( BADAN PESAWAT UDARA ) 1

Aircraft Structural Assembly:

FUSELAGE / BODY – Daftar isi
 Umum.
 Types of Fuselage Construction
 Fuselage Structural Members
 Fuselage Structural Elements
 Methods of Fuselage Construction
 Location Numbering Systems
Fuselage pesawat – masa depan (futuristik)

2
Asal kata FUSELAGE / BODY
(Badan Pesawat):

 FUSELAGE – berasal dari bahasa Perancis

“fuselé” ("spindle-shaped“ artinya:
berbentuk cerutu) – atau
“fuseler” artinya: membuat aerodinamis
atau streamline (ramping)

3
 FUSELAGE/BODY (Badan Pesawat):
• Bentuk dan Ukuran pesawat terbang berbeda-
beda tergantung Misi-nya pesawat.
• Gambar dibawah ini merupakan pesawat
terbang bermesin turbin (jet /pancar gas).

Pesawat Transport Pesawat Militer

4
PENAMPANG FUSELAGE / BODY
• Fuselage, atau Badan pesawat terbang, adalah
sebuah tabung berrongga yang memegang semua
bagian dari pesawat.
• Berrongga gunanya untuk mengurangi berat pesawat.
• Airliner/ maskapai penerbangan sipil – mempunyai
penampang fuselage lebih lebar agar dapat
membawa penumpang sebanyak mungkin.
• Pesawat tempur supersonic mempunyai fuselage yang
sangat ramping, streamlined, untuk mengurangi
hambatan (drag) yang berkaitan dengan terbang
dengan kecepatan tinggi.
5
PENAMPANG FUSELAGE / BODY
• Pada Airliner,
• Para Pilot duduk di cockpit
di bagian depan fuselage.
• Penumpang & barang
(kargo) dibawa di bagian
belakang dari Fuselage.
• Bahan-bakar (fuel) biasanya
dimuat di sayap, ada pula
rancangan yang memuat
BBM di fuselage (mis.
Pesawat Fighter).
6
 FUSELAGE / BODY

• Untuk Pesawat Tempur (fighter airplane): cockpit –

biasanya diatas fuselage, senjata (weapons) – dibawa di
sayap (wing); BBM dan mesin pesawat (engines and fuel )
– terdapat dibagian belakang fuselage. 7
FUSELAGE / BODY
• Berat (weight) pesawat udara - didistribusikan ke
sepanjang pesawat udara tsb. Fuselage, berikut
penumpang (pax) dan kargo – merupakan bagian
yang berarti dari berat pesawat.
• Titik berat (center of gravity) dari pesawat udara –
ialah tempat kedudukan rata-rata dari Berat dan
biasanya terletak didalam fuselage.
• Selama penerbangan, pesawat udara berputar
(rotasi) terhadap C.G. (titik beratnya), karena torsi/
puntiran (torque) yang ditimbulkan oleh elevator,
rudder, dan ailerons.
• Fuselage harus dirancang-bangun cukup kuat agar
mampu memikul beban torsi ini. 8
Fuselage (Body) & Fungsinya:
 FUSELAGE adalah: Badan Pesawat Terbang
yang dirancang untuk Tempat :
1. Pengendalian Pesawat (cockpit / pilot
compartment pada Nose Fuselage)
2. Melindungi dan Memuat Penumpang, Barang /
cargo (Passenger Cabin dan Cargo
compartment), controls, crews (awak pesawat),
accessories, dan equipments / peralatan lainnya;
3. Memasang Wing, Tail, dan Landing Gear (Roda
Pendarat).

{Note: Landing gear dapat pula dipasang di wing}.

