PERHITUNGAN BIAYA
TARGET DAN BALANCE
SCORECARD
Chapter 16
AKUNTANSI MANAJEMEN
LEAN MANUFACTURING
adalahpendekatan yang didesain untuk meniadakan
buangan dan memaksimalkan nilai bagi pelanggan.
Sistem lean manufacturing memungkinkan para manajer
untuk meniadakan buangan, mengurangi biaya, dan
menjadi efisien.
Implementasi lean manufacturing yang baik telah
memberi berbagai perbaikan besar seperti:
kualitas yang lebih baik
peningkatan produktivitas
pengurangan waktu tunggu
pengurangan persediaan dalam jumlah besar
pengurangan waktu penyetelan
penurunan biaya produksi
peningkatan tingkat produksi
PRINSIP
MANUFACTURING
LEAN
Aktivitas didalam arus nilai adalah arus bernilai tambah atau tidak
bernilai tambah. Aktivitas yang tidak bernilai tambah adalah sumber
buangan
Pull Value
Lean manufacturing menggunakan system demandpull.
Tujuan lean manufacturing adalah meniadakan
buangan dengan menghasilkan produk hanya jika
dibutuhkan melalui proses produksi.
Tiap operasi hanya menghasilkan apa yang dibutuhkan
untuk memenuhi permintaan dari operasi sebelumnya.
Tidak ada produksi yang dilakukan sampai ada tanda
dari proses sebelumnya yang menunjukkan kebutuhan
untuk memproduksi.
BUANGAN (WASTE)
Adalah segala sesuatu yang tidak memiliki nilai bagi pelanggan. Peniadaan
buangan mengharuskan identifikasi berbagai bentuk dan sumebrnya.
Berikut delapan sumber yang umumnya dianggap sebagai bentuk dari
sumber buangan:
Produk cacat
Produk berlebih barang yang tidak dibutuhkan
Persediaan barang yang menunggu diproses atau digunakan
Pemrosesan yang tidak dibutuhkan
Perpindahan karyawan yang tidak perlu
Transportasi barang yang tidak perlu
Waktu tunggu
Desain barang dan jasa yang tidak memenuhi kebutuhan pelanggan
BALANCED SCORECARD
PENERJEMAHAN STRATEGI
PERSPEKTIF KEUANGAN
Tujuan
Ukuran
Pertumbuhan Pendapatan:
Mengembangkan
pelanggan
dan
Persentase pendapatan dari sumber baru
pasar baru
Mengadopsi strategi penetapan harga
Profitabilitas produk dan pelanggan
baru
Penurunan Biaya:
Pemanfaatan Aset:
Return On Investment
PERSPEKTIF PELANGGAN
Tujuan
Ukuran
Utama
Persentase
pertumbuhan
pelanggan yang ada
Profitabilitas pelanggan
Nilai Kinerja
Menurunkan harga
Harga
Biaya pascapembelian
bisnis
dari
PERSPEKTIF PROSES
Tujuan
Inovasi
Meningkatkan jumlah produk baru
Meningkatkan produk yang dimiliki
Ukuran
Jumlah
produk
baru
versus
yang
direncanakan
Persentase pendapatan dari produk yang
dimiliki
Biaya kualitas
Meningkatkan kualitas proses
Hasil output
Persentase unit cacat
Tren biaya unit
Meningkatkan efisiensi proses
Output/input
Waktu siklus dan velositas
Menurunkan waktu pemrosesan
MCE
Pelayanan pasca penjualan
PERSPEKTIF PEMBELAJARAN
DAN PERTUMBUHAN
Tujuan
Peningkatan kemampuan
karyawan
Ukuran
Tingkat kepuasan karyawan
Persentase penggantian karyawan
Produktivitas karyawan (pendapatan
per karyawan)
Jumlah jam pelatihan
Rasio strategis cakupan pekerjaan
(persentase
kebutuhan
kritikal
pekerjaan yang dipenuhi)
Saran per karyawan
Saran per karyawan yang dilaksanakan
Persentase proses dengan kemampuan
merespons balik dalam waktu nyata
Persentase
karyawan
menghadapi
pelanggan dengan akses online ke
informasi pelanggan dan produk
BALANCE SCORECARD
PADA ORGANISASI
PEMERINTAH
Mengapa institusi
pemerintah perlu
mengadopsi balanced
scorecard?
memenuhi harapan
berbagai kelompok
stakeholders
ULASAN ARTIKEL
City councils contemplating on implementing the BSC need to define the four perspectives
of BSC in the context of a city:
The Financial perspective. should measure and identify deliverable services at a good
price, support maintenance of sound financial position, identify funding mechanisms,
and support accountable and responsible use of funds in citywide strategic scorecards.
