Prof Deddy - Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral, Pertikmbangan Dari Aspek Metabolisme

FORTIFIKASI VITAMIN & MINERAL:
PERTIMBANGAN DARI ASPEK

METABOLISME
Deddy Muchtadi
5/7/2015
Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral
Departemen Ilmu & Teknologi Pangan

FATETA, Institut Pertanian Bogor
1
Deddy Muchtadi
THE NUTRIENTS IN OUR BODY
LIPIDS
WATER
14%
61 %
PROTEIN
17%
VITAMINS
<1%
MINERALS
CARBS
6%
1,5 %
as a percentage of
body weight
5/7/2015
THIAMIN (B1),
VITAMIN
Deddy Muchtadi
RIBOFLAVIN (B2),
NIACIN (B3),
PIRIDOXIN (B6),
BIOTIN,
PANTHOTENIC ACID
FOLATE (FOLIC ACID),
COBALAMIN (B12),
5/7/2015
Deddy Muchtadi
MINERAL
5/7/2015
Deddy Muchtadi
KEAMANAN VITAMIN & MINERAL
NUTRIENT: FUNCTION OR RISK
5/7/2015
Deddy Muchtadi
KEAMANAN VITAMIN
Banyak yang berpendapat bahwa hanya vitamin larut lemak (vitamin A, D, E dan K)
yang harus diatur konsumsinya, sedangkan vitamin larut air (vitamin B kompleks dan
vitamin C) tidak akan membahayakan kesehatan walaupun dikonsumsi secara
berlebihan, karena akan dibuang lagi dari dalam tubuh melalui urine.
Pendapat tersebut ternyata keliru.

INDEKS KEAMANAN VITAMIN
Jenis vitamin
Vitamin A (IU)
Vitamin D (IU)
Vitamin E (IU)
Vitamin C (mg)
Tiamin (mg)
Riboflavin (mg)
Niasin (mg)
Piridoksin (mg)
Folasin (mg)
Biotin (mg)
As Pantotenat (mg)
Asupan tertinggi per hari

yang direkomendasikan
untuk orang dewasa
5000
400
30
60
1,5
1,7
20
2,2
0,4
0,3
10
Dugaan dosis toksik

minimal secara oral
pada orang dewasa
25000 - 50000
50000
1200
1000 - 5000
300
1000
1000
2000
400
50
1000
Sumber: Hathcock (1985).

5/7/2015
Deddy Muchtadi
KEAMANAN MINERAL
Fortifikasi mineral pada produk pangan harus mempertimbangkan efek toksik dari
mineral tersebut. Untuk mineral makro seperti Ca, P dan Mg, keracunan akibat
kelebihan konsumsi tidak terlalu menghawatirkan karena jarang terjadi. Penambahan
mineral makro yang berlebihan akan menimbulkan masalah pada mutu produk, yaitu
produk seperti berpasir (sandiness) atau berkapur (chalkiness). Karena adanya
perubahan mutu tersebut, konsumen dapat dengan mudah mendeteksi dan
menghindar dari kemungkinan keracunan.
Untuk mineral mikro seperti Fe, Se dan I, penambahan yang berkebihan tidak mudah
terdeteksi, sehingga berpotensi untuk mengakibatkan keracunan.
INDEKS KEAMANAN MINERAL
Keterangan:
MTD = minimum toxic dose;

MSI = mineral safety index
Sumber: Hathcock (1985).
Nilai MSI yang besar menunjukkan