1/25/2011 9
Fuselage (Body) & Fungsinya:
FUSELAGE /BODY – Fungsinya – (sambungan) :
4. Tempat pemasangan & support bagi Mesin
pada single-engine aircraft (pesawat terbang
bermesin tunggal).
– Pada multi-engine aircraft (pesawat
bermesin ganda), engine bisa dipasang di
fuselage, atau di wing, atau di tail.
• Non-Aerodynamic Surface – bukan penghasil
gaya angkat.
1/25/2011 10
 Types of Structures - Fuselage

1: Subsonic 4: High-maneuverability supersonic

2: High-speed / supersonic 5: Flying boat
3: High-capacity subsonic 6: Hypersonic
11
Mach Number

Speed of sound at sea

level = 340.29 m / s

12
 TYPES OF FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION
 Ada 3(tiga) Tipe Konstruksi Fuselage, secara
garis besar, yang pernah digunakan, yaitu
Tipe Konstruksi :
1. Geodetik atau Geodesik (Geodetic /Geodesic);
2. Rangka batang /Pipa (Truss /Frame Type);
3. Stressed Skin Structures: Monocoque dan
Semi-monocoque.
 Klasifikasi Fuselage berdasarkan Cara Perpindahan
Tegangan (stresses) yang diterima oleh
strukturnya.
13
 TYPES OF FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION
1. Konstruksi Geodetik (Geodesic atau
Geodetic)
Geodesic airframe (atau geodetic) – adalah tipe
konstruksi untuk rangka pesawat udara, yang :
• Menggunakan kerangka ruang (space frame ) yang
dibentuk dari bagian struktur pemikul beban, yang di-
anyam menyilang secara spiral, seperti keranjang /
kurungan ayam.
• Prinsipnya adalah – dua busur/lengkungan bola dunia
(geodesic arcs) berpotongan membentuk suatu
permukaan lengkung /curving surface (the fuselage).
14
 TYPES OF FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION
1. Konstruksi Geodetik (Geodesic or Geodetic) – (samb).
Metode Konstruksi Geodesik utk rangka pesawat terbang
(airframe) – pertama kali dikembangkan oleh Barnes
Wallis, seorang aeronautical engineer dari Inggris,
Ter-inspirasi dari pengalaman sebelumnya menggunakan
geodesic wiring harness untuk memegang kantong-gas
(gasbags) pada konstruksi kapal udara (airship)
komersial, yang pernah di-rancangnya, pada masa Perang
Dunia (PD)-1 ke PD-2.
 Konstruksi tipe ini digunakan juga untuk Wing (sayap)
pesawat Thalman T-4 . (Lihat skets-berikut).
15
 TYPES OF FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION
1. Konstruksi Geodetik (Geodesic or Geodetic) –
(samb).
Sekarang, Tipe konstruksi Geodetik – SUDAH TIDAK
DIPAKAI LAGI.
Karena : Manfaat dari konstruksi geodesic sebagian
diimbangi oleh kesulitan memodifikasi struktur
fisik pesawat untuk memungkinkan perubahan
panjang, profil, bentangan sayap (wing-span),
kesulitan inspeksi, dsb.
16
Geodetic Aircraft Structure

17
 Geodesic Airframe
Kain Linen penutup
rangka (doped
fabric skin) –
terbakar habis
sewaktu perang
dunia (PD-II), dan
pesawat mendarat
dengan selamat.

Vickers Wellington Mark X, HE239 'NA-Y', of No. 428 Squadron

RCAF; dated 9 April 1943. [Pesawat militer – pembom Inggris.
18
 Konstruksi Geodesic Airframe

Bagian dalam Fuselage,

dilihat ke-arah Detail konstruksi Geodetik
belakang. – Fuselage (bahan kayu)
19
 Vickers Warwick Geodesic fuselage.

Rear Fuselage airframe (Warwick airfraft) terbuat dari

konstruksi Geodetik dari bahan Duralumin 20
TYPES OF FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION

2. Truss- atau Framework Type –

umumnya dipakai untuk pesawat udara ringan
(light) dan tidak bertekanan (non-pressurized).
3. Stressed Skin Structure (struktur kulit
yang diketatkan /cangkang-tertekan):
a. Monocoque (Bhs Perancis: hanya cangkang /
“single shell only”)
b. Semi-monocoque ( kulit yang diperkuat /
“stiffened shell” )

21
TYPES OF FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION
2. Truss Fuselage construction

• Pratt truss
• Warren truss

3. Stressed-skin Structure
• Monocoque
• Semi - Monocoque

4. Pressurized Structure
22
 TYPES OF FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION
1. Truss-type Structures

• Had struts and wire-braced wings

• Occupants sat in open cockpits
• Cockpits fabric-covered

2. Stressed-skin Structures (struktur kulit yang

diketatkan)

• All of the structural loads are carried by the skin.

