JP
FK UNAIR / SMF Ilmu Penyakit Jantung
RSU Dr Soetomo, Surabaya
SESAK NAPAS
DI BIDANG PENYAKIT JANTUNG
R.MOHAMMAD YOGIARTO
LAB/SMF ILMU PENYAKIT JANTUNG DAN
PEMBULUH DARAH
FK UNAIUR /RSUD DR SOETOMO
SURABAYA
DEFINISI :
SESAK NAPAS
MPA
AO
LA
RA
RV
LV
SESAK NAPAS
PERASAAN YG TERTEKAN
TERCEKIK
PERASAAN YG MEMERLUKAN BERNAPAS
LEBIH DALAM / LEBIH KUAT
SERINGKALI DISERTAI RASA CEMAS
V.PENYAKIT HEMATOLOGIK
(Anemia,leukemia,perdarahan)
SVC
Ao 150/90
LA
10
RA
5
25/0-5
RV
"WEDGE"
12
IVC
"WEDGE
12 ~ PCWP ~ V.P ~ L,A ~ 10
LV
150/0-0
mm Hg
d s d
v
ac
10
5
SVC
100
PA
25
10
15
5
LA
50
10
10
0
15
5
0
25
ac v
x y
15
v
c
P
RV
a
T
a c
RA
R
T
150
<150
<90
25
d s d
Ao
WEDGE
12
LV
<150
<10
25
0-5
IVC
R
T
Alveolar-capillary membrane
Perivascular
Space
Bronchiole
Venule
Alveolus
Arteriole
Tight Interstitial
Space
Lymphatic
Channel
Hydrostatic Pressure
10-12 mmHg
OncoticPressure
25 mmHg
Capillary Lumen
Alveoli
Hydrostatic Pressure
18 mmHg
Capillary Lumen
A. Interstitial Edema
Stage II
Alveoli
Hydrostatic Pressure
> 25 mmHg
Alveoli
Systemic
Venous
Pressure
Capillary Lumen
Hydrostatic Pressure
> 28-30 mmHg
Capillary Lumen
I
medula spinalis
batang otak
SESAK NAPAS
1. KERJA MEKANIK
2. CURAH JANTUNG
3. VENTILASI
DI BIDANG KARDIOLOGI
SESAK NAPAS = GAGAL JANTUNG
KLASIFIKASI GAGAL JANTUNG MENURUT
NEW YORK HEART ASSOCIATION (NYHA):
1.aktivitas fisik tidak menimbulkan keluhan
2.saat istirahat tidak menimbulkan keluhan
Mortalitas
10 20 % .
10 20 %
50 70 %
70 90 %
CLINICAL INDICATORS
LEFT HEART
DYSFUNCTION
Systemic Congestion
Jugular venous distention
Volume in distensible organs
Right
Systemic
Systemic venous Renal retention
BACKWARD Emptying ventricular
Hepatomegaly
venous
pressure
& volume
salt & water
diastolic
EFFECTS
Splenomegaly
right heart
pressure
&
volume &
volume
Serous effusion
pressure
Peripheral edema
Ejection
Renal retention Diminished Systemic Perfusion
Organ C.O into FORWARD
salt & water
perfusion
aorta EFFECTS
Weakness
Fatigue
Volume to C.O Organ
Exercise tolerance
left heart
perfusion
FORWARD Emptying into
Excertional dyspnea
pulmonary
artery
EFFECTS
Mental confusion
Tissue hypoxia
Metabolic acidosis
BACKWARD
Pulmonary Congestion
Emptying
Left ventricular
Volume to
EFFECTS
of
diastolic volume
Dyspnea
lungs
left
heart
& pressure
Orthopnea
Interstitial &
Pulmonary
artery
alveolar edema
pressure
Alveolar ventilation
Diminished Pulmonary Perfusion
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Alveolar perfusion
Hypoxia
Cyanosis
TATALAKSANA
SESAK NAPAS
TAHAP I
AKUT
KHRONIS
EMERGENSI
NON EMERGENSI
TAHAP II
TATALAKSANA
SESAK NAPAS
TAHAP II
KAUSA
KARDIOPULMUNER
RAWAT JALAN
KAUSA
NON KARDIOPULMUNER
RAWAT INAP
PEMERIKSAAN
NON INVASIF
PENYAKIT
PARU
PEMERIKSAAN
INVASIF
PENYAKIT
JANTUNG
PENYAKIT
PARU
PENYAKIT
JANTUNG
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
1. Posisi penderita
Duduk/setengah duduk - berbaring/duduk
dengan tangan bertumpu kursi/tempat tidur
2. Pola pernapasan
- Cepat - Dalam
Cepat - Dangkal
Pelan - Memanjang
Cuping - Hidung
Cheyne - Stokes
Parenchyme/Vaskularisasi
Atelektasis
Pulmo Torak
Emfisera
Edema Paru.