bahwa mineral tersebut toksisitasnya
relatif rendah, dan sebaliknya nilai
MSI yang kecil menunjukkan bahwa
mineral tersebut toksisitasnya relatif
tinggi.
5/7/2015
Mineral
Kalsium, Ca
Fosfor, P
Magnesium, Mg
Besi, Fe
Seng, Zn
Tembaga, Cu
Fluor, F
Iodium, I
Selenium, Se
RDA orang
dewasa
(mg)
1200
1200
400
18
15
3
4
0,15
0,2
Dugaan MTD
oral orang
dewasa (mg)
12000
12000
6000
100
500
100
20
2
1
MSI
10
10
15
5,5
33
33
5
13
5
Deddy Muchtadi
BIOAVAILABILITY
Bioavailability is a post-absorption assessment of how much of a nutrient that has been
absorbed becomes functional to the system
Define Bioavailability
The fraction (or percentage) of nutrient absorbed that is useful to the body
The degree to which an absorbed nutrient is available to the system
THE AMOUNT THAT GETS
ABSORBED DEPENDS ON:
WITH A FOCUS ON THE

ORGANISM, BIOAVAILABILITY
DEPENDS ON:
Extrinsic Factors
Intrinsic Factors
Digestibility of the food
source
Solubility (of the mineral)
Elements in the food source
that hinder or facilitate
absorption
5/7/2015
Age
Health
Nutritional state
Physiological state
Genetic predisposition
Gender
Developmental stage
Species
Deddy Muchtadi
BIOAVAILABILITY
RAW FOOD PRODUCT

(100%)
Total (proximate
analysis)
PROCESSED FOOD
Chemically
available
DIGESTION
ABSORPTION
A nutrient is
considered outside
the body until it
passes thru the
intestinal barrier
5/7/2015
CELLULAR UPTAKE
Biologically
available
FUNCTIONAL NUTRIENT
Deddy Muchtadi
ABSORPTIVE ORGANS
ABSORPTION
Stomach: alcohol, weak acids (ex. aspirin),
and extremely lipophilic
substances can be absorbed
directly, passively
Jejunum: most things absorbed here.
Terminal ileum: absorption of bile salts and
vitamin B12
Colon: some absorption of short chain fatty
acids produced by bacterial
fermentation of dietary fiber (ex.
butyrate)
5/7/2015
10
Deddy Muchtadi
VITAMIN ABSORPTION
Vitamin
A, D, E, K & caroten
Vitamin C
Thiamin (B1)
Absorption Mechanism
From micelle, passive diffusion, then
grouped with chylomicron and
absorbed via lymphatic vessel
Simple diffusion (slow) or Na+dependent (rapid)
Simple diffusion, if concentration in
the lumen is low; or Na+-dependent if
concentration the lumen is high
Riboflavin (B2) Passive diffusion

Niacin
Na+-dependent or passive diffusion
Pyridoxine
Passive diffusion
Folacin
Cobalamin
(B12)
Na+-dependent
With the help of gastric intrinsic
factor
5/7/2015
The fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E

and K, need to dissolve in fat before they
can make it into the body.
The process requires fat-digesting bile
acids that come from the liver and live in
the small intestine. When the bile acids
break down the fat, the vitamins are
dissolved in.
The vitamins move with the fat through the
intestinal wall, into the body, and finally end
up in the liver and in body fat, where they're
stored until they're needed.
11
Deddy Muchtadi
MINERAL ABSORPTION
generallly it needs a carrier (protein), Napump,and/or ATP:
Ca : Ca-binding protein, Na-pump, ATP
Zn : protein-carrier (Metallothionien)
Fe : protein-carrier, ATP
Se : protein-carrier (Selenometallothionien)
Mg : passive diffusion
absorption of divalent ions (Ca2+, Fe2+) are slower
than monovalent ions (Na+, K+)
Ca is absorbed 50 X more slowly than Na, but is
absorbed faster than Fe, Zn & Mn
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OR REGULATE

MINERAL ABSORPTION:
(1) Intrinsic, homeostatic regulation
(2) Health of individual
(3) Dietary factors (phytate, dietary fiber, tannins &
oxalate)
(4) Diseases that alter the intestinal transit time
(gastric surgery), the intraluminal pH
(pancreatic insufficiency) or mucosal
integrity (celiac sprue)
5/7/2015
12
Deddy Muchtadi
KELARUTAN MINERAL vs BIOAVAILABILITAS

