Manajemen Kualitas
manajemen operasional
Manajemen – FE UNP
Outline
2 Definisi Kualitas
2
"Quality is our best assurance of
customer allegiance, our strongest
defense against foreign competition, and
the only path to sustained growth and
earnings“
(John P. Welch Jr., GE)
3
10 Keputusan Penting dalam OM
10 Area Keputusan
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Kualitas dan Strategi
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Aliran Aktivitas Organisasi yang
diperlukan agar bisa mencapai TQM
Organizational Practices
Leadership, Mission statement, Effective operating
procedures, Staff support, Training
Yields: What is important and what is to be
accomplished
Quality Principles
Customer focus, Continuous improvement, Benchmarking,
Just-in-time, Tools of TQM
Yields: How to do what is important and to be
accomplished
Employee Fulfillment
Empowerment, Organizational commitment
Yields: Employee attitudes that can accomplish
what is important
Customer Satisfaction
Winning orders, Repeat customers
Yields: An effective organization with
a competitive advantage
7 Manajemen FE UNP
Definisi Kualitas
Keseluruhan ciri-
ciri-ciri dan
karakteristik dari barang atau jasa
yang memiliki kemampuan untuk
memuaskan kebutuhan yang
tersirat atau dinyatakan
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Sudut Pandang tentang Kualitas
User
User--based – sudut pandang
pelanggan/pengguna; performance
yang baik, fitur yang banyak
Manufacturing
Manufacturing--based – sudut
pandang produksi; sesuai standar,
“making it right the first time”
Product
Product--based – sudut padang
produk; atribut produk yang spesifik
dan terukur
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Proses menuju Kualitas Produk
Manufacturing-based
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Implikasi dari Kualitas
1. Reputasi Perusahaan
Muncul persepsi pelanggan tentang:
produk baru
Kinerja pekerja
Hubungan dengan supplier
2. Tanggung Jawab Produk
Mengurangi risiko
3. Dampak global
Meningkatkan kemampuan bersaing
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Dimensi Kualitas (Garvin)
Performance
Features
Durability
Reliability
Serviceability
Conformance
Aesthetics
Perceived quality
Value
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Malcom Baldrige National Quality Award
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Kriteria MBNQA
Kategori Nilai
Leadership 120
Strategic Planning 85
Customer & Market Focus 85
Measurement, Analysis, and
Knowledge Management 90
Workforce Focus 85
Process Management 85
Business Results 450
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Perspektif Sistem: MBNQA
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Takumi
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Biaya Kualitas
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Biaya Kualitas
Internal Failure
Prevention
Appraisal
Quality Improvement
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Tokoh Kualitas
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Etika dalam Manajemen Kualitas
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Standar Kualitas Internasional
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Total Quality Management
Mengelola keseluruhan organisasi sehingga bisa
memenuhi semua dimensi produk dan jasa yang
penting bagi pelanggan
Meliputi keseluruhan organisasi, mulai dari
supplier sampai kepada pelanggan
Menitikberatkan pada komitmen manajemen
untuk melakukan pengelolaan yang
berkesinambungan
TQM menjadi penting karena akan
mempengaruhi 10 keputusan penting OM
W. Edward Deming menggunakan 14 poin yang
menunjukkan cara implementasi TQM
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14 poin Deming
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14 poin Deming
8. Hilangkan ketakutan
9. Hilangkan penghalang antar departemen
10. Hentikan menguliahi pekerja
11. Support, bantu, tingkatkan
12. Hilangkan penghalang kebanggaan
bekerja
13. Adakan program pendidikan dan
perbaikan diri yang bersemangat
14. Libatkan semua orang di organisasi untuk
bekerja dalam proses transformasi
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Konsep TQM
Continuous improvement
Six Sigma
Employee empowerment
Benchmarking
Just-in-time (JIT)
Taguchi concepts
Pemahaman tentang TQM tools
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Continuous Improvement
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Shewhart’s PDCA Model
1.Plan
4. Act Identify the
Implement improvement
the plan and make
a plan
3. Check 2. Do
Is the plan Test the
working? plan
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Six Sigma
Sebuah program untuk menghemat
waktu, memperbaiki kualitas dan
menurunkan biaya
Ada dua makna six sigma dalam TQM
Makna statistik, proses, produk,
pelayanan dengan kapabilitas tinggi,
dimana 99.9997% tingkat akurasinya, 3.4
defects per million opportunities (DPMO)
Program mengurangi kesalahan sehingga
akan menurunkan biaya, dan
meningkatkan kepuasan pelanggan
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Six Sigma
Two meanings
Lower limits Upper limits
Statistical
2,700 defects/million
definition of a process that
is 99.9997% capable, 3.4 defects per
3.4 defects/million
million opportunities (DPMO)
A program designed to reduce
defects, lower costs, and improve
customer satisfactionMean
±3σ
±6σ
Figure 6.4
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Program Six Sigma
6σ
strategi
disiplin - DMAIC
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Six Sigma
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Employee Empowerment
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Quality Circles
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Benchmarking
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Just--in
Just in--Time (JIT)
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Contoh Just
Just--in
in--Time (JIT)
Inventori barang
dalam proses
(menyembunyikan
masalah)
Unreliable Capacity
Vendors Scrap
Imbalances
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Contoh Just
Just--in
in--Time (JIT)
Unreliable Capacity
Vendors Scrap
Imbalances
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Konsep Taguchi
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Quality Robustness
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Quality Loss Function
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Quality Loss Function
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Alat--alat TQM (Seven
Alat (Seven Tools)
Tools)
Jam
Cacat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A /// / / / / /// /
B // / / / // ///
C / // // ////
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7 Alat TQM
Ketidakhadiran
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7 Alat TQM
Manpower Machinery
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Contoh Diagram Sebab-
Sebab-Akibat
clean pillows
Machinery
Insufficient
& blankets
Material
not available
on-board
equipment
Deicing
on-
Inadequate
Mechanical delay
supply of
magazines on plane
Inadequate special Broken luggage
meals on-
on-board carousel
Dissatisfied
Airline
Overbooking policies Understaffed Customer
crew
Bumping policies Understaffed
Poorly trained
check-in
ticket counters
attendants
Poor check-
policies
Mistagged
bags
Methods Manpower
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7 Alat TQM
Percent
A B C D E
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Contoh Diagram Pareto
Cumulative percent
– 72
50 –
40 –
Number of
30 –
occurrences
20 –
12
10 –
4 3 2
0 –
Room svc Check
Check--in Pool hours Minibar Misc.
72% 16% 5% 4% 3%
Causes and percent
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7 Alat TQM
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Contoh Flow Chart
MRI Flowchart
1. Physician schedules MRI 7. If unsatisfactory, repeat
2. Patient taken to MRI 8. Patient taken back to room
3. Patient signs in 9. MRI read by radiologist
4. Patient is prepped 10. MRI report transferred to
5. Technician carries out MRI physician
6. Technician inspects film 11. Patient and physician discuss
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80%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11
9 10
20%
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7 Alat TQM
(f) Histogram:
Histogram: sebuah distribusi yang
memperlihatkan frekuensi terjadinya
suatu variabel Distribution
Frequency
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7 Alat TQM
Target value
Time
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Statistical Process Control
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Statistical Process Control
0% | | | | | | | | |
Lower control limit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Game number
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TQM dalam Jasa
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Kualitas Jasa
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Spesifikasi Jasa pada
UPS
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Dimensi-dimensi Kualitas Jasa
Reliability Credibility
Responsiveness Security
Competence Understanding/
Access knowing the
customer
Courtesy
Tangibles
Communication
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manajemen operasional