• Thin wood skin
• Or aluminum-alloy sheets (skin)
23
•World War I:
•metal tube truss
construction
•Welded thin-walled
metal tube
• covered with fabric
• lighter weight and
stronger
•Occupants sat in
open cockpits

11/7/2016 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 24

•1920s and 30s: •Stressed-Skin construction

11/7/2016 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 25

 1. TRUSS or FRAMEWORK
TYPE of Aircraft
FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION

•Pratt Truss
•Warren Truss

26
 Konstruksi Fuselage – tipe Truss:
Truss-type fuselage Construction.

Jack
Northrop
(Lokheed
S-1 Racer)
27
 1. Truss or Framework -Type
• Fuselage dari Struktur pesawat – dapat dianggap
sebagai sebuah:
– Balok arah memanjang (lengthwise beam) dan
– Berpenampang Tabung (tube) atau Cincin (ring or
hoop) .
• Dalam Teori Balok (beam theory), fuselage di-rancang
untuk dapat menahan beban dalam satu bidang atau
lebih.
• Awalnya, oleh Octave Chanute: 1832-1910, fuselage di-
rancang berdasarkan teori Balok (beam theory), belajar
dari konstruksi jembatan atau rangka batang (braced-
box structure). 28
1. Truss or Framework -Type
• Empat (4) buah Longerons – ditempatkan pada
keempat sudut Fuselage , untuk memikul
sebagian besar beban Tekan/kompresi &
beban Tarik /tensi (compressive & tensile
loads).
• Kekurangan utama dari struktur rangka batang
(Truss) – adalah bentuknya tidak aerodinamis
(streamlined shape).

29
 1. Truss-or Framework Types of
Fuselage Construction
• Rigid framework (kerangka yang kaku) terdiri
dari beams, struts, bars, dan wires (kawat)
untuk menahan deformasi (perubahan
bentuk) akibat beban yang bekerja (applied
loads).
• Open Truss Structure (Rangka Batang) –
digunakan pada tipe rancangan (design)
pesawat lebih tua – konstruksi-nya terbuat
dari kayu (wood), baja (steel), atau pipa
(tubing) aluminium.
30
 1. Truss-Type
1. Truss-Type Fuselage
Fuselage Frame
Construction
(rangkarangka
(konstruksi batang)
batang)
• Pipa memanjang, disebut longerons, terbuat dari Baja
atau Aluminium (steel or aluminum tubing), di las
ditempat untuk membentuk kerangka kokoh (well-
braced framework).
• Batang penyangga (struts) Vertical dan horizontal – di-
las ke longerons menjadi bentuk struktur segitiga atau
persegi bila dilihat dari belakang, yang disebut Rangka
Batang (trusses).
• Tambahan penopang (struts & wires) – diperlukan
untuk menahan tegangan yang mungkin datang dari
berbagai arah.
31
 1. Truss-Type Fuselage Construction
(konstruksi rangka batang)
• Untuk mengurangi berat maka pesawat kecil
menggunakan pipa aluminium (aluminium alloy) yang
di rivet atau di-sekrup menjadi satu bagian dengan
bagian lain yang berhadapan membentuk rangka /
kerangka.
• Strength and rigidity (Kekuatan dan Kekakuan/
rigiditas) – diperoleh dari pengelasan pipa-pipa
(menyatukan pipa dengan las) tsb.
• Truss-framed fuselage (fuselage rangka batang) -
biasanya dibungkus dengan fabrik/kain dan diberi dope
(cairan penguat) untuk memberikan bentuk halus
(smooth aerodynamic shape).
32
 Structures That Hold People:
To protect the crew and passengers, withstand the
stresses created in flight and landing, and mount all
other major components

•Truss
•Pratt

•Longerons
•Struts
•Wire Stays
11/7/2016 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 33
 PRATT TRUSS / GIRDER
• Pesawat lama/jaman dulu

• Struktur dari Kayu atau Metal

• Bobotnya berat

• Sulit untuk dibuat “streamline”

• Box dengan longerons tubular

(pipa)/atau batang pejal +
batang vertikal
Diagonal members
of tubing or solid
rods
 WARREN TRUSS
 Longerons + only Diagonal Members
 Force transfer to every others structure
 Capable to carry tension + compression
 Reduce amount of webs work
 More space , strength , rigidity
 Better streamline

 Bagian kekuatan
utama dari
konstruksi rangka
Warren adalah 4-
buah Longeron.