Keefektifan kalsium sebagai fortifikan tergantung pada bioavailabilitasnya. Secara
rata-rata hanya sekitar 10 - 30 % kalsium yang dapat diserap oleh usus orang dewasa
sehat. Umumnya bioavailablitas garam kalsium organik lebih tinggi dibandingkan
dengan garam kalsium anorganik.
Karakteristik penting sumber kalsium untuk fortifikasi
Garam Kalsium
Ca-karbonat
Ca-fosfat
Tri-Ca-sitrat (4H2O)
Ca-laktat (5H2O)
Ca-laktat-glukonat
Ca-glukonat
Kelarutan Ca dlm
air pada 25 oC
(g/L)
tidak larut
tidak larut
0,9
9,3
45 - 50
3,5
Rasa
sabun, lemon
berpasir, tidak berasa
netral
tidak berasa
netral
ringan, netral
Kadar
Kalsium
(%)
40
17 - 38
21
13
10 - 13
9
Sumber: Jungbunzlauer Ladenburg GmbH, Germany (2002)
Bioavailabilitas kalsium dari tri-Ca-sitrat, Ca-laktat, Ca-laktat-glukonat dan Caglukonat tidak berbeda, walaupun kelarutannya dalam air tidak sama
(Flynn A dan K Cashman, 1999)
5/7/2015
13
Deddy Muchtadi
INHIBITOR PENYERAPAN MINERAL

Di dalam bahan pangan seringkali terdapat senyawa yang dapat
menghambat penyerapan (bioavailabilitas) beberapa macam mineral
Serat Pangan,
secara fisik dapat menghambat penyerapan mineral
Oksalat,
terdapat dalam sayur-sayuran, dapat

mengikat kalsium (terutama), zat besi
dan mineral lain (?). sehingga tidak
dapat diserap oleh usus
Tanin (senyawa polifenol) dapat mengikat

mineral, contohnya:
Fe + Tanin Fero tanat
Asam fitat (Fitat), bentuk fosfor dalam

tanaman, sehingga P tidak dapat
diserap usus; asam fitat dapat
mengikat mineral valensi dua
(Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu dan Mn),
sehingga tidak dapat diserap
oleh usus
5/7/2015
14
Deddy Muchtadi
Source: Schlemmer U, et al. Phytate in foods and

significance for humans: Food sources, intake,
processing, bioaailability, protective role and analysis.
Mol Nutr Food Res 2009;53:S330-S375.
5/7/2015
15
Deddy Muchtadi
Source: Schlemmer U, et al. Phytate in foods and

significance for humans: Food sources, intake,
processing, bioaailability, protective role and analysis.
Mol Nutr Food Res 2009;53:S330-S375.
5/7/2015
16
Deddy Muchtadi
5/7/2015
17
Deddy Muchtadi
OXALATE CONTENT OF FOODS

These foods are high in oxalate (greater than 10 mg per serving):
Source: Leonardo M. Canessa, 2015.

Oxalate Content of Foods. The
Childrens Medical Center, Abiodun,
Omoloja, M.D.
Beans in tomato sauce, Beer, Beets, Blackberries, Black and red raspberries,
Blueberries, Celery, Chard, Chocolate, Cocoa, Coffee powder (Nescafe), Collards,
Concord grapes, Crackers made from soy flour, Currants, Dandelion greens, Eggplant.
Escarole, Fruit cake, Fruit salad (canned), Green bell pepper, Grits (white corn), Juices
containing berries, Kale, Leeks, Lemon and lime peel, Nuts (especially peanuts and
pecans), Okra, Ovaltine, Parsley, Pokeweed, Rhubarb, Rutabagas, Spinach,
Strawberries, Summer squash, Sweet potatoes, Tea, Tofu, Tomato soup, Wheat germ
These foods are moderately high in oxalate (210 mg per serving):