RINGKASAN
RINGKASAN
1. Jantung
2. Paru
3. Metabolik
4. Hematologis
5. Neurologis
6. Obesitas
7. Psikosomatis
RINGKASAN
RINGKASAN
Tahap II :
Evaluasi diagnosa lebih lanjut tentang
Etiologi Sesak
RINGKASAN
Tahap II :
Evaluasi diagnosa lebih lanjut tentang
Etiologi Sesak
Pemeriksaan Sederhana
Untuk Membedakan Sesak Napas
Oleh Karena Penyakit Paru / Penyakit Jantung
Test Terapeutik
= Diuretika
= Bronkodilator
RPD
DP, Lab. N
Dx
KAUSA
SESAK NAPAS
Dx
Tx
Faal paru
BGA
EKG exercise
Kateterisasi
Echo
- istirahat
- exercise
Bronkodilator
Hasil baik
P. Paru
Hasil jelek
Diuretik
+ digitalis
Hasil baik
Congestive
H.F
Penyakit
jantung
Hipertensi
LVH
S3 gallop
Ronki
Sesak napas
Nyeri dada
Batuk darah
Baruk
Sesak napas
Penyakit
paru
Perokok
Bronkitis kronis
R : Cor N
Hiperinflasi
POLA SESAK
1. PND (Paroxismal Nucturnal Dyspneu)
segera setelah tidur
batuk, dahak
whezing (+)
LVF
sesak
asma BR
bronkitis
2. Orthopnea
congestive HF
COPD berat
duduk lama
edema kaki, cup
bilateral diaphragma paralysis
paradokal resp.
4. SLEEP APNEA
Central apnea
Obstructive apnea
Cor pulmonale
5. TREPOPNEA :
Sesak bila miring kesatu arah
Peny. Jantung : Distorsi P.D. besar
Peny. Paru : Pa02 pada sisi sakit
6. Platypnea :
sesak bila posisi tegak
sesak < bila berbaring
COPD berat
Congenital H.D
ASD
Hidrothorak kanan
tek. atrium kanan
T venous return
menekan atrium kanan
right to left shunt
BATUK
1. P. paru primer
2. P. jantung primer :
a. Secondary intra br. process
Congestion mucosal vasculature
Sekresi > edema
b. Cardiac chamber >, bronchial deformation
Peny. katub mitral
LAH
c. LVF progresif
P. paru (+)
P. jantung (+)
Batuk
Dominan ?
BATUK DARAH
1. Pink fronthy sputum : edema paru
2. Deep rust - colored sputum : diplococ. pneumonia
3. Blood streak : bronkitis, perdarahan tumor endo.
bronkial
4. Dark blood sputum
necrotizing pneumonia
5. Darah erah segar >> :
Perdarahan p.d. bronkus
Bronchiectasis
K.P.
P. Jantung dg Tx antikoagulan
sesak, anemia akut
infiltrat alveolar
Selamat pagi
dan selamat belajar
17 mei 2004
Cor Pulmonale
R.Mohammad Yogiarto
BAG / SMF Ilmu Peny.Jantung dan Kedokteran Vaskuler
SESAK NAPAS
PERASAAN YG TERTEKAN
TERCEKIK
PERASAAN YG MEMERLUKAN BERNAPAS
LEBIH DALAM / LEBIH KUAT
SERINGKALI DISERTAI RASA CEMAS
V.PENYAKIT HEMATOLOGIK
(Anemia,leukemia,perdarahan)
mm Hg
d s d
v
ac
10
5
SVC
100
PA
25
10
15
5
LA
50
10
10
0
15
5
0
25
ac v
x y
15
v
c
P
RV
a
T
a c
RA
R
T
150
<150
<90
25
d s d
Ao
WEDGE
12
LV
<150
<10
25
0-5
IVC
R
T
COR PULMONALE
DEFINISI
ETIOLOGI / PATOFISIOLOGI
KLINIS / DIAGNOSIS
PERAWATAN
PENCEGAHAN
DEFINISI :
"COR - PULMONALE"
MPA
AO
LA
RA
LV
RV
RVE
RVH
FUNGSI
STRUKTUR
PARU
ETIOLOGI
I. P.P.O.M.
II. HIPOVENTILASI
KHRONIS
III. KELAINAN PB. DARAH
PARU
ETIOLOGI
I. P.P.O.M. : Bronkhitis chr.
Emfisema P.
Asma bronkh.
II. HIPOVENTILASI KHRONIS
1. Kel. DD. Torak
Kipo skoliosis
Obesitas
Pektus ekskatus
2. Kel. pusat pernapasan
TBC paru
Pneumocon.
