Pendekatankhusussesaknapas05 PDF
Pendekatankhusussesaknapas05 PDF
SESAK NAPAS
• Comroe (1996)
– “…bukan takipnea, bukan hiperkapnea dan bukan hiperventilasi
tapi pernapasan yang sulit, sejenis pernapasan yang tidak
menyenangkan maupun menyakitkan
Pengertian awam
• Dispnea/breathlessness/sesak napas
• Dispnea akut
– Sesak napas yang berlangsung kurang dari 1
bulan
• Dispnea kronik
– Sesak napas yang berlangsung lebih dari 1
bulan
Mekanisme dispnea
• Mekanoreseptor
– Saluran napas atas
– Reseptor di paru
– Reseptor di dinding dada
• Afferent mismatch
Cortical areas involved in the perception of dyspnea
• Borg Scale
• American Thoracic Society Scale
• St George Respiratory Questionaire (SGRQ)
• Visual Analogue Scale for dyspnea
Modified Borg Scale
1 Very slight
2 Slight
3 Moderate
4 Somewhat severe
5 Severe
6 Very severe
7
8
9 Very, very severe
10 Maximal
Skala sesak napas
American Thoracic Society (ATS)
Deskripsi Nilai Derajat
• Absolut
– Riwayat poliomielitis
– Penyakit neuromuskular (Sindrom Guillain Barre,
muscular dystrophy, SLE, hipertiroidisme)
• Relatif
– Hiperinflasi
– Efusi pleura
– Pneumotoraks
Peningkatan respiratory drive
• Hipoksemia
• Asidosis metabolik
– Penyakit ginjal
– Anemia, hemoglobinopati
– Penurunan curah jantung
• Destruksi kapiler
– Misal pada emfisema, interstitial lung disease
• Somatisasi
• Ansietas
• Depresi
Pendekatan diagnostik dispnea
Initial Database
History and physical examination
Hemogram, electrolytes, creatinine
Chest radiograph
Spirometry
ECG
Chest CT scanning
High resolution
Pulmonary embolism study
Ventilation-perfusion lung scanning
Gallium lung scanning
Sinus CT scanning
Esophageal Studies
Exercise testing
Echocardiogram (possibly with exercise)
Nuclear medicine study
Rhythm monitoring (eg, Holter study)
Psychiatric Evaluation
Diagnosis banding dispnea akut
• Cardiac: congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease,
arrhythmia,pericarditis, acute myocardial infarction, anemia
• Pulmonary
– Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
– Asthma
– Interstitial lung disease
– Pleural effusion
– Malignancy (primary or metastatic)
– Bronchiectasis
Diagnosis banding dispnea kronik
• Noncardiac or nonpulmonary (less common)
– Thromboembolic disease
– Psychogenic causes (GAD, PTSD, panic
– disorders)
– Deconditioning
– Pulmonary hypertension
– Obesity (massive)
– Severe anemia
– Gastroesophageal reflux disease
– Metabolic conditions (acidosis, uremia)
– Liver cirrhosis
– Thyroid disease
– Neuromuscular disorders (myasthenia gravis,
– amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
– Chest wall deformities (kyphoscoliosis)
– Upper airway obstruction (laryngeal disease,tracheal stenosis)
Manajemen dispnea
Riwayat EKG
Pem.jasmani
DX : IMA,pneumotoraks
tekan,edema paru,aritmia
jantung,asma
AGDA
Ekokardiografi
singkirkan : infeksi,
neoplasma
Abn Normal
Peny.jantung
Uji latih
Data sesuai Data sesuai Data sesuai
peny.parenkinal peny.sal.nps peny.vaskuler paru
mungkin asma
nonorganik peny.jantung
Decision Making in Respiratory
Medical 1991 : 5
Tanda Klinis
• Sianosis, stridar inspirasi,bradikapnea/
takipnea,Kussmaul,Cheyno-Stokes
• DJ < 60/m,choe,hypota
• Agitasi,stupar,koma
Tanda Lab
• SaO2 < 92%
• APE < 150 l/m walaupun inhalasi
berulang β2-agonist
• EKG : blok A-V,peny-koroner akut
Pasien dengan dispnea
ya
Darurat