Apple, Apricots, Asparagus, Bottled beer (12 oz [360 ml] limit/day), Broccoli, Carrots,
Chicken noodle soup (dried), Coffee (8 oz [240 ml]), Cola beverage (12 oz [360 ml] limit per
day), Corn, Cornbread, Cucumber, Lettuce, Lima beans, Marmalade, Oranges,
Orange juice (4 oz [120 ml]), Parsnips, Peaches, Pears, Peas (canned), Pepper (greater
than 1 tsp [2 grams] per day), Pineapple, Plums, Prunes, Sardines, Soy products (most),
Sponge cake, Tomatoes, Tomato juice (4 oz [120 ml]), Turnip, Watercress
These foods are low in oxalate (02 mg per serving); eat as desired:
Apple juice, Avocado, Bacon, Bananas, Beef (lean), Bing cherries, Brussels sprouts,
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Cheese, Eggs, Grapefruit, Green grapes, Jellies, Lamb (lean),
Lemonade or limeaid (without peel), Melons, Milk, Mushrooms, Pork (lean), Poultry,
5/7/2015
Preserves, Nectarines, Noodles, Fortifikasi
Oatmeal,
Oils,
Onions, Peas (fresh), Plums,
Vitamin
& Mineral
18
Radishes, Rice, Salad dressing, Seafood, Spaghetti, White bread, Wine, Yogurt
Deddy Muchtadi
FAKTOR YANG
MENINGKATKAN
PENYERAPAN KALSIUM
- Vitamin D dan vitamin K
- Asam lambung (HCl) yang cukup
- Jumlah lemak rendah (jumlah lemak
tinggi menurunkan
ketersediaan kalsium)
- Gerak fisik, serta
- Hormon, termasuk hormon paratiroid
dan estrogen
Fungsi hormon Paratorid:
menstimulir penyerapan Ca dlm usus
dan re-absorpsi Ca dlm ginjal
Fungsi hormon Estrogen: mengurangi bone
resorption dan meningkatkan
bone formation
5/7/2015
19
Deddy Muchtadi
RASIO KALSIUM : FOSFOR

It was recommended that the
minimum calcium content in
infant formulae should be
maintained at 50 mg/100 kcal,
and the maximum level should be
140 mg/100 kcal.
Infant Formula (Codex Stan 72-1981)

Vitamin D
Min
Max
g/100 kcal
The ratio of calcium to available

phosphorus (based on measured
bioavailability, or calculated as
80% of total phosphorus in cows
milk protein based formulae)
should be not less than 1.0 nor
greater than 2.0.
2.5
Calcium
Min
Max
Phosphorus
Ratio Ca:P
Min
Min
Max
1:1
2:1
Max
mg/100 kcal
mg/100 kcal
50
25
Follow up Formula (Codex Stan 156-1987)

Vitamin D
Min
Max
g/100 kcal
Calcium
Min
Max
Phosphorus
Ratio Ca:P
Min
Min
Max
1.2
2.0
Max
mg/100 kcal
mg/100 kcal
90
60
This recommendation also

applies to follow-on formulae.
(The Scientific Committee on Food, European
Commission, 2003)
5/7/2015
20
Deddy Muchtadi
ZAT BESI
Zat besi (Fe) antara lain diperlukan untuk pembentukan hemoglobin (pigmen sel
darah merah). Defisiensi zat besi dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya anemia
Chinese studies with NaFeEDTA fortified

soy sauce (Mannar & Boy 2002)
Zat besi yang dapat digunakan untuk fortifikasi

[Guidelines PAHO (2002)]:
ferrous sulfate, encapsulated ferrous sulfate

ferrous fumarate, encapsulated fumarate
electrolytic iron
NaFeEDTA
Other elemental iron compounds (H-reduced,

CO-reduced, atomized, carbonyl) are not
recommended at the present time
5/7/2015
21
Deddy Muchtadi
NON-HEME IRON ABSORPTION
(Monsen & Cook, 1979)
5/7/2015
22
Deddy Muchtadi
ZAT BESI & VITAMIN C

