Termodinamika

Abdi H Sby, ST, MT

1
Effisiensi Isentropis Turbin, Nozzle,
Kompresor Dan Pompa
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
2
Efisiensi isentropis meliputi perbandingan antara performance
actual dari alat dan performance yang akan dicapai dibawah
keadaan ideal untuk kondisi masuk yang sama dan tekanan
keluar yang sama. Misalnya turbin, keadaan bahan masuk turbin
dan tekanan keluar ditentukan. Heat transfer antara turbin dan
lingkungannya diabaikan seperti pengaruh energi kinetik dan
potensial. Dengan asumsi ini, kesetimbangan laju massa dan
energi berkurang pada keadaan steady, untuk memberikan kerja
yang dibangkitkan per unit massa aliran melalui Turbin :
) (
2 1
aktual
a a
cv
W h h
m
W
-
-
-
= =
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
3
Keadaan berlabel 2s pada gambar 1 hanya
dicapai pada batas reversible internal. Hal
ini berhubungan pada ekspansi isentropis
melalui turbin. Untuk tekanan keluar
ditentukan, entalpi spesifik h
2
menurun
sehingga entropy spesifik menurun.
Karena itu harga yang dicapai semakin
kecil h
2
berhubungan pada keadaan 2s
dan harga maksimum kerja turbin adalah

) (
2 1
isentropis
s s
s
cv
W h h
m
W
-
-
-
= =
|
|
|
.
|

\
| Gambar 1
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
4
Pada ekspansi aktual melalui turbin h
2a
> h
2s
maka kerja
berkurang dari maksimum yang dibangkitkan.
Perbandingan dapat diukur dengan efisiensi isentropis
didefenisikan dengan :
s
a
teoritis
aktual
s
cv
cv
t
h h
h h
W
W
m
W
m
W
2 1
2 1

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
-
-
-
-
-
-
q
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
5
EXAMPLE
Isentropic Efficiency of a Steam Turbine

Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 400C
and leaves at 50 kPa and 100C. If the power output of the
turbine is 2 MW, determine (a) the Isentropic efficiency of the
turbine and (b) the mass flow rate of the steam flowing through
the turbine.
Solution Steam flows steadily in a turbine between inlet and exit
states. For 'specified power output, the isentropic efficiency and
the mass flow rate are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The
changes in kinetic end potential energies are negligible
Analysis A sketch of the system and the T-s diagram of the
process are g in Fig. 7-50.

Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
6
The enthalpies at various states are
P
1
= 3 MPa
T
1
= 400
o
C
P
2
= 50 kPa
T
2
= 100
o
C
2 MW
STEAM
TURBINE
400
100
3 MPa
50 kPa
1
2
2s
s
2s
= s
1
.
.
.
T,
o
C
s
Actual Prosess
Isentropic Prosess
Gambar 7.50
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
7
a) The enthalpies at various states are
P
1
= 3 MPa h
1
= 3231,7 kJ /kg
State 1 (TABLE A-6)
T
1
= 400
o
C s
1
= 6,9235 kJ /kg
P
2a
= 50 kPa
State 2 h
2a
= 2682,4 kJ /kg (TABLE A-6)
T
2a
= 100
o
C

The exit enthalpy of the steam for the isentropic process h
2s
is
determined the requirement that the entropy of the steam
remain constant (s
2s
= s
1
)
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
8
P
2s
= 50 kPa s
f
= 1,0912 kJ /kg. K
State 2s (TABLE A-5)
(s
2s
= s
1
) s
g
= 7,5931 kJ /kg. K
Obviously, at the end of the isentropic process steam exists as
saturated mixture since s
f
<s
2s
<s
g
. Thus we need to find the
quality at state 2s first :



And :

h
2s
= h
f
+ x
2s
h
fg
= 340,5 + 0,897 (2304,7) = 2407,9 kJ /kg

897 , 0
5019 , 6
0912 , 1 9235 , 6
2
2
=

=
fg
f s
s
s
s s
x
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
9
By substituting these enthalpy values into Eq. 7-61. the
isentropic efficie of this turbine is determined to be



b) The mass flow rate of steam through this turbine is
determined from energy balance for steady-flow systems
% 7 , 66 667 , 0
9 , 2407 7 , 3231
4 , 2682 7 , 3231
2 1
2 1
or
h h
h h
s
a
t
=

