MIKROPALEONTOLOGI

GL-2261
Khoiril Anwar Maryunani
anwar@gc.itb.ac.id
PENENTUAN WAKTU ?

WAKTU APA ?
BAGAIMANA CARANYA ?

2
 PUSTAKA
•  Pringgoprawiro & Kapid, 2000 :
“Foraminifera; Pengenalan Mikrofosil dan
Aplikasi Biostratigrafi”; Penerbit ITB.
•  Kapid R., 2003 : ”Nannoplankton Gampingan,
Pengenalan dan Aplikasi Biostratigrafi”,
Penerbit ITB
•  Dewi & Kapid , 2004 : ”Ostracoda, objek
alternatif untuk studi mikropaleontologi”,
Penerbit ITB
PUSTAKA

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What is a fossil ? - any evidence of preexisting life

Kinds of Fossils:

Fossilized bodies and/or parts: the organism is

preserved in some manner.

brittle star pollen grain mosquitoes in amber

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 FOSIL
•  Sisa-sisa kehidupan termasuk jejaknya
yang terawetkan secara alamiah dan
berumur lebih tua dari Holosen atau
sekitar 10.000 taun yang lalu
ammoni artefak human skull
te

brittle star pollen grain mosquitoes in amber

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Microfossils

conodonts

diatoms
pollen

Index Fossils
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foraminifera radiolaria http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/

 Fossils & Biostratigraphy
The art and science of telling time from rocks.
Traditional core of paleontology, and of geology.
The geologic time scale
is all based on fossils,
relative time scale.
Most paleontologists
working in industry
do biostratigraphy.

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18
PALEONTOLOGI,
MIKROPALEONTOLOGI,
MIKROFOSIL

•  PALEONTOLOGI
–  Ilmu pengetahuan yg mempelajari sisa-sisa organisme
purba, baik dari fosilnya maupun jejak-jejak
kehidupannya
•  MIKROPALEONTOLOGI
–  Cabang paleontologi yang khusus membahas semua
sisa sisa organisme yg mikroskopis
•  MIKROFOSIL
–  Fosil berukuran mikro, sehingga untuk mempelajarinya
diperlukan alat bantu (mikroskop)
 PALEONTOLOGI

BERDASAR MACAM OBYEK STUDINYA

Tumbuh – tumbuhan : PALEOBOTANI
Palinologi
Hewan / Binatang : PALEOZOOLOGI
Vertebrata
Invertebrata
Manusia : PALEOANTHROPOLOGI

BERDASAR UKURAN OBYEK STUDINYA

Megafosil
Makrofosil : MAKROPALEONTOLOGI
Mikrofosil :
Nannofosil} MIKROPALEONTOLOGI
:
 MIKROFOSIL
•  Pengertian: sisa-sisa mikro-organisme yang telah membatu
dan berumur lebih tua dari Holosen serta untuk
mempelajarinya harus memakai alat (mikroskop). Mereka
dapat berupa sisa-sisa mikro-organisme atau bagian kecil
dari organisme yang besar.
•  Secara biologi mereka berbeda satu sama lain (bacteria,
protists, fungi, animals, dan plants), dan dikelompokan
dalam satu kelompok studi karena untuk mendapatkanya,
contoh batuan harus diproses dengan cara tertentu dan
mempelajarinya harus dengan mikroskop.
 Mikroskop binokuler,
reflected light
- Foraminifera

Mikroskop binokuler,
transmited light
- Pollen
Tipe mikroskop dan contoh jenis
mikrofosil yang dapat diamatinya

Mikroskop binokuler, polarisasi

- Nannofosil gampingan
SISTIMATIKA DAN HUBUNGAN ANTAR
MIKROFOSIL
•  Because microfossils are an arbitrary grouping based on
methods of study, no single classification of them will
suffice except at the highest levels. The systematics of
prokaryotes and protists has long been confused and
multifaceted at all levels
•  The relationships among life forms are complex. A
satisfactory overview of what kinds of life there are on
Earth is still ephemeral. Six domains of life have been
proposed: (1) Archaebacteria; (2) Eubacteria; (3) Protista;
(4) Animalia; (5) Plantae; and (6) Fungi.
Makhluk Hidup
JENIS MIKROFOSIL
 ORGANISME PEMBENTUK MIKROFOSIL

Organic-walled microfossils:
Acritarchs
Chitinozoa
Dinoflagellates
Scolecodonts
Spores and pollen
Inorganic-walled microfossils:
Calcareous nannoplankton: coccolithophores and
Discoasters
Foraminifera
Radiozoa (Acantharia, Phaeodaria and Radiolaria)
and Heliozoa
Diatoms
Silicoflagellates and chrysophytes
Ciliophora: tintinnids and calpionellids
Ostracods
Conodonts
PLANKTONIK FORAMINIFERA

