stress Testing (FST)
Pada AKI tahap awal, produksi urin setelah FST dapat
memprediksi terjadinya AKI stage 3
Tatalaksana
• Konservatif
• Rujuk
Tatalaksana konservatif
Pionefrosis