Enhancing effect of ascorbic acid on non-heme iron absorption
it is exerted by both its reducing capacity, thereby keeping iron in the more easily
absorbed ferrous (+II) form; and its chelating properties, keeping iron in a
soluble, absorbable form
(Lonnerdal, 1988.)
Propose Ascorbic Acid to Iron Ratio

It is convenient to base quantitative recommendations for ascorbic acid on the
molar ratio of ascorbic acid to iron, which should be between 2:1 and 4:1.
It indicates that absorption values of 10% can be expected for cows milk if ascorbic
acid and ferrous sulfate are added in an ascorbic acid to iron molar ratio of 2:1.
A molar ratio of 4:1 would be required if more inhibitory foods such as soybeans
with a native phytate content are added
(Lynch & Stoltzfus, 2003).
5/7/2015
23
Deddy Muchtadi
IRON ABSORPTION & METABOLISM
5/7/2015
24
Deddy Muchtadi
PENGARUH PROTEIN THD PENYERAPAN ZAT BESI
Egg albumen strongly inhibited absorption of non-heme iron

(Monsen & Cook, 1979)
5/7/2015
25
Deddy Muchtadi
Other non-cellular animal proteins (milk, cheese, egg)

are also inhibitory to the absorption of non-heme iron
(Cook & Monsen, 1976)
5/7/2015
26
Deddy Muchtadi
Cellular animal proteins appear to enhance the absorption of

non-heme iron
(Cooke & Monsen, 1976)
5/7/2015
27
Deddy Muchtadi
The enhancing effect of cellular animal protein to the absorption of nonheme iron is dose-related
(Cook & Monsen, 1975; Bjorn-Rasmussen & Hallberg, 1979)
5/7/2015
28
Deddy Muchtadi
PROTEIN KEDELAI & PENYERAPAN ZAT BESI
Soy protein has an exceptionally inhibitory effect:

- Non-heme iron was absorbed at only 20 % of the reference level,
when soy protein was substituted for egg albumen
- The addition of 100 mg ascorbic acid to the soy protein meals
increased absorption of non-heme iron the soy inhibition
seemed to be modulated more by ascorbic acid than by the
addition of meat to the isolated soy protein meals
iron in soybean flour is bound to phytoferritin poor

absorption in human
5/7/2015
29
Deddy Muchtadi
INTERACTION OF IRON AND OTHER MINERALS

IRON-ZINC (Fe-Zn)
- Zinc suppresses iron efficacy for growth of schoolboys
- Excessive oral iron aggravates zinc deficiency
- High iron contents of infant formulas depresses plasma zinc levels
- High levels of prenatal iron supplementation were associated with lower maternal
zinc levels in pregnancy
IRON-CHROMIUM (Fe-Cr)
- It seems that iron would compete with chromium for transport in the circulation
IRON-MANGANESE (Fe-Mn)
- Inhibition of intestinal manganese absorption in the presence of excessive dietary
or intra-luminal iron
5/7/2015
30
Deddy Muchtadi
PEMBENTUKAN RADIKAL HIDROKSIL (OH*) OLEH ION Fe

REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES
Fenton Reaction :
A mixture of hydrogen peroxide and an iron(II) salts causes
the formation of hydroxyl radical
Fe2+ + H2O2 interm complex Fe3+ + OH- + HO
Fe3+ + H2O2 interm complex Fe2+ + O2 - + 2H+
Haber-Weiss Reaction:
HYDROXYL RADICAL (HO ): Highly reactive oxygen
radicals. Formation of hydroxyl radicals in biological
Fe2+ + H2O2 Fe3+ + OH- + HO
systems
Fe3+ + O2 - Fe2+ + O2
Ionizing radiation
Reaction of metal ions with hydrogen peroxide
Net : O2- + H2O2
O2 + HO + OH5/7/2015 (Fenton reaction)
31
Formation of hydroxyl radical from ozone (O3)
Deddy Muchtadi
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FREE RADICALS