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BENTHONIK FORAMINIFERA

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NANNOPLANKTON

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POLEN & DINOFLAGELATA

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OSTRACODA

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RADIOLARIA & DIATOMAE

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CONODONTS & LARGE FORAMS

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 SPONGE SPICULES (Phylum Porifera)
Geologic range: Cambrian to Recent
Composition: Calcareous or siliceous
Size:
Significance: Siliceous skeletons can
accumulate to form chert
Morphology: Shapes vary. but may be needle-
like (monaxon or one axis), three-pointed
(triaxon), four-pointed (tetraxon), or shaped
like a jack (from the game of ball and jacks)
with six radiating needle-like points or rays
(hexactine). May also be curved.
Sponge spicules

Environment: Attached to the sea floor. Most

are marine.
Jenis Mikrofosil & Batuannya

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KONDISI HIDUP

MATI

PROSES SETELAH MATI

AKUMULASI

TERKUBUR

PROSES SETELAH TERKUBUR

PROSES DIAGENETIK PROSES EROSI

FOSIL REDEPOSISI
 KETERDAPATAN FOSIL DALAM BATUAN
ORGANISME HIDUP
Setelah mati mungkin

Rusak, hancur, lenyap, Tidak lenyap, segera

tidak terawetkan terkubur
TIDAK MEMBENTUK FOSIL MEMBENTUK KUMPULAN
/ ONGGOKAN FOSIL

Terkumpul di tempat Terangkut, terkumpul

semula hidup (in situ) di tempat lain (ex situ)
FOSIL BIOCOENOSIS FOSIL THANATOCOENOSIS
Yang mungkin berupa

INDIGENEOUS EXOTIC REMANIE

Terpindahkan tetapi Terpindahkan ke Berasal dari batuan
masih pada lingkungan lingkungan yang yang lebih tua : REWORKED
yang sama lain atau lebih muda : LEAKED
 Biocoenose & Thanatocoenose
•  BIOCOENOSE
Kumpulan organisme yg hidup,
tumbuh, berkembang biak dlm
suatu tempat atau lingkungan yg
sama (biotope)

•  THANATOCOENOSE
Kumpulan organisme yg mati
(fosil) yang berasal dari biotope
yg berbeda-beda, karena proses
transportasi dpt terendapkan
dlm batuan sedimen yg sama

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 Biocoenoses

All the interacting

organisms that live
together in a specific
habitat or biotope,
forming an ecological
community.

 Thanatocoenosis

An assemblage of
organisms or their
parts brought
together after their
deaths, as for
example, by flowing
water; 'death
assemblage'

 Biocoenoese

Thanatocoenoese

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 DISPLACED FOSSILS
Fosil yg dijumpai pada lapisan yg bukan habitatnya

•  Reworked Fossils :
Fosil tua yang terdapat pada
lapisan yang lebih muda

•  Introduced Fossils :
Fosil muda yg dijumpai pada
lapisan yg lebih tua

Tidak dapat dipergunakan untuk kepentingan biostratigrafi

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 STUDI MIKROFOSIL
•  MORFOLOGI : Studi tentang bentuk dasar, bentuk
umum, bentuk khusus, rupa, ukuran dari cangkang /
sisa organisme
•  KLASIFIKASI : Pembagian mikrofosil menjadi
sejumlah taxon atas dasar morfologinya
•  KISARAN STRATIGRAFI: Keberadaan /
perkembangan takson sepanjang waktu geologi
•  PALEOEKOLOGI/BATIMETRI : Hubungan timbal
balik antara organisme yang membentuk mikrofosil
dengan lingkungan tempat hidupnya semula.
 KLASIFIKASI MIKROFOSIL
•  KLASIFIKASI : Penentuan posisi organisme dalam taksonomi
•  TAKSONOMI : Pembahasan tentang hierarchi / perjenjangan
kelompok organisme
•  CONTOH TAKSONOMI Protista
Kingdom :
Phylum : Protozoa
Subphylum : Sarcodina
Class Rhizopoda
Subclass : Foraminiferida
Order :
Suborder : Rotaliina
Superfamily :

Family : Orbitoididae

Genus : Cycloclypeus
Subgenus Katacycloclypeus
:
Species :
Cycloclypeus (Katacyclo-
clypeus) annulatus MARTIN
 KONSEP SPESIES
•  Spesies menurut ilmu biologi
•  Spesies menurut paleontologi
Dimana, Bagaimana & Untuk Apa
Belajar (Mikro) Fosil ?