The Internal Process perspective encourages a city to change and improve the way it
delivers services, specifies certain strategy-related objectives, and encourages
productive use of resources geared toward achievement of the Citys mission and vision.
The Customer perspective as the top line perspective represents a structural
departure from the Balanced Scorecard structure of the private sector. The Customer
perspective in this top line position on the scorecard reflect the fact that the City is a
service delivery organization and typically should contain objectives representing key
strategy-related services delivered to citizens.
The Learning and Growth perspective should be designed to support the objectives of all
three other perspectives. This perspective identifies the Citys needs to ensure that
employee skills and technological capabilities allow for successful strategic action.
Learning and Growth also indicates the types of training, skills, and technology that are
needed to carry the organization forward.
The starting point in the exercise is the development of the Mission Statement (the
present), the Vision (the future), and the Service responses (Planning for Results).
The gap between now and the future leads to a plan of action to achieve the vision.
How we get to the future involves strategies. Strategy is a hypothesis about what
drives organizational success.
The city of Charlotte, North Carolina, U S, defines its vision as follows:
Charlotte will be:
The safest large city in America
The most prosperous for all citizens
A city of great neighborhoods
The premier city for integrating land use and transportation choices
A city of environmental stewardship
The City of Charlotte has had a long tradition of performance measurement for city services,
having instituted Management by Objectives in 1972. In 1994, the City began its
implementation of the Balanced Scorecard, a performance management model that
challenges organizations to evaluate success and achievement across four perspectives:
financial, customer, internal processes and learning and growth.
By 1996, the City of Charlotte had developed its first Balanced Scorecard, the Corporate
Scorecard. Since then, the City of Charlotte has been inducted into the Balanced Scorecard
Collaborative Hall of Fame.
The Budget & Evaluation office is responsible for administering the City's strategic planning
process, which includes developing Charlotte's Corporate Scorecard.
The City of Charlotte's performance management and strategic planning approach consists of
identifying organizational strategy based on City Council Focus Areas, translating and
communicating the strategy through the Corporate Scorecard (developing corporate
objectives
and measures), implementing the strategy as described by the Strategic Focus Area plans and
Key Business Unit and Support Business Unit business plans.
City councils often start the process with the identification of key social justice themes which
services and strategies should make a contribution towards. These themes could be Health
inequalities, public safety, Economic development etc. The strategic themes are derived from
vision and assessments. The strategic themes leads to metrics like cycle time reduction,
customer approval rating, skills available etc. The next step is to set targets for each of the
metrics. The targets then dictate what strategic initiatives need to be taken.
A Sample
City
Council
Balanced
Scorecard
Conclusion :
The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) provides a framework needed for strategic alignment
and organizational learning. Names of tools and techniques may change, but some
features will continue:
a. Performance measurements: The BSC provides an objective way of measuring a
councils performance. In the absence of a coherent framework managers would
use ad hoc measures that have little or no connection to overall objective.
b. Results-based planning and management: The BSC is a results based planning
and management tool. It links strategy and performance measures and defines
interdependencies between measures. The inter linkages provide a framework for
aligning employee objectives with the organizational objective.
c. Increased use of information technology: Implementing BSC is increasingly
becoming IT intensive in order to collect & report data and cascade the scorecard
across the organization. Once the metrics and data collection procedures have been
defined, an information infrastructure can help greatly in managing the data flows.
A database-backed web intranet can be used both for data collection and data
reporting. This can be developed at relatively low cost. Web technology can support
survey data collection and data reporting fairly easily.
Conclusion :
d. Increased sharing of data for benchmarking: While all organizations have
some form of benchmarking with peer group in place, the use of BSC makes it
more explicit. Further, deployment of BSC requires sharing of organization-wide
data. This facilitates greater employee involvement in strategy execution.
A good performance measurement system should be a combination of:
a)Leading and lagging measures
b)Financial & non-financial measures
c)Input, process, output and outcome measures
d)Internal & external measures
It is important to understand that managing the performance of city councils
should be viewed in the context of managing the performance of nations. Big
countries like the US or India cannot be managed from the top. The BSC provides
a framework to integrate cities and states and drive performance throughout the
nation