ETIOLOGI
III. KELAINAN PB. DARAH PARU
1. Intraluminer
Emboli paru
Trombosis > pada pembuluh art. pulm.
Hipertensi pulm. primer
vaskulitis difuse
2. Ekstra luminer
TBC
Fibrosis post radiasi
Metastase Ca.
Sarcoidosis
Pneumococ.
SVC
Ao 150/90
LA
10
RA
5
25/0-5
RV
"WEDGE"
12
IVC
"WEDGE
12 ~ PCWP ~ V.P ~ L,A ~ 10
LV
150/0-0
SPASME
BRONCH.
BR. MOTOR
TONE
VENTILASI
ALVEOLI PRESS
VASCULER BED.
HIPOKSEMI
VASOKONSTRIKSI PULM.
PVR
POLISITEMI
HIPERTENSI PULM.
ATHEROSKLEROSIS
RVH
COR PULMONALE
COMPENSATA
DECOMPENSATA
KLINIS :
I. AKUT
DIAGNOSA
Ax : Penyakit Paru dasar / Batuk / Sesak
Fisik : Sesak. Cyanosis
Bendungan vena leher
Barrel chest
emfisema
Ronkhi ~ peny. paru dasar
Wheezing
Jantung : S1 melemah
S2 (hipertensi pulm.)
Pemeriksaan penunjang :
EKG : RAD / RVH
Aritmia S.V / V.
R
DL
: Polisitemia
Pa O2 , Pa CO2
Tes fungsi paru yg menurun
Echocardiogram.
PERAWATAN KARDIOLOGIS
1. TIRAH BARING
2. DIET R.G.
3. DIURETIKA
4. DIGITALIS
5. VASODILATOR
HIPERTENSI
PULMONAL
O2
VASODILATOR
VASOKONSTRIKSI
HIPOKSEMIA
02 TERAPI : Vasodilator
HP
Toleransi aktivitas
S.T Neurologis
Polisitemia
Phlebotomi
PCV > 50 %
Viskositas
Hip. pulm.
Penyakit
jantung
Hipertensi
LVH
S3 gallop
Ronki
Sesak napas
Nyeri dada
Batuk darah
Batuk
Sesak napas
Penyakit
paru
Perokok
Bronkitis kronis
R : Cor N
Hiperinflasi
RPD
DP, Lab.
Dx
KAUSA
SESAK NAPAS
Dx
Tx
Faal paru
BGA
EKG exercise
Kateterisasi
Echo
- istirahat
- exercise
Bronkodilator
Hasil baik
P. Paru
Hasil jelek
Diuretik
+ digitalis
Hasil baik
Congestive
H.F
mm Hg
d s d
v
ac
10
5
SVC
100
PA
25
10
15
5
LA
50
10
10
0
15
5
0
25
ac v
x y
15
v
c
P
RV
a
T
a c
RA
R
T
150
<150
<90
25
d s d
Ao
WEDGE
12
LV
<150
<10
25
0-5
IVC
R
T
Alveolar-capillary membrane
Perivascular
Space
Bronchiole
Venule
Alveolus
Arteriole
Tight Interstitial
Space
Lymphatic
Channel
Hydrostatic Pressure
10-12 mmHg
Oncolic Pressure
25 mmHg
Capillary Lumen
Alveoli
Hydrostatic Pressure
18 mmHg
Capillary Lumen
A. Interstitial Edema
Stage II
Alveoli
Hydrostatic Pressure
> 25 mmHg
Alveoli
Systemic
Venous
Pressure
Capillary Lumen
Hydrostatic Pressure
> 28-30 mmHg
Capillary Lumen
CLINICAL INDICATORS
LEFT HEART
DYSFUNCTION
Systemic Congestion
Sugular venous distention
Volume in distensible organs
Right
Systemic
Systemic venous Renal retention
BACKWARD Emptying ventricular
Hepatomegaly
venous
pressure
& volume
salt & water
diastolic
EFFECTS
Splenomegaly
right heart
pressure
&
volume &
volume
Serous effusion
pressure
Peripheral edema
Ejection
Renal retention Diminished Systemic Perfusion
Organ C.O into FORWARD
salt & water
perfusion
aorta EFFECTS
Weakness
Fatigue
Volume to C.O Organ
Exercise tolerance
left heart
perfusion
FORWARD Emptying into
Excertional dyspnea
pulmonary
artery
EFFECTS
Mental confusion
Tissue hypoxia
Metabolic acidosis
BACKWARD
Pulmonary Congestion
Emptying
Left ventricular
Volume to
EFFECTS
of
diastolic volume
Dyspnea
lungs
left
heart
& pressure
Orthopnea
Interstitial &
Pulmonary
artery
alveolar edema
pressure
Alveolar ventilation
Diminished Pulmonary Perfusion
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Alveolar perfusion
Hypoxia
Cyanosis