35
 Structures That Hold People:

To protect the crew and passengers, withstand the

stresses created in flight and landing, and mount all
other major components

•Truss
•Warren

•Metal
Tubing

11/7/2016 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 36

 Stringers

Four longerons

Warren Truss Structure of an airplane

2. Stressed Skin Type

a) Monocoque
b) Semi - Monocoque

38
 Stressed – Skin Type
Fuselage Construction
 Rancangan dari Konstruksi Fuselage Type Monocoque
(single shell) mengandalkan pada kekuatan skin atau
penutup (covering) untuk menahan beban/tegangan
utama.
 Rancangan (design) ini dapat dibagi menjadi tiga
(3) kelas:
1. Monocoque
2. Semi-monocoque, atau
3. Reinforced Shell (cangkang yang diperkuat)
• Tipe struktur fuselage yang paling populer /paling
banyak digunakan oleh pesawat udara masa kini, adalah:
• Monocoque (French for “ single shell ” atau “hanya
cangkang”) dan Semi-monocoque.
39
 BEDA - Struktur Konstruksi
MONO - & SEMI-MONOCOQUE
• Monocoque
• Virtually no internal framework
• (Nyaris tidak ada kerangka didalamnya)

• Semi-monocoque
• Internal arrangement of formers and
stringers is used to provide additional
rigidity and strength to the skin.
• (Susunan dalam dari formers dan stringers
digunakan untuk memberikan tambahan
kekakuan dan kekuatan kepada skin)
40
 Stressed – Skin Type
Fuselage Construction
• Fig.1-3 : Struktur pesawat
dengan kulit yang
diketatkan , yang pertama
kali (The fist stressed-skin
a/c structure ) – pada
lapisan diluar terbuat dari
kayu tipis yang dibentuk
dengan cetakan beton
(concrete molds).

41
11/7/2016 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 42
MONOCOQUE
In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is also
the primary structure. A typical early form of this was built using
molded plywood.
A later form of this
structure uses fiberglass
cloth impregnated with
polyester or epoxy resin,
instead of plywood, as the
skin.

43
 MONOCOQUE –
Type of Fuselage Construction
(Bhs Perancis) Monocoque : artinya Hanya cangkang (shell only)

 Rancangan / design monocoque hanya memakai kulit

yang diketatkan atau cangkang bertekanan (stressed
skin) untuk menahan hampir semua beban-beban
primer (twisting dan bending).
 Struktur ini dapat sangat kuat tetapi tidak dapat
menahan penyok atau deformasi pada permukaannya.
 Ciri khas ini dapat dengan mudah diperagakan oleh
kaleng aluminium tipis dari kemasan minuman ringan:
 y.i. Dengan memberikan gaya yang cukup besar pada
ujung-ujungya tanpa menimbulkan kerusakan. 44
 MONOCOQUE
Type of Fuselage Construction:
 Tetapi, jika sisi dari kaleng penyok sedikit saja, kaleng
tsb akan rusak (collapse) dengan mudah.

Monocoque Structure (Pure)

45
 Monocoque Fuselage Construction

 Konstruksi Monocoque murni – terutama terdiri dari :

Skin, Formers assy, dan Bulkheads.
 Formers dan Bulkheads memberikan bentuk bagi
fuselage, tapi
 SKIN - pemikul beban / tegangan (stresses) utama.
46
 MONOCOQUE
Type of Fuselage Construction:
• Pure Monocoque shell (Cangkang Monocoque Murni)
– adalah sebuah tabung sederhana berdinding tipis
yang tak berpenguat (unstiffened thin tube).
• Konstruksi ini tidak efisien – karena lembaran dinding
tipis yang tidak berpenopang (unsupported thin
sheets) adalah tidak stabil terhadap tekanan
(kompresi) dan geseran (shear).
• Untuk men-support & menstabilkan skin – diperlukan
batang penguat / pengaku (stiffening members),
frames, bulkheads, stringers dan longerons.
• Sejak tahun 1930-an – diperkenalkan struktur
konstruksi pesawat udara SEMI-MONOCOQUE.