= q
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
10
kg/s 64 , 3
kJ/kg ) 4 , 2682 7 , 3231 (
1
kJ/s 1000
2
) (
2 1
2 1
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
=
-
-
- -
- - -
- -
m
m
MW
MW
h h m a W
h m a W h m
E E
a out
a out
out in
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
11
Effisiensi Nozzel
Pendekatan yang sama untuk turbin dapat digunakan untuk
mengantarkan efisiensi isentropis dari nozzle yang beroperasi
pada keadaan steady. Efisiensi isentropis nozzle didefinisikan
sebagai rasio energi kinetik spesifik

actual dari gas meninggalkan nozzle terhadap energi

kinetik pada keluar yang dicapai pada ekspansi isentropis

antara keadaan inlet sama dan tekanan keluar sama :
2
2
2
V
a
2
2
2
V
s
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
12
s
a
N
a
s
h h
h h
h h
V
2 1
2 1
2
2
2 1
2

=
+ =
q
V
V
s
a
nozzle
exit nozzle at KE isentropic
exit nozzle at KE Actual
2
2
2
2
= = q
h
1
h
2a
h
2s
2
s
2
a
P
1
E
x
it
p
re
s
s
u
re
Actual
Process
Isentropic
Process
1
h
s
s
2s
= s
1
.
.
.
P
2
Inlet State
2
2
2a
V
2
2
2s
V
Dengan kesetimbangan energi
untuk steady, maka
Sehingga :
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
13
EXAMPLE
Effect of Efficiency on Nozzle Exit Velocity
Air at 200 kPa and 950 K enters an adiabatic nozzle at low velocity and is
discharged at a pressure of 80 kPa. If the isentropic efficiency of the
nozzle is 92 percent, determine (a) the maximum possible exit velocity, (b)
the exit temperature, and (c) the actual exit velocity of the air. Assume
constant specific heats for air.
Solution The acceleration of air in a nozzle is considered. For specified
exit pressure and isentropic efficiency, the maximum and actual exit
velocities and the exit temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas. 3
the inlet kinetic energy is negligible.
Analysis A sketch of the system and the T-s diagram of the process are
given in Fig. 755.
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
14
P
1
= 200 kPa
T
1
= 950 K
V
1
<< V
2
P
2
= 80 kPa
AIR
NOZZLE
q
N
= 0,92
950
T
2a
T
2s
2
s
2
a
2
0
0

k
P
a
8
0
k
P
a
Actual Process
Isentropic Process
1
T, K
s
s
2s
= s
1
.
.
.
Gambar 7-55
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
15
The temperature of air will drop during this acceleration
process because some of its internal energy is converted to
kinetic energy. This problem can be solved accurately by
using property data from the air table. But we will assume
constant specific heats (thus sacrifice some accuracy) to
demonstrate their use. Let us guess the average temperature
of the air to be about 800 K. Then the average values of cp
and k at this anticipated average temperature are determined
from Table A2b to be cp = 1.099 kJ/kg.K and k = 1.354.
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
16
The exit velocity of the air will be a maximum when the process in
the nozzle involves no irreversibilities. The exit velocity in this case
is determined from the steady-flow energy equation. However, first
we need to determine the exit temperature. For the isentropic
process of an ideal gas we have:


Or :
k k
s s
P
P
T
T
/ ) 1 (
1
2
1
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
K K
P
P
T T
k k
s
s
748
kPa 200
kPa 80
) 950 (
354 , 1 / 354 , 0 / ) 1 (
1
2
1 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
17
This gives an average temperature of 849 K, which is
somewhat higher than the assumed average temperature
(800 K). This result could be refined by reevaluating the k
value at 749 K and repeating the calculations, but it is not
warranted since the two average temperatures are
sufficiently close (doing so would change the temperature
by only 1.5 K, which is not significant). Now we can
determine the isentropic exit velocity of the air from the
energy balance for this isentropic steady-flow process
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
18
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
s
s
out in
V
h
V
h
e e
+ = +
=
m/s 666
kJ/kg 1
/s m 1000
K] 748) [(950 kJ/kg.K) 2(1,099
) ( 2 ) ( 2
2 2
2 1 , 2 1 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
s avg p s s
T T c h h V
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
19
b) The actual exit temperature of the air is higher than the
isentropic exit temperature evaluated above and is
determined from
K T
T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h
a
a
s avg p
a avg p
s
a
N
764
748 950
950
92 , 0
) (
) (
2
2
2 1 ,
2 1 ,
2 1
2 1
=

