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Nigeria Biofuel Potensi View
PengembanganproyekEfisien lignoselulosa Pretretment untuk Produksi Bioetanol View proyek
Akram Zamani Hogskolan i Borås
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Abstrak
di bagian pertama. Pada bagian kedua, tech-
Pembuatan bioetilena melalui dehidrasi bioetanol no-ekonomi analisis tanaman bioethylene dilakukan
merupakan alternatif dari produksi etilena berbasis fosil dengan menggunakan Aspenâ plus dan Proses Aspen
dan mengurangi konsekuensi lingkungan untuk Ekonomi Analyzer, di mana kualitas yang berbeda dari
komoditas kimia ini. Beberapa pabrik industri yang etanol dianggap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa
menggunakan bioetanol generasi pertama untuk kemurnian dalam umpan etanol tidak memiliki efek
produksi bioetilena sudah ada, meskipun tidak yang signifikan pada kualitas bioethylene
berfungsi tanpa anak perusahaan. Namun, masih belum polimer-grade yang dihasilkan. Kapasitas tangki
ada proses memproduksi etilen dari bioetanol generasi penyimpanan etilen secara signifikan mempengaruhi
ke-2. Penelitian ini dibagi menjadi dua bagian. Metode biaya modal proses.
produksi etanol dan etilen yang berbeda,proses
spesifikasidan teknologi saat ini dibahas secara singkat
www.ChemBioEngRev.de a 2017 Penulis. Diterbitkan oleh WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ChemBioEng Rev 2017, 4, No. 2, 1–18 1
Kata kunci: Bioethanol, Bioethylene, desain proses, analisis tekno-ekonomi
5 Oktober 2016; direvisi: 22 Februari 2017; diterima: 24 Februari 2017
Diterima: 2
1300
4
Ethylene (EUR/tonne) Ethanol (UDS/GAL) 1200 1100
1000
3
900
2
800 700
600 1Figure 7. Ethylene and ethanol price evolution from 2006 to 2016; data taken from [92, 93].
www.ChemBioEngRev.de a 2017 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ChemBioEng Rev 2017, 4, No.
2, 1–18 8
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the be utilized for preheating of the ethanol feed. The temperature
purification is performed at very low temperatures (cryo- of the reaction mixture finally reaches 90°C.
genic condition), and presence of water would damage the in- struments. Final water removal is performed by molecular sieves.
An ethylene stream with 99.2wt% ethylene is sent to 4.1.2 Recovery Step
the final purification stage.
One of the main purposes of this step is to remove the carbon dioxide, water, and the unreacted ethanol from the product.
4.1.3 Ethylene Purification Step Some other impurities are also removed in this step (Fig.9). The big difference between the
boiling point of water and
Cryogenic distillation is used in this section to remove the ethylene makes the separation process easy. The product is first
remaining impurities from the ethylene product. A process cooled to 50°C in a heat exchanger and then enters into a
flow diagram of this section is presented in Fig. 10. quench tower. Water at 40 °C is sprayed at the top of this col-
In the beginning, the ethylene stream is cooled to –23°C. umn where the water vapor is condensed and separated from
Then, it passes through an expansion valve, which reduces the the ethylene column. Part of the condensed water is cooled and
temperature further to –28°C by dropping the pressure from reused in the quench tower (Fig.9). The ethylene that leaves
27 to 22bar. Cryogenic distillation is performed in two col- the quench tower contains 92.1wt% ethylene as well as
umns, ie, ethylene column and stripper column. The former 5.2 wt % water, 1.4 wt % ethanol, and 1603 ppm carbon dioxide.