47
 Cara Membangun Struktur Fuselage
SEMI-MONOCOQUE tipe Semi-monocoque:
This is the Preferred method of constructing an all-aluminum
fuselage.
1. First, a series of frames in the shape of the fuselage cross sections
are held in position on a rigid fixture, or jig. These frames are
then joined with lightweight longitudinal elements called
stringers.
2. These are in turn covered with a skin of sheet aluminum,
attached by riveting or by bonding with special adhesives.
Most modern large aircraft are built using this technique, but use
several large sections constructed in this fashion which are then
joined with fasteners to form the complete fuselage. 48
Figure 1-17. The most common airframe construction is
semimonocoque.

49
 Konstruksi Struktur Fuselage
 SEMI-MONOCOQUE Type of Fuselage
Construction:

Reinforced Shell (Cangkang yang

diperkuat - dengan stringers)
50
 SEMI–MONOCOQUE Structure

Lightening
Holes

Skin & Stringer dari wing dan fuselage:

• Fungsi (guna)-nya sama / ekivalen.
 Semi-monocoque construction
Semi-monocoque structure memakai Substruktur –
untuk melekatkan lembaran tipis (skin) pesawat,
yang berfungsi sebagai penguat atau pengaku skin:
– Arah Memanjang (Longitudinal Stiffening member
yang disebut Longeron, jika hanya beberapa, dan
Stringers, jika kecil-kecil dan banyak), dan
– Bulkheads dan/atau formers : Penguat arah
Melintang (Transverse Frames atau Ribs /rusuk)
dengan berbagai ukuran – yang gunanya adalah
untuk menahan beban-beban geser (Shear), tekan
(Compression), dan tarik (Tension).
52
 Semi-monocoque construction
• Bagian utama (main section) Fuselage juga termasuk
tempat sambungan sayap (wing attachment point),
dan Firewall.
• Pada Pesawat Bermesin- Tunggal, mesin (engine)
biasanya dipasang pada bagian depan fuselage.
• Terdapat Partisi Anti-api (fireproof partition) antara
bagian belakang mesin dan the cockpit atau kabin
untuk melindungi Pilot dan Penumpang dari kebakaran
mesin yang tidak sengaja.
• Partisi ini disebut Firewall dan biasanya terbuat dari
bahan tahan panas (heat-resistant material) seperti
stainless steel.
53
Semi-monocoque Fuselage construction

54
 Fuselage Structures

Monocoque Construction Semi-monocoque Construction

55
3. Pressurized Fuselage
Structure

56
 REINFORCED SHELL – construction:
• This is the most commonly used structure in modern
all-metal aircraft.

•The shape is provided by

Bulkheads, Formers, and Stringers,
but
•The structure is reinforced with
Longerons that help carry the
Loads.
•A sheet-metal skin riveted over
the structure – carries a major
portion of the flight loads.
 •Since 1930s:

3. PRESSURIZED
FUSELAGE

•High altitude flight

11/7/2016 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 58

 3. Pressurization:

 CABIN PRESSURIZATION — A condition

where pressurized air is forced into the
cabin simulating pressure conditions at a
much lower altitude and increasing the
aircraft occupants comfort.

dmg/Dec/2009 59
 3. Pressurization:

 Bertekanan (Pressurized) – artinya bahwa

udara dipompa kedalam kabin sesudah lepas-
landas (takeoff) dan ditetapkan perbedaan
tekanan antara udara didalam kabin dan udara
diluar kabin.
• Perbedaan Tekanan Udara ini (disebut
pressure differential, ) – diatur dan
dipertahankan.

dmg/Dec/2009 60
 3. Pressurized Aircraft Structure :
• Banyak Pesawat modern beroperasi lebih
efisien di tempat yang tinggi (high altitudes)
dan memiliki laju pendakian dan penurunan
yang tinggi (high rate of climb and decent).
• Agar penumpang, awak pesawat dan awak
kabin dapat berfungsi secara normal di
ketinggian, y.i:
– Bernafas, tanpa perlu tambahan oksigen (O ) dan
– Bergerak leluasa dikabin, tanpa peralatan khusus,
dmg/Dec/2009 61
 3. Pressurized Aircraft Structure :
• Maka kabin harus bertekanan (pressurized).

