05 - Permasalahan Klinis Pasien CAPD - DR Arwedi SPPD KGH
05 - Permasalahan Klinis Pasien CAPD - DR Arwedi SPPD KGH
05 - Permasalahan Klinis Pasien CAPD - DR Arwedi SPPD KGH
PERMASALAHAN KLINIS
YANG SERING TERJADI
PADA PASIEN CAPD
d r. A r w e d i A r w a n t o , S p . P D, K - G H
DIVISI GINJAL DAN HIPERTENSI KSM ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM RSUP DR. KARIADI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
PERNEFRI KORWIL JAWA TENGAH
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
OUTLINE
BAGIAN 1
• Pada tahun 2018 pasien aktif CAPD sebesar 2.105 pasien atau meningkat
sebanyak 21,2% dari tahun sebelumnya.
BAGIAN 2
Prevalensi anemia
dan proporsi pasien
yang menerima ESA
& pengobatan zat
besi dengan CKD
Tahap 3b-5 dan
seterusnya dialisis
Clinical Kidney Journal, 2020, 1–7
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
Distribusi kadar Hb
pada pasien yang
diobati dengan ESA
Li, et al, Anemia Management in Peritoneal Dialysis: Perspectives From the Asia Pacific Region. Kidney Med. 3(3):405-411. Published online April 20, 2021.
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
Li, et al, Anemia Management in Peritoneal Dialysis: Perspectives From the Asia Pacific Region. Kidney Med. 3(3):405-411. Published online April 20, 2021.
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
BAGIAN 3
Assessment of
nutritional status
in a PD patient
Assessment of
nutritional status
in a PD patient
MODUL PENGELOLAAN NUTRISI DAN KOMPLIKASI PASIEN PGK DENGAN DIALISIS, PERNEFERI 2020
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
• Absorpsi energi :
• Larutan 1.5% / 2L = 86,08 Kcal
• Larutan 2.5% / 2L = 144,68 Kcal
• Larutan 4.25% / 2L = 243,91 Kcal
MODUL PENGELOLAAN NUTRISI DAN KOMPLIKASI PASIEN PGK DENGAN DIALISIS, PERNEFERI 2020
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
• Hyperglycemia
• Increased insulin need
• Dyslipidemias
• Weight gain
Penggunaan larutan PD non-glukosa (misalnya
• Increased visceral fat larutan icodextrin) penurunan penyerapan glukosa
• Metabolic syndrome melalui membran peritoneum, yang mengarah
pada peningkatan kontrol glikemik pasien PD
dengan penyakit diabetes.
Sana et al. Counteracting the Metabolic Effects of Glucose Load in Peritoneal Dialysis
Patients; an Exercise-Based Approach. Blood Purif 2019;48:25–31. ISPD Cardiovascular And Metabolic Guidelines In Adult Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Part I – Assessment And
Management Of Various Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Peritoneal Dialysis International, Vol. 35, Pp. 379–387
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
PROTEIN
BALANCE IN PD
Affected by:
High peritoneal
membrane transport
(capillary density,
surface area, large
Daily albumin synthesis rate: 12-15 g
pores)
Protein loss in dialysate: 5-15 g/day
Peritonitis
Albumin loss in dialysate: 3-6 g/1.73m2
MODUL PENGELOLAAN NUTRISI DAN KOMPLIKASI PASIEN PGK DENGAN DIALISIS, PERNEFERI 2020
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
MODUL PENGELOLAAN NUTRISI DAN KOMPLIKASI PASIEN PGK DENGAN DIALISIS, PERNEFERI 2020
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
MODUL PENGELOLAAN NUTRISI DAN KOMPLIKASI PASIEN PGK DENGAN DIALISIS, PERNEFERI 2020
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
MODUL PENGELOLAAN NUTRISI DAN KOMPLIKASI PASIEN PGK DENGAN DIALISIS, PERNEFERI 2020
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
BAGIAN 4
hipokalemia pada
pasien CAPD Chuang et al. (2009) – Taiwan Virojanawat et al. (2017) – Thailand
(~10-30%) Single-center; 140 pasien
Prevalensi hipokalemia:
Multi-center; 60 pasien
Prevalensi hipokalemia:
K+ < 3.5 mEq/L ~ 23.6% K+ <3.5mEq/L ~ 31%
Szeto CC. Hypokalemia in Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients: prevalence and prognostic implication. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005 Jul;46(1):128-35.
Chuang YW. Hypokalaemia: an independent risk factor of Enterobacteriaceae peritonitis in CAPD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009 May;24(5):1603-8.
Torlén K. Serum potassium and cause-specific mortality in a large peritoneal dialysis cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7(8):1272-1284.
Virojanawat, M., et al. Hypokalemia in peritoneal dialysis patients in Thailand: the pivotal role of low potassium intake. Int Urol Nephrol. 2017; 53:1463–1471
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
↑
Pembuangan Penggunaan
Prevalensi
Diet rendah
kalium K+ PD hypertonic
effluent PD solution
hipokalemia
pada pasien PGK
GI loss
(~10-30%) Ekskresi
K+ melalui
(vomiting,
diarrhea,
Insulin, Loop
diuretics
urin
laxative)
Zanger R. Hyponatremia and hypokalemia in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Semin Dial. 2010 Nov-Dec;23(6):575-80.
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
Virojanawat, M.. Hypokalemia in peritoneal dialysis patients in Thailand: the pivotal role of low potassium intake. Int Urol Nephrol. 2017; 53:1463–1471
Zanger R. Hyponatremia and hypokalemia in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Semin Dial. 2010 Nov-Dec;23(6):575-80
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
Algoritma
Tatalaksana
Hipokalemia
Prevalensi
Hyponatremia prevalence: Hyponatremia prevalence:
Na+ <135mEq/L ~ 26.1% Na+ <135mEq/L ~ 14.5%
hiponatremia
Na+ <130mEq/L ~ 4.8%
Chang TI, et al. Hyponatremia as a predictor of mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. PLoS One 2014; 9: e111373.
Ravel VA, Streja E, Mehrotra R, et al. Serum sodium and mortality in a national peritoneal dialysis cohort. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32(7):1224-1233.
Dimitriadis C. Hyponatremia in PD: epidemiology in a single center and correlation with clinical and biochemical parameters. Perit Dial Int. 2014;34(3):260-
Tseng MH, Cheng CJ, Sung CC, et al. Hyponatremia is a surrogate marker of poor outcome in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:113.
270.
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT
• Treat underlying
Na+ Na/KCl Shift to Reduce water
THERAPY inflammation
supplement • Correct supplement hemodialysis intake
malnutrition
P E L AT I H A N C A P D I N T E N S I F B A G I P E R A W AT – O K T O B E R 2 0 2 2
TERIMA KASIH
d r. A r w e d i A r w a n t o , S p . P D, K - G H
DIVISI GINJAL DAN HIPERTENSI KSM ILMU PENYAKIT DALAM RSUP DR. KARIADI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
PERNEFRI KORWIL JAWA TENGAH