removes the heavy impurities from ethylene, namely propylene, The CO2 concentration should be decreased to 5 ppm to ful-
butadiene, diethyl ether, acetaldehyde, and ethane. The latter fil the requirements for polymer-grade ethylene. Before CO2
removes light impurities, ie, hydrogen and methane from ethyl- removal, the ethylene stream is pressurized to 27bar using
ene. The two columns have a joint condenser (Fig. 10). An ethyl- compressors (three stages). This pressure is required in the
ene stream with a purity of 99.97 wt % is obtained at the end. The purification step. Between the compressors, the ethylene stream
impurity profile of this product fulfils the requirements for poly- is cooled down to 15°C to condense some more water. The
mer grade ethylene (Tab.1). Finally, ethylene is warmed up to condensed water is separated in the knockout drums. Carbon
10°C by exchanging heat with the impure ethylene that enters dioxide removal is performed by dissolution in sodium hydrox-
the purification section (Fig. 10). ide solution (in a caustic wash column). A water washing col- umn is also used in this process to
remove any possible drops of alkali solution that have been carried by the ethylene stream.
4.2 Simulation Hints Concentration of the carbon dioxide in the remaining stream is less than 2ppm. Before entering the
final purification section,
Aspenâ plus 8.6 and Aspen Process Economic Analyzer 8.6 it is necessary to completely remove the water. This is because
were used to simulate the process. Due to presence of polar
www.ChemBioEngRev.de a 2017 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ChemBioEng Rev 2017, 4, No.
2, 1–18 9
Figure 8. Process flow diagram of the reaction step of ethylene production from ethanol.
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metric components, eg, water and ethanol, the NRTL activity coeffi-
calculations were used to model the process. Selectivity cient model was used in the reaction section. For the caustic
of each reaction is presented in Tab. 2 [94]. wash unit, a modified version of NRTL, ie, ELECNRTL was
In each of the adiabatic reactors, the conversion was set at a chosen. For the purification step where the non-polar compo-
level where the temperature of the product was above 310°C. For nents are dominant, the Peng-Robinson equation was used.
the last reactor, it was 377°C. Ethanol conversions were 28.7, For the steam (utility), the steam table was employed. Eight
40.2, 67.0, and 87.0% for reactors 1 through 4, respectively. parallel reactions were considered in this simulation. Stoichio-
The overall ethanol conversion in this process was 98.2 %.
www.ChemBioEngRev.de a 2017 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ChemBioEng Rev 2017, 4, No.
2, 1–18 10
Figure 9. Process flow diagram of the recovery step of ethylene production from ethanol.
Figure 10. Process flow diagram of the purification step of ethylene production from ethanol.
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4.3.1 Table 1. Specification of polymer grade ethylene and results of
Pure Ethanol as Feed simulation.
The process simulation was performed for a product formation Required for
Simulation results
of 180 kt a–1. Flow rate and composition of the main streams the polymer grade
for 180 kt a–1
are presented in Tab.3. The pure ethanol (95%) feed stream
Ethylene [mol %] 99.9 99.97
represents the ideal case that was obtained from an ethanol fac- tory with starch as feed (1st generation ethanol). Maximum
impurities [mol ppm]
Acetylene 2 0
4.3.2 Effect of Ethanol Impurities on the Quality Methane 200 194
of Produced Ethylene
Ethane 200 129
In this section, the impact of the impurities of the bioethanol Oxygen 2 0
feed was investigated. Different types of ethanol streams can be
Carbon monoxide 1 Carbon dioxide 5 trace
less than 1.3
considered as feed for the ethylene production process. In this work, four different streams were studied including E95, E100,
E87, and E87cellulose. E87 is the ethanol stream from the top of Total sulfur 2 0
Ethylene stream to step 2 1.4 90.4 42 194 56.11 41.3 0 980 0.75
Recovery Step
Purification Step
Table 4. Composition of different ethanol feeds. Concentrations are presented in g/g. E87 represents the
etha- nol stream from the top of aldehyde column while E87cellulose represents lignocellulosic ethanol.
www.ChemBioEngRev.de a 2017 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ChemBioEng Rev 2017, 4, No. 2, 1–18
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Ethylene storage time Ethanol price [US$ kg–1] Ethylene price [US$ kg–1] NPV [US$]
0.4814 1.01 0
0.93 1.8606 0
0.4546 1.01 0
0.93 1.9093 0
0.4251 1.01 0
0.93 1.9627 0
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