• Kekurangan oxigen disebut hypoxia,

menyebabkan pengurangan kemampuan
untuk berkonsentrasi, hilang kesadaran, dan
klimaxnya hilang nyawa (kematian).

dmg/Dec/2009 62
Safety & Comfort for High Altitude Flight :
• Sampai dengan ketinggian 10.000 ft (≈ 3,3 km)
tekanan udara dan jumlah oksigen diudara masih
mencukupi untuk manusia untuk beroperasi tanpa
banyak masalah.
• Diatas ketinggian ini, kekurangan oksigen menjadi
nyata. Sistim tekanan udara di Kabin pesawat di-
rancang untuk menghasilkan kondisi setara dengan
atau lebih kurang dari ketinggian 8.000 feet (2,6 km).
• Pada kondisi ini penumpang dan awak kabin masih
merasa nyaman, tanpa perlu tambahan oxigen.

dmg/Dec/2009 63
 3. PRESSURIZED FUSELAGE
• Fuselage - adalah struktur utama pada pesawat terbang
yang memikul Beban Muatan ( Payload, spt: penumpang,
barang/cargo); flight crew: (awak pesawat, awak kabin),
peralatan, dan accessories.
• Struktur pesawat bertekanan (pressurized aircraft
structure) – harus mampu memikul Beban dan/atau
Tegangan-tegangan Axial dan Hoop.
• Tegangan Axial atau Longitudinal terjadi di fuselage yang
bertekanan ( presurrized ) yang cenderung memanjangkan
struktur fuselage.
• Hoop atau Circumferential stresses – terjadi akibat
pembebanan internal pressure pada fuselage dan
cenderung mengembangkan penampang fuselage kearah
radial.
dmg/Dec/2009 64
Hoop atau Circumferential stresses

dmg/Dec/2009 65
 Hoop (Circumferential) Stress :
• adalah Tegangan yang biasanya dirasakan
pada dinding suatu struktur seperti tabung
(contohnya: fuselage).
• Bekerjanya secara tangensial terhadap
perimeter (garis keliling) dari bagian yang
melintang (transverse section).

1/22/2011 66
 Pressurized & Un-pressurized Areas

dmg/Dec/2009 67
 FUSELAGE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS :
Detail :
a. Pressure Bulkheads
b. Keel Beam
c. Longeron, dan/ Stringer (kecil-kecil tapi banyak)
d. Floor Beam
e. Skins /Plates
f. Fuselage-to-Wing attach Fittings
g. Gear-to-Fuselage attach Fittings
h. Door Hinge (on Fuselage)
i. Fuselage Panels
j. Frames & Bulkheads