Some biomolecules that are targets of free radical damage include
DNA/RNA, proteins, and lipids. The consequences of these
will include:
(a) DNA/RNA, whereby there may be:
scission of deoxyribose ring, base damage, strand breakage
leading to mutations, translational errors, and inhibition of

protein synthesis.
(b) in proteins there may be:
oxidation, aggregation, fragmentation, and modification of
thiol groups . Which may lead to: modified enzyme activity,

modified ion transport, increased calcium influx, and protein
degradation.
(c) in lipids, there may be:
loss of saturation,
OXIDATIVE PROTEIN DEGRADATIONS
formation of reactive
metabolites leading to
altered membrane
fluidity and permeability,
effects on membrane
bound enzymes, and
lipid peroxidative
membrane damage .
5/7/2015
Modifications of
amino acid chain
Modifications of
prosthetic group
of enzymes
Protein aggregation
Protein fragmentation
Modified enzymes activity
32
Deddy Muchtadi
SENYAWA ZINC UNTUK FORTIFIKASI

ZINC SULFAT paling banyak digunakan karena
harganya relatif murah.
Kekurangan:
(1) tidak mudah diserap oleh usus,
(2) dapat menimbulkan gangguan pada perut,
(3) cenderung menyebabkan teroksidasinya
lipida (lemak) yang terkandung dalam bahan
pangan dan dapat menimbulkan ketengikan.
Senyawa Zn
Zn- sulfat
Zn-klorida
Zn-glukonat
Zn-oksida
Zn stearat
Senyawa Zn lain
Zn-pikolinat
Zn-sitrat
Zn asetat
Zn-gliserat
Zn-monometionin
ZINC OKSIDA, meskipun tidak mudah diserap oleh usus, tetapi banyak digunakan
karena ukuran partikelnya kecil dan tidak mempengaruhi baik tekstur
maupun citarasa serta umur simpan bahan pangan.
ZINC GLUKONAT dan ZINC MONOMETIONIN dilaporkan lebih mudah diserap oleh
usus dibandingkan dengan zinc sulfat dan zinc oksida.
ZINC SITRAT lebih mudah diserap oleh usus dibandingkan dengan zinc sulfat dan
zinc oksida.
ZINC PIKOLINAT dilaporkan lebih mudah diserap oleh usus dibandingkan dengan zinc
sitrat dan zinc glukonat.
5/7/2015
33
Deddy Muchtadi
DOSIS FORTIFIKASI ZINC

Umumnya fortifikasi harus dapat
memenuhi sekitar sepertiga sampai
setengah AKG.
Dosis ini penting untuk diperhatikan
mengingat konsumsi zinc yang
berlebihan dapat menyebabkan
gangguan terhadap kesehatan.
Konsumsi zinc dosis tinggi dapat
menghambat pembentukan sel darah
dan menekan sistem imun.
Feeding zinc levels out of proportion
to copper has important biological
consequences copper absorption
is diminished when dietary levels of
zinc are high
AKG zinc untuk berbagai kelompok umur

dan ienis kelamin
Kelompok
Zinc
Umur
(mg/hari)
Anak
0 - 6 bln
1,3
7 - 11 bln
7,5
1 - 3 thn
8,2
4 - 6 thn
9,7
7 - 9 thn
11,2
Pria
10 - 12 thn
14,0
13 - 15 thn
17,4
16 - 18 thn
17,0
19 - 29 thn
12,1
30 - 49 thn
13,4
50 - 64 th
13,4
> 65 thn
13,4
Kelompok
Zinc
Umur
(mg/hari)
Wanita
10 - 12 thn
12,6
13 - 15 thn
15,4
16 - 18 thn
14,0
19 - 29 thn
9,3
30 - 49 thn
9,8
50 - 64 th
9,8
> 65 thn
9,8
Hamil (+ an)
Trimest 1
1,7
Trimest 2
4,2
Trimest 3
9,0
Menyusui (+ an)
6 bln pertama
4,6
6 bln kedua
4,6
Telah dibuktikan bahwa konsumsi zinc dalam jumlah tinggi (> 50 mg per hari) dalam
waktu mingguan dapat mempengaruhi bioavailabilitas Cu.
Sebaiknya
fortifikasi dilakukan
dengan
Zn : Cu = 2 : 1.
5/7/2015
Fortifikasi
Vitaminrasio
& Mineral
34
Deddy Muchtadi
ZINC & COPPER ABSORPTION
5/7/2015
35
Deddy Muchtadi
FORTIFIKASI ASAM FOLAT