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 Continent

Rifting

Passive Margin

Active Margin

Island arc

Collision

Plate Tectonic conceptual model of basin evolution 50

 PASSIVE
ACTIIVE
CONTINENTAL
CONTiNENT ISLAND ARC
COLLISION MARGIN AL MARGIN

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52
PRE RIFT ROCK (BASEMENT)

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 Conglomeratic sandstone interval within transition Brani and
Sangkarewang (synrift ; tongue of fluvial channel to lacustrine) 54
Papery shale interlaminated with thin calcareous sand (van Houten cycle) of
lacustrine sediments; Sangkarewang Formation; maximum rift
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Parambahan coal open pit: Fluvial-
Lacustrine Deltaic of lower
Sawahlunto Formation : Potential
reservoir and seal from late synrift

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 MIKROFOSIL DALAM
GEOLOGI
•  Biostratigrafi / umur
•  Lingkungan pengendapan
•  Korelasi
 STRATIGRAPHY
•  Ilmu pemerian batuan dan hubungannya dalam ruang
dan waktu (Hedberg, 1976)
•  Metoda, teknik, dan prinsip-prinsip Stratigrafi
merupakan aplikasi stratigrafi untuk semua batuan
(terutama sedimen), dan dipakai didalam studi:
geometri, struktur, runutan, dan sejarah dari
sekelompok batuan
•  Dasar dari segala penelitian/investigasi geologi
 ASAL KLASIFIKASI
STRATIGRAFI

•  Pada mulanya tujuan stratigrafi adalah

menyusun sejarah bumi dengan membagi
dalam selang-selang waktu tertentu
•  Untuk pembagian perioda-perioda
digunakan kriteria litologi
(Lithostratigrafi) dan paleontologi
(Biostratigrafi)
Kandungan fosil diyakini sebagai
pembagi waktu yang benar

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62
 Ideal species for biostratigraphic
correlation
•  Ideal “Index Fossil”
–  Abundant
–  Geographically widespread
–  Relatively short range in time (rapid evolutionary turnover)
–  Wide range of environments
–  Morphologically distinctive

•  Problem – abundant and widespread taxa are often (but

not always) resistant to extinction – therefore, long-
ranging
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•  Guide Fossils :
Fosil pemandu/fosil penunjuk fasies/fosil pengenal
lingkungan (bentik/palynomorf)
•  Pengenal lingkungan
•  Korelasi lokal

•  Indicators Fossils :
•  Spesies benthik untuk penentuan zona bathymetrik

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Development of Geologic Time Scale
•  Understanding the geological
relationships of different rock unit
•  Nicolaus Steno in 1669 described
two basic geologic principles
(steno’s principals).
–  The first stated that sedimentary
rocks are laid down in a
horizontal manner,
–  the second stated that younger
rock units were deposited on top
of older rock units
•  William Smith, in 1815 produced
a geologic map of England in
which he successfully
demonstrated the validity of the
principle of faunal succession.
Development of Geologic Time Scale
•  The Earth devided into a number of periods - the
Geological time-scale, according to the rock types
and sort of fossils found in each one.
•  These divisions are pretty arbitrary, like any man-
made divisions, but they at least can serve as
useful labels.
•  The Paleozoic, the era of "ancient life" is
characterized by fossils of invertebrates, primitive
tetrapods, etc; the Mesozoic or era of "middle
life", by fossils of dinosaurs etc, and the Cenozoic
or era of "recent life" by mammals and modern
plants and invertebrates.
Fig. 10.7 68
 MEASURING TIME
Time is measured by observation of change:

1.  CYCLIC PROCESSES

2.  UNDIRECTIONAL PROCESSES

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GEOLOGIC CYCLES AS TIME
MEASUREMENT

•  Astronomical cycles: Earth rotation, etc

•  Sedimentary cycles: Varves, Sea level changes
•  Magnetic Reversals (binary scale)
•  Tectonic Cycles?

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UNDIRECTIONAL PROCESSES AS
TIME MESUREMENT
•  Salinity of oceans
•  Earth heat decay (Cooling curve)
•  Organic Evolution
•  Isotope/ Radio-activity Decay
Assumption: rate of decay is known and a closed system

