Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata
keterangan) dan memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective,
atau adverb yang berada pada independent clause dengan kapasitasnya
menjawab pertanyaan: how, when, where, why, atau to what degree.
Adverbial clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang
disebut subordinate conjunction (when, after, because, though, etc). Kata ini
berguna untuk menjembatani hubungan dengan independent clause yang
diterangkan. Gabungan klausa ini dengan independent clause dinamakan
dengan complex sentence (kalimat kompleks), yaitu kalimat yang terdiri
dari independent dan satu atau lebih dependent clause.
Macam-macam adverbial clause antara lain: adverbial clause
of time (waktu), place (tempat), cause & effect (sebab & akibat), purpose &
result (tujuan &
hasil), condition (pengandaian),contrast/consession (pertentangan), manner (cara
), dan reason (alasan).
Keterangan
When= subordinate conjunction;
When he cleaned the kitchen= adverbial
clause;
he found a lot of expired food=
independent clause
Complex Sentence:
Independent Clause (S + V +/- )* + Adverbial Clause
Adverbial Clause:
Subordinate Conjunction + S + V +/-
*S + V +/- = predicate
Contoh Kalimat
Adverbial Clause
You were
sleeping when she
Keterangan
verb= were sleeping;
subordinate conjunction= when;
tentangverb
arrived.
(Dia tiba ketika kamu
sedang tertidur.)
memberikan
informasi
tentangadjective
Her face is
fresh because she
always does exercise
and eats fruits.
(Wajahnya segar
karena dia selalu
berolahraga dan
makan buah-buahan.)
adjective= fresh;
subordinate conjunction= because;
adverbial clause= because she always does exercise and eats fruits
memberikan
informasi
tentangadverb
He drove fast in
order that he could
arrive on time.
(Dia mengemudi
dengan cepat agar dia
dapat tiba tepat
waktu.)
adverb= fast;
subordinate conjunction= in order that;
adverbial clause= in order that he could arrive on time
Noun clause adalah clause (i.e. subject dan verb) yang difungsikan sebagai noun. Noun
clause dalam kalimat pada umumnya digunakan sebagai subject dan object kalimat.
Noun clause dapat diawali oleh:
* Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
o Single question word (i.e. when, how, what, ect.).
o Question word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.
o Question word + infinitive.
* Conjunction (i.e. whether dan if).
* That atau the fact that.
Sehingga pola dari noun clause adalah:
Question word/conjunction/that + subject + verb +
A. Noun Clauses diawali dengan Question words
Dalam How to Address Questions sudah dibahas tentang penggunaan kata tanya baik dalam
membuat information questions maupun dalam membuat embedded questions. Embedded
questions tersebut adalah noun clause. Dalam section ini diberikan contoh tambahan untuk
merefresh memori anda.
1. Single question words.
Contoh:
1. Where she is now is still unknown.
2. When they arrive is still uncertain.
3. I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two
Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat ini, noun
clause what you did last summer menjadi object dari I know dan I still know, dan setelah
digabung dengan: are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, menjadi
subject majemuk dari kalimat.
Noun clause dapat ditempatkan diawal kalimat (sebagai subject) atau sebagai object. Jika
anda ingin merubah posisi noun clause dari subject kalimat menjadi object kalimat,
biasanya dibutuhkan pronoun it atau sedikit modifikasi kata. Contoh di atas menjadi:
1. It is still unknown where she is now.
2. Do you know when they arrive?
3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last
summer and I still know what you did last summer. Karena merupakan judul movies, noun
clause what you did last summer tidak perlu diputar posisinya.
Note:
a) Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. when, whenever, where) juga dapat
berfungsi sebagai adverbial clause.
Contoh:
1. I was reading a book when the phone rang.
2. I went to where I and my ex girlfriend had been last weekend.
3. I suddenly get nausea whenever I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).
Contoh yang lain dapat dibaca di topik: Conjunctions.
b). Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. who, whom, whose + noun) juga
dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective clause. Dalam hal ini, kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya
adalah relative pronoun. Well, jangan terlalu dipusingkan dengan istilah. Yang penting anda
mengerti pola/struktur kalimatnya. Tapi, jika anda penasaran, silakan baca topic adjective
clauses.
Contoh:
1. I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (Saya kira kamu (orang) yang pak Dodi
sedang cari-cari tadi).
2. Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
3. Rommy, whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.
Lantas, bagaimana cara membedakan apakah itu noun clause, adverbial clause, atau
adjective clause? Jawabannya sederhana. Noun clause dapat digantikan dengan pronoun it,
sedangkan adverbial clause dan adjective clause tidak. Noun clause menjawab pertanyaan
what dan who/whom; Adverbial clause menjawab pertanyaan when, where, how (termasuk
how much, how often, ect), dan why. Adjective clause (i.e. kata sifat yang berbentuk clause)
menerangkan noun, dan relative pronounnya (i.e. who, that, ect.) dalam bahasa Indonesia
berarti yang. Adverbial clauses sudah disinggung pada pembahasan tentang conjunctions.
Khusus untuk perbedaan noun clause dan adjective clause dapat dibaca di topik: Perbedaan
Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause.
2. Question words + ever/soever
Kecuali how, diakhir question words dapat ditambahkan ever atau soever menjadi whenever
= whensoever, whatever= whatsoever, dan seterusnya. Arti ever atau soever di sini sama,
yaitu saja/pun, tinggal dikombinasikan dengan kata tanya di depannya. Sedangkan,
how+ever menjadi however (i.e. adverb atau juga disebut kata transisi yang berarti
namun/walapun demikian) tidak termasuk dalam katagori ini.
Contoh:
1. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja
yang kamu ingin kami lakukan).
2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy
(dibaca gae)= laki-laki, sedangkan gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
3. She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria
itu membawanya pergi). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal ini to, etc.)
biasanya diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.
3. Question words + nouns
Question words + nouns yang sering digunakan antara lain: what time (jam berapa), what
day (hari apa), what time (jam berapa), what kind (jenis apa), what type (tipe apa), whose +
nouns (i.e. whose car, whose book, ect.), dan seterusnya.
Contoh:
1. I cant remember what day we will take the exam.
2. As long as I am faithful, she doesnt care what type of family I come from. (faithful =
setia).
3. Do you know what time it is?
4. I dont know whose car is parked in front of my house.
4. Question words + adjectives
Question words + adjectives yang sering digunakan antara lain: how long (berapa
panjang/lama), how far (berapa jauh), how old (berapa tua/umur), ect.
Contoh:
1. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He didnt even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
5. Question words + determiners.
Question words + determiners yang sering digunakan adalah: how many (berapa banyak)
dan how much (berapa banyak). Remember: how many diikuti oleh plural nouns,
sedangkan how much diikuti oleh uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he
or she has?
2. How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.
6. Question words + adverbs.
Question words + adverbs yang sering digunakan adalah: how often (berapa sering), how
many times (berapa kali) ect.
Contoh:
1. No matter how often I practice, my English still sucks. (Tidak memandang berapa kali
saya latihan, bahasa Inggris saya masih jelek). Suck (informal verb) = jelek/tidak baik; arti
suck yang lain: mengisap.
2. I dont want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (leave school
early = bolos).
7. Question words + infinitives.
Jika question words langsung diikuti oleh infinitives, invinitives tersebut mengandung
makna should atau can/could. Perhatikan bahwa subject setelah question words
dihilangkan.
Contoh:
1. She didnt know what to do = She didnt know what she should do. (Dia tidak tahu apa
yang seharusnya dia lakukan).
2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the
train station from here.
3. We havent decided when to go to the beach = We havent decided when we should go to
the beach.
4. Marry told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.
B. Noun clauses diawali dengan whether/if
Whether bisa diikuti oleh OR/NOT bisa juga tidak; makna kalimat biasanya sama walaupun
OR/NOT tidak disebutkan (ini tergantung konteks kalimat). Untuk penggunaan if, selain
telah dibahas di topic conjunctions, juga telah dibahas di topic conditionals. Note: whether
pelafalannya sama dengan weather (cuaca), tulisannya juga mirip. Be careful, jangan
sampai tertukar.
Contoh:
1. I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming =
I am not sure whether she is coming. (Saya tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
2. We cant decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We cant decide whether to go
or (to) stay home. Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan setelah whether.
3. I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school.
(Saya tidak yakin apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA
nanti).
4. If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will
take law too.
C. Noun clauses diawali dengan that/the fact that
Di sini that berarti bahwa, sedangkan the fact that berarti fakta bahwa. Sedangkan, that
dalam adjective clauses berarti yang.
Contoh:
1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot
of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2. It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3. It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
4. It seems that it is going to rain soon.
Sekarang coba anda latihan buat kalimat dengan menggunakan:
1. It is + (true, too bad, unfortunate, strange, impossible, unlikely, a well known fact, my
belief, etc) + (that/the fact that) + S +V.
2. It + stative + (that/the fact that) + S +V. Kata-kata yang termasuk stative verbs dapat
dilihat pada topik simple present tense.
sebagai
object
preposisi
(object
of
kritik
bisa
dicantumkan
pada kolom
Keterangan
adverbial clause;
makanan kadaluarsa.)
clause