Pemberian suplemen folat dianjurkan untuk wanita hamil dalam rangka mencegah
terjadinya kelainan pada tabung syaraf (neural tube defects, NTD) pada bayi
yang dikandungnya. Risiko timbulnya NTD ditemukan menurun di banyak
negara sejak asam folat digunakan untuk fortifikasi tepung terigu dan
serealia lain.
The FDA ruled that starting January 1, 1998, all cereal and grain products labeled
enriched must be fortified with folic acid.
140 mcg Folic Acid per 100 grams of flour.
Jumlah fortifikan asam folat di Amerika Serikat ditetapkan sebanyak 140 mcg/100 g
produk serealia, dan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan asupan asam folat
sekitar 100 mikrogram per orang per hari.
Di Indonesia, fortifikasi tepung terigu dengan asam folat, ditetapkan sebesar 2 ppm
(2 mg/kg = 0,2 mg/100 g = 200 mcg/100 g).
Konsekuensi biokimia dan fisiologis dengan adanya asam folat bebas dalam jumlah
banyak di dalam darah belum diketahui dengan pasti, namun beberapa
peneliti menyebutkan dapat meningkatkan angka insidensi kanker kolorektal
serta kerusakan pada sistem syaraf pusat terutama pada mereka yang telah
berusia lanjut.
5/7/2015
36
Deddy Muchtadi
FOLATE & FOLIC ACID

Pteridine
Folate = Natural Form

Folic Acid = Synthetic Form
Folate is the natural (complex) form
found in foods such as dark-green leafy
vegetables, broccoli, asparagus, lentils,
beans, peanuts, strawberries, kiwi,
orange juice, liver.
Folic acid is the synthetic (simple)
form of folate. Used in nutritional
supplements and food fortification.
The structural difference
between folic acid and
food folate accounts for
differences in bioavailability, with folic
acid being more readily
absorbed.
5/7/2015
p-Aminobenzoic
acid
L-Glutamic
acid
FOLIC ACID
(Pteroyl-monoglutamic acid)
37
Deddy Muchtadi
WHAT DOES FOLIC ACID DO?

Although the underlying biologic mechanism is unknown, researchers have found strong
evidence that the B-vitamin, folic acid, can prevent 50-70% of neural tube defects (NTD)
Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) are birth defects of the brain and the spinal cord.
They occur when the neural tube, which later becomes the brain and the spine, fails to
close properly. This happens very early in pregnancy, between the 17th and the 28th day
after conception.
After the egg

and the sperm
unite, cells
divide and
multiply to form
an elongated
structure as
seen in day 22.
5/7/2015
A zippering
effect closes the
groove or the
tube beginning in
the center and
going both up
and down as
seen in day 23.
38
Deddy Muchtadi
WHAT ARE NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS?

