(TEG612104 )
(a) Full section and (b) zoomed into an excellent outcrop-scale example of an “out-of-
syncline” fold accommodation fault (Mitra, 2002; Deng et al., 2013), Triassic limestones, Spiti
valley, near Losar village, Himachal Pradesh, India.
T. GEOFISIKA UNILA T. GEOFISIKA UNILA
rcw 2016 rcw 2017
Pendahuluan
• Struktur geologi, adalah suatu fitur geometris di batuan yang dapat di
deskripsikan dari bentuk, pola, dan distribusinya.
• Klasifikasi berdasarkan geometri,
• Planar (atau sub-planar) surface
• Curviplanar surface
• Linear feature
• Klasifikasi berdasarkan signifikansi geologi,
• Primer
• Local density-inversion driven
• Local gravity driven
• Fluid-pressure driven
• Tektonik
• Klasifikasi berdasarkan mekanisme deformasi,
• Rekahan
• Frictional sliding
• Plasticity
• Diffusion
DEFORMASI
(a) Attitude of a plane: dip, dip direction, and strike. The dip of plane ABCD is given by the angle
α, while line GH represents the dip direction. the general direction of dip must also be
included (e.g., 090°/45° N).
(b) Attitude of a line: plunge, plunge direction, and pitch. The plunge of line EF is the angle β,
which is measured from the horizontal (line EG) in an imaginary vertical plane that contains
both line EF and line EG; line EG is called the plunge direction. The attitude of line EF, using
plunge and direction of plunge, is given by 30°/315°. The pitch (angle γ) is the angle that line
EF makes with the horizontal (strike) of a plane (here: plane ABCD) containing the line. Note
that when the pitch of a line is recorded, the attitude of the reference plane must be given, as
well as the side from which the pitch angle is measured (here: 000°/45°, 40° W).
Disrupted bedding
Clastic dykes
(a) disconformity,
(b) angular unconformity,
(c) nonconformity,
(d) buttress unconformity.
Sequence in (a) shows structures rising from line sources, whereas structures
in (b) originate from point sources.
A migmatite
from the North
Cascades
(Washington
State, USA)
showing
complex
folding and
disruption
F = m.a
Dimana :
F : gaya (N atau dn)
m : massa (kg atau g)
a : percepatan (m/s2 atau cm/s2)
World Stress Map showing orientations of the maximum horizontal stress superimposed on
topography
The finite strains, Xf and Yf, in (a) and (b) are the same, but the strain path by
which each was reached is different.
T. GEOFISIKA UNILA T. GEOFISIKA UNILA
rcw 2016 rcw 2017
Deformasi dan Regangan
Non-coaxial or simple shear (a) and coaxial pure shear (b) strain.
• Contoh, jika regangan finite longitudinal 30% (|e| = 0.3) diperoleh secara
penelitian selama satu jam (3600 s), maka strain rate nya adalah
0.3/3600 = 8.3 x 10^-5/s.
Stress-strain diagram
The effect of water content on the behavior of natural quartz. Dry and wet refer
to low and high water content, respectively.
(c) Pre-deformation state, showing open Griffith cracks. (d) Compression begins
and volume decreases due to crack closure. (e) Crack propagation and dilatancy
(volume increase). (f) Merging of cracks along the future throughgoing shear
fracture, followed by loss of cohesion of the sample (mesoscopic failure).
The concept of stress shadows around joints. The heavy vertical lines are joints;
dm refers to the average spacing between joints. (a) Block diagram illustrating stress
shadow (shaded area) around each joint. Note how stress is transmitted across regions
that are unfractured in the third dimension. Stresses are also exerted by tractions at
bedding contacts. (b) Thin bedded sequence, containing joints with narrow stress
shadows, so that the joints are closely spaced. (c) Thick bedded sequence, containing
joints with wide stress shadows, so that the joints are widely spaced.
Joint formation during unroofing. As the block of rock approaches the ground
surface, subsequent to the erosional removal of overburden, it expands in the
vertical direction and contracts in the horizontal direction.
Vein fill types. (a) Blocky vein fill. (b) Fibrous vein fill.