(Thinking Style)
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Style of Thinking
Sumber
Common Science
Sense Pengetahuan
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Style of Thinking:
Rasionalisme
• Postulational
Empirisisme
• Self-Evident Truth • Scientific Method
Idealisme
• Method of Authority
• Untested Opinion
Eksistensialisme
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Rasionalisme – Empirisisme dan –
Idealisme - Eksistensialisme
1. Empirisisme: Observasi dan proposisi berdasar pada
pengalaman dengan menggunakan metoda inductive
logic, termasuk matematik dan statistik. Empirisis
berusaha mendiskripsi, menjelaskan, dan memprediksi
informasi faktual yang diperoleh melalui observasi
3. Method of Authority:
• Rahasia Perusahaan Sukses di Amerika (Peters and
Waterman, 1982)
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Beberapa Contoh Gaya Berpikir atau Methods
of Knowing (lanjutan)
4. Literary Style:
• Studi kasus pada sebuah perusahaan
• Teori Motivasi Abraham Maslow
5. Postulational Style:
• Simulasi difusi inovasi
• Maksimisasi profit; MR = MC
6. Scientific Method
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Science
Science
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Science
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Norma Komunitas Ilmiah Robert K Merton
(The Mertonian Norms of Scientific Community)
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BAGIAN III: Scientific Research
Scientific Research
Paradigma Paradigma
Kualitatif Kuantitatif
Riset Riset
Kualitatif Kuantitatif
Mixed Methods
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Paradigma Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif
Paradigma Kualitatif Paradigma Kuantitatif
Metoda kualitatif Metoda kuantitatif
Memahami perilaku manusia dari sudut Mencari fakta atau penyebab fenomena
pandang si aktor sosial secara obyektif
Pendekatan fenomenologi Pendekatan logical-positivism
Uncontrolled, naturalistic observational Obtrusive, controlled measurement
measurement
Subyektif, insider perspective, tidak Obyektif, outsider perspective, menjaga
menjaga jarak dengan data jarak dengan data
Grounded, discovery oriented, Ungrounded, verification oriented,
exploratory, expansionist, descriptive, confirmatory, reductionist, inferential,
inductive hypothetico-deductive
Orientasi proses Orientasi hasil
Validitas sangat penting, nyata, kaya, Reliabilitas sangat penting, hard data,
dan mendalam data mudah direplikasi
Holistik, sintesa Partikularistik, analisis 14
Riset Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif
Riset Kualitatif Riset Kuantitatif
Mengungkap makna ketika peneliti Menguji hipotesis yang mengawali
menyatu dengan data proses penelitian
Konsep berupa tema, gambaran, dan Konsep berupa variabel-variabel yang
taksonomi (klasifikasi/kategorisasi) unik
4. Role of Clearly distinct from Powerful everyday False beliefs that hide
common and less valid than theories used by power and objective
science ordinary people conditions
sense
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Differences among Three Approaches to Research
A logical deductive
A description of how a A critique that reveals
5. Theory system of
group’s meaning true conditions and
interconnected
looks like system is generated helps people see the
definitions, axioms, and
and sustained way to a better world
laws
6. An Resonates and feels Supplies people with
Is logically connected to
explanation right to those who are tools needed to change
laws and based on facts
being studied the world
that is true
Science is value free, Values are an integral All science must begin
8. Place for and values have no part of social life; no with a value position;
values place except when group’s values are some posistions are
choosing a topic wrong; only different right; some are wrong
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