The damage that occurs
may lead to muscle
weakness, paralysis, and
loss of bowel and bladder
control.
ENCEPHALOCELE
SPINA BIFIDA
Neural tube defect (NTD) adalah suatu kelainan

bawaan (kongenital) akibat terjadinya kegagalan
penutupan lempeng saraf (neural plate) pada pada
janin, yang terjadi pada minggu ketiga hingga
keempat masa kehamilan.
5/7/2015
39
Deddy Muchtadi
WHAT ELSE DOES FOLIC ACID DO?
Folic acid and other B vitamins are needed to produce red blood cells.
Folic acid is also necessary for the production and maintenance of DNA and
RNA, the building blocks of cells.
Due to its capacity to lower blood homocysteine level, it may reduce the risk of
heart disease and stroke.
5/7/2015
40
Deddy Muchtadi
HOMOSISTEIN
Homosistein diketahui merupakan faktor independen yang berkontribusi pada
timbulnya penyakit kardiovaskuler, terutama bila kadarnya dalam darah mencapai
lebih dari 10 mikromol per liter (level yang diinginkan kurang dari 9 - 10 mikromol per
liter). Diasumsikan bahwa peningkatan kadar homosistein dalam plasma darah
disebabkan karena defisiensi folat (serta vitamin B12 dan vitamin B6).
Mekanisme patofisiologi mengapa homosistein dapat meningkatkan risiko timbulnya
penyakit kardiovaskuler adalah terjadinya kerusakan pada sel-sel endotelial vaskuler
oleh ROS (reactive oxygen species) yang terbentuk selama oto-oksidasi homosistein
plasma.
5/7/2015
41
Deddy Muchtadi
FOLATE & ZINC INTERACTION

Folate (pteroyl-monoglutamic acid) supplements were reported to exert
negative effect on zinc absorption
It was hypothesized that this form of folate would chelate zinc and make it
less available for absorption
Effect of folate supplementation on fecal and

urinary losses of zinc
Zinc (mg/day)
5/7/2015
Low folate
Supplement
Feces
5.83 + 1.20
7.30 + 1.21
< 0.008
Urine
0.45 + 0.11
0.28 + 0.10
0.001
42
Deddy Muchtadi
Terimakasih
5/7/2015
43

Prof Deddy - Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral, Pertikmbangan Dari Aspek Metabolisme

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Prof Deddy - Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral, Pertikmbangan Dari Aspek Metabolisme

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

FORTIFIKASI VITAMIN & MINERAL:

PERTIMBANGAN DARI ASPEK

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

Departemen Ilmu & Teknologi Pangan

THE NUTRIENTS IN OUR BODY

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

KEAMANAN VITAMIN & MINERAL

NUTRIENT: FUNCTION OR RISK

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

Pendapat tersebut ternyata keliru.

Asupan tertinggi per hari

Dugaan dosis toksik

Sumber: Hathcock (1985).

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

MTD = minimum toxic dose;

Nilai MSI yang besar menunjukkan

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

WITH A FOCUS ON THE

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

RAW FOOD PRODUCT

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

Riboflavin (B2) Passive diffusion

Na+-dependent or passive diffusion

The fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OR REGULATE

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

KELARUTAN MINERAL vs BIOAVAILABILITAS

Sumber: Jungbunzlauer Ladenburg GmbH, Germany (2002)

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

INHIBITOR PENYERAPAN MINERAL

secara fisik dapat menghambat penyerapan mineral

terdapat dalam sayur-sayuran, dapat

Tanin (senyawa polifenol) dapat mengikat

Asam fitat (Fitat), bentuk fosfor dalam

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

Source: Schlemmer U, et al. Phytate in foods and

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

Source: Schlemmer U, et al. Phytate in foods and

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

OXALATE CONTENT OF FOODS

Source: Leonardo M. Canessa, 2015.

These foods are moderately high in oxalate (210 mg per serving):

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

RASIO KALSIUM : FOSFOR

Infant Formula (Codex Stan 72-1981)

The ratio of calcium to available

Follow up Formula (Codex Stan 156-1987)

This recommendation also

Chinese studies with NaFeEDTA fortified

Zat besi yang dapat digunakan untuk fortifikasi

ferrous sulfate, encapsulated ferrous sulfate

Other elemental iron compounds (H-reduced,

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

NON-HEME IRON ABSORPTION

(Monsen & Cook, 1979)

Fortifikasi Vitamin & Mineral

ZAT BESI & VITAMIN C