Patofisiologi Skizofrenia
Patofisiologi Skizofrenia
Pada skizofrenia terdapat penurunan aliran darah dan ambilan glukosa, terutama
di korteks prefrontalis, dan pada pasien tipe II (negativisme) terdapat penurunan
sejumlah neuron (penurunan jumlah substansia grisea). Selain itu, migrasi neuron
abnormal selama perkembangan otak secara patofisologis sangat bermakna.
Atrofi penonjolan dendrit dari sel piramidal telah ditemukan pda korteks
prefrontalis dan girus singulata. Penonjolan dedrit mengandung sinaps
glutaminergik, sehingga transmisi glutamineriknya terganggu. Selain itu, pada area
yang terkena, pembentukan GABA dan atau jumlah neuron GABAnergik tampaknya
berkurang sehingga penghambatan sel piramidal menjadi berkurang.
Makna patofisologis khusus dikaitkan dengan dopamin. Availabilitas dopamin
atau agonis dopamin yang berlebihan dapat menimbulkan gejala skizofrenia.
Penghambatan pada reseptor dopamin-D2 telak sukses digunakan dalam
penatalaksanaan skizofrenia.. Di sisi lain, penurunan reseptor D2 yang ditemukan
pada korteks prefrontalis dan penurunan reseptor D 1 dan D2 berkaitan dengan gejala
negatif skizofrenia., seperti kurangnya emosi. Penurunan reseptor dopamin mungkin
terjadi akibat pelepasan dopamin mungkin terjadi akibat pelepasan dopamin yang
meningkat dan ini tidak memiliki efek patogenetik.
Dopamin berperan sebagai transmiter melalui beberapa jalur (Silbernagl , 2003):
a. Jalur dopaminergik ke sistem limbik (mesolimbik)
b. Jalur dopaminergik ke korteks (sistem mesokorteks) mungkin penting dalam
perkembangan skizofrenia
c. Pada sistem tubuloinfundibular, dopamin mengatur pelepasan hormon
hipofisis (terutama pelepasan prolaktin)
d. Dopamin mengatur aktivitas motorik pada sitem nigrostriatum
Serotonin mungkin juga berperan dalam menimbulkan gejala skizofrenia. Kerja
serotonis yang berlebihan dapat menimbulkan halusinasi dan banyak obat
antipsikotik akan menghambat eseptor 5-HT2A.
Silbernagl, Stefan, Florian Lang. 2010. Color atlas of Patophysiology 2 nd ed. New Tork: Thieme
Pathophysiology
Both anatomic and neurotransmitter system abnormalities have been implicated in the
pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Anatomic abnormalities
Neuroimaging studies in patients with schizophrenia show abnormalities such as enlargement of the
ventricles, decreased brain volume in medial temporal areas, and changes in the hippocampus. [6, 7,
8]
These findings are of interest more for research purposes than for clinical application.
Interest has also focused on the various connections within the brain rather than on localization in a
single part of the brain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show anatomic abnormalities in a
network of neocortical and limbic regions and interconnecting white matter tracts. [9] A meta-analysis of
studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine white matter found that 2 networks of white-
matter tracts are reduced in schizophrenia.[10]
In the Edinburgh High-Risk Study, brain imaging showed reductions in whole-brain volume and in left
and right prefrontal and temporal lobe volumes in 17 of 146 people who were at high genetic risk for
schizophrenia. The changes in prefrontal lobes were associated with increasing severity of psychotic
symptoms.[11]
Clozapine, perhaps the most effective antipsychotic agent, is a particularly weak dopamine D2
antagonist. Thus, other neurotransmitter systems, such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA), are undoubtedly involved. Some research focuses on the N -methyl-D-
aspartate (NMDA) subclass of glutamate receptors because NMDA antagonists, such as
phencyclidine and ketamine, can lead to psychotic symptoms in healthy subjects. [13]
Insulin resistance and metabolic disturbances, which are common in the schizophrenic population,
have also been linked to inflammation. Thus, inflammation might be related to both the
psychopathology of schizophrenia and to metabolic disturbances seen in patients with schizophrenia.
[15]
Schizophrenia
Author: Frances R Frankenburg, MD; Chief Editor: Eduardo Dunayevich, MD
. 2013. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288259-overview#aw2aab6b2b3aa