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 From Pearson et al., 1997, p. 297: "Planktonic foraminifera from
ODP site 871, Limalok Guyot, illustrating the Globigerinoides-
Orbulina transition. 1. Globigerinoides trilobus, spiral side, showing
supplementary aperature. . . 2. G. trilobus, umbilical side. The primary
aperature is hidden in the central umbilical depression. . . 3. G.
bisphericus, showing enlarged final chamber. . . 4, 5. Praeorbulina
sicana (two views of same specimen). Four small aperatures are present
in the suture around the base of the final chamber. . . 6. Another
specimen of Praeorbulina sicana . . . 7. Praeorbulina curva. Note
spherical morphology and multiple slit-like aperatures. . . 8.
Praeorbulina globerosa, showing bispherical morphology . . . 9, 10.
Praeorbulina glomerosa- circularis transitional specimens. . . 11-14.
Praeorbulina circularis, showing variation in the proportion of the test
occupied by the final chamber. . . 15. The end-form of the lineage, 73
Orbulina universa, with entire sphere . . . scale bars are 100 µm."
EON ERA
• Precambrian Eon:
• Hadean referring to the hellish conditions
of the early Earth. More recently, the term
Priscoan, has been used to refer to the period where the
geosphere was still forming an life had not yet come into
being.
• Archean ("first", "primary") previously defined
as: Archeozoic ("first life")and Azoic (lifeless)àPresent crustal
structure, Planetary Ocean, Formation of the continents and
archaic regime of Continental drift. Gaia (Chemically and
thermally self-stabilizing biosphere) - Bioenergetic Processes -
Prokaryotes (Archaea, Eubacteria and Urkaria) - reducing
atmosphere, Oxygen Crisis and the decline of the Archaea,
colonial stromatolites
• Proterozoic ("age of first
life")àEndosymbiosis (Eukaryotes). Continental drift (present
regime) begins. Proterozoic Ice Ages - Precambrian Pangeas. The
first Multicelluar organisms.

• The Phanerozoic Eon represents the time

during which the majority of macroscopic
organisms, algal, fungal, plant and animal, lived
 Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes

The evolution of life can be divided into two very unequal periods: the very long Precambrian (lasting
over 3 billion years), when life for the most part remained at the microbial grade of organization, and
the much shorter Phanerozoic, encompassing the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras (about 540
million years in all), when much more complex, multicellular life, has flourished
 Summary
The Divisions of Precambrian Time
Phanerozoic
The Phanerozoic Eon represents the time
during which the majority of macroscopic
organisms, algal, fungal, plant and animal,
lived
•  The "zoic" part of the word comes
from the root "zoo", which means
animal.
•  This is the same root as in the words
Zoology and Zoological Park (or
Zoo).
•  "Cen" means recent, à “Age of
Mammals “
•  "Meso" means middle, à”Age of
Dinasours “
•  "Paleo" means ancient, à “Age of
Fishes”
 Paleozoic
•  At its beginning, multicelled
animals underwent a dramatic
"explosion" in diversity, and
almost all living animal phyla
appeared within a few millions of
years.
•  At the other end of the Paleozoic,
the largest mass extinction in
history wiped out approximately
90% of all marine animal species
Paleozoic Era: Stratigraphy

Firt foraminifea fusulinids

, Conodont

Small plant

Graptolite, major extinction events

rapid evolution of many new types of invertebrate animals

Mesozoic Era: Stratigraphy
CENOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY

Cenozoic ("Cen" means recent),

spans about 65 million years,
from the end of the Cretaceous
and the extinction of non-avian
dinosaurs to the present.

The Cenozoic is sometimes

called the Age of Mammals,
because the largest land animals
have been mammals during that
time
 Paleogene
The Paleocene ("ancient recent life") epoch marks the
beginning of the Paleogene Period and the Cenozoic era. The
sea-level fell to expose dry land in much of inland North
America, Africa, and Australia. South America however was
cut adrift with its own unique evolving "ark" of birds,
mammals, and reptiles.
The name Eocene means the "dawn of recent life"
Originally the Eocene was the first epoch of the Cenozoic,
but then the Paleocene was erected as an earlier epoch. Life
during the Eocene was pretty similar to that of the
Paleocene, a warm tropic world, high sea-levels and island
continents, invertebrates and plants similar to those today,
while mammals continue to evolve and diversify along
many lines

The Oligocene Epoch (meaning "slightly recent") was the

third and youngest division of the Paleogene, and the
characterized by an increasing proportion of "modern"
animals.
 Neogene

The Miocene or "less recent" is so called because it contains

fewer modern animals than the following, Pliocene, epoch

The name Pliocene means "more recent", and this was the
most recent epoch of Tertiary period, lasting from about 5 to
2 million years ago
 Quaternary
This period saw the current ice age, the rise of man, and the
extinction of most of the mammalian megafauna
 Note:
FO = first occurrence
LO = last occurence
KEGUNAAN MIKROPALEONTOLOGI DLM
INDUSTRI

•  Penentuan umur batuan (sedimen)

•  Penentuan lingkungan pengendapan
•  Penentuan paleodepth/paleobathymetri
•  Analisis iklim purba/paleoklimat
•  Geohistory Analisis
•  Studi Ketidakselarasan
•  Korelasi Biostratigrafi

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 Penerapan Biostratigrafi & Mikropaleontologi pada
Petroleum Industry

Reservoir Clastic Reservoir Carbonate

Penentuan umur Carbonate Facies &

Diagenesis

Penentuan Lingkungan
Pengendapan

Carbonate Rock
Property (porositas)

Geohistory

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Stratigrafi & Biostratigrafi

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KORELASI BIOSTRATIGRAFI

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