68
 FUSELAGE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT
& Fungsi-Fungsinya:
 FUSELAGE – terdiri dari :
bagian-bagian yang fungsinya hampir sama dengan
Wing sub-assy.
• Bedanya adalah Pembebanan yang diderita oleh
Fuselage:
– Beban Tekanan Aerodynamik pada fuselage
relatif rendah,
– Fuselage men-support berbagai beban terpusat
(concentrated loads) yang besar, seperti: reaksi
wing, reaksi tail-plane, reaksi Landing gear,
payloads, cargo, engine, dll.
– Beban internal pressurization di dalam cabin.
1/25/2011 69
FUSELAGE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT
& Fungsi-Fungsinya:
 FUSELAGE sebagai sebuah BEAM – meliputi :
– Longitudinal elemen (longerons dan stringers),
– Transverse elemen (frames,formers dan bulkheads), dan
– Kulit /penutup luarnya (external Skins).
 LONGERONS – memikul sebagian besar (mayoritas)
Bending Moment dari fuselage, dan
– Dibebani oleh gaya axial akibat momen bending.
 FUSELAGE SKIN – memikul Gaya Geser (Shear) akibat
aplikasi gaya-gaya external transverse dan torsi, dan
cabin pressure.
 (sedangkan di wing dipikul oleh rib dan spar web).
 STRINGERS – selain menstabilkan skin juga memikul
gaya axial akibat momen bending.
70
 FUSELAGE STRUCTURE
& Fungsi-Fungsinya:
 FRAMES - ada dua macam, y.i :
a. Frame atau Ring / former, dan
b. Bulkhead – jika semua atau sebagian besar
permukaan-nya tertutup. Lebih tebal & kuat dari
ring Contoh: pressure bulkhead.
A. Fungsi Frames – adalah untuk :
– Mempertahankan bentuk fuselage (cross sectional
shape).
– Mentransfer/menyalurkan Beban Lokal (edge-load / local
load) yang tinggi ke skin atau shell.
– Menjaga agar tidak terjadi general atau overall
instability (buckling) seperti halnya ribs pada wing.
1/25/2011 71
 FUSELAGE STRUCTURE
& Fungsi-Fungsinya:
B. Bulkheads –
• Sering dibangun sebagai web yang pejal atau
tertutup (as solid webs), meskipun web dengan
lubang akses atau rangka batang (access holes
or trusses) juga digunakan.
• Ditempatkan di titik aplikasi beban terpusat,
(wing-fuselage attach fittings), L/G attach, dll)
Contoh :
• Pressure bulkheads, MLG Bulkhead,

1/25/2011 72
 (a) Panel Instability

Fig. 11.1.2 Mode shapes for panel & general instability of stiffened cylinder in Bending.
73
(b) General Instability (General Buckling)

Fig. 11.1.2 Mode shapes for panel & general instability of stiffened cylinder in Bending.
74
 Two Basic Types of Frames

(a) Former Frame

(b) Bulkhead

75
 Fuselage Structural Members /
Components & Fungsi-fungsinya

76
 Fuselage Structural Members /
Components & Fungsi-nya :
a) Skin & Stringer dari wing dan fuselage: -fungsi (guna)-
nya adalah sama / ekivalen. Stringer memperkaku &
menopang skin dari tekuk (buckling), sama spt
longeron tapi lebih ringan.
b) Longeron, dan Stringer : fungsinya mirip dengan wing
beam cap (spar flange) dan stringer : memikul beban
axial akibat bending;
c) Frames: anggota /member yang melintang, biasanya
berbentuk ring (gelang) atau hoop (lingkaran)
fungsinya untuk – menahan beban shear dan
memperkaku & membentuk fuselage.
• Di high stress area, frame dipasang dengan jarak yg
rapat dan konstruksinya mungkin lebih tebal.
77
 Fuselage Structural Members /
Components & Fungsi-nya :
d) Bulkhead :
• Frame utama (mainframe) gunanya untuk menahan
beban geser dan memberi bentuk pada fuselage.
• Permukaan solid / pejal, tapi mungkin ada pembukaan
(cut-out) untuk pintu (door) & hatches.
• Sebagai pembatas daerah bertekanan – untuk pesawat
bertekanan (pressurized aircraft), y.i. front & rear pressure
bulkheads. Bentuknya flat (rata) atau curve (melengkung)
untuk menahan internal pressure.
Fuselage Frames/ rings/ bulkheads: fungsinya ekivalen
dengan ribs di wing; kecuali tekanan udara (air loads)
pengaruhnya lebih besar terhadap design wing-rib dari
pada thd fuselage.

78
 Fuselage Structural Members
/Components & Fungsi-nya :
Flat Bulkhead

Pressure Bulkhead
Dome Type Typical Pressure Bulkheads
79
 Fuselage Structural Members /
Components & Fungsi-nya :
The Aft Pressure Bulkhead – is a component of
all large commercial aircraft.
• It is an airtight bulkhead located between the
cabin and the tail of the aircraft.
• Its purpose is - to seal the rear of the plane
and thus maintain cabin pressure, and as such
it is a vital part of the aircraft.

80
 Aft pressure bulkhead - Boeing 747

The aft end of the interior of NASA's Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier
Aircraft. The aft pressure bulkhead is the white circular component,
and its web-like structure led a humorous NASA technician to add
a large stuffed