~ q
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
20
That is, the temperature is 16 K higher at the exit of the actual
nozzle as a result not irreversibility such as friction. It represents a
loss since this rise in temperature comes at the expense of kinetic
energy (Fig. 7-56). The actual exit velocity of air can be determined
from the definition of isentropic efficiency of a nozzle
m/s 639 ) m/s 666 ( 92 , 0
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
= = =
= =
s N a
s
a
N
V V
V
V
q
q
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
21
950 K
AIR
Actual Nozzle
Isentropic Nozzle
764 K, 639 m/s
748 K, 666 m/s
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
22
Effisiensi Kompresor
Bentuk efisiensi isentropis kompressor,
dengan mengacu gambar 2. Dimana
proses kompresi pada diagram Mollier.
Keadaan massa masuk dan tekanan
keluar ditentukan. Untuk heat transfer
diabaikan dengan lingkungan dan energi
potensial dan kinetik diabaikan, kerja
input per unit massa aliran melalui
kompresor :
1 2
h h
m
W
a
cv
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

-
-
Gambar 2
.
.
.
s
2s
= s
1
s
h
h
2a
h
2s
h
1
1
2s
2a
Isentropic
Prosess
Actual Prosess
w
s
w
a
Inlet
state
E
x
it
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
P
2
P
1
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
23
Dari keadaan 1 ditentukan, entalphi spesifik h
1
diketahui. Dengan
demikian harga kerja input tergantung pada entalpi spesifik keluar
h
2a
. Persamaan diatas menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kerja input
menurun jika h
2a
menurun. Kerja input minimum berhubungan
terhadap semakin kecil harga yang dicapai entalpi spesifik pada
saat keluar kompresor. Kerja input minimum yang diberikan :
1 2
h h
m
W
s
cv
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

-
-
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
24
Pada kompresi actual h
2a
> h
1
, maka kerja lebih besar dari pada
minimum yang diperlukan. Perbedaan ini dapat diukur dengan
efisiensi isentropis kompresor:
1 2
1 2
h h
h h
W
W
m
W
m
W
a
s
a
s
cv
s
cv
c

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
-
-
-
-
-
-
q
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
25
EXAMPLE 7-15
Effect of Efficiency on Compressor Power Input

Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100 kPa and 12C
to a pressure of 800 kPa at a steady rate of 0.2 kg/s. If the isentropic
efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent, determine (a) the exit
temperature of air and (b) the required power input to the compressor.
Solution Air is compressed to a specified pressure at a specified rate.
Fora given isentropic efficiency, the exit temperature and the power
input are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal
gas. 3 The changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible.
Analysis A sketch of the system and the T-s diagram of the process
are given in Fig. 7-53.
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
26
P
2
= 800 kPa
P
1
= 100 kPa
T
1
= 285 K
.
.
.
s
2s
= s
1
s
T, K
T
2a
T
2s
285
1
2s
2a

8
0
0

k
P
a
Isentropic Prosess
Actual Prosess

1
0
0

k
P
a
Air
Compresor
m = 0,2 kg/s
Gambar 7.53
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
27
(a) We know only one property (pressure) at the exit state, and we
need to know one more to fix the state and thus determine the exit
temperature. The property that can be determined with minimal
effort in this case is hi, since the isentropic efficiency of the
compressor is given. At the compressor inlet

T
1
= 285 K h
1
= 285.14 kJ/kg (Table A-17)
(P
r1
= 1.1584)

The enthalpy of the air at the end of the isentropic compression
process is determined by using one of the isentropic relations of
ideal gases
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
28
And
P
r2
= 9,2672 h
2s
= 517,05 kJ /kg
Substituting the known quantities into the isentropic efficiency
relation, we have



Thus :
h
2a
= 575,03 kJ /kg T
2a
= 569,5 K
2672 , 9
kPa 100
kPa 800
1584 , 1
1
2
1 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
P
P
P P
r r
14 , 285
14 , 285 05 , 517
80 , 0
2 1 2
1 2

=
a a
s
c
h h h
h h
q
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
29
The required power input to the compressor is determined from
the energy ce for steady-flow devices
kW 0 , 58
kJ/kg ) 14 , 285 03 , 575 ( kg/s 2 , 0
) (
1 2
,
2
,
1
=
=
=
= +
=
- -
- - -
- -
h h m W
h m W h m
E E
a
in a
a
in a
out in
Termodinamika
Abdi H Sby, ST, MT
30
Effisiensi Pompa
Sama dengan kondisi dengan kompresor :
1 2
1 2
) (
h h
P P v
W
W
a
a
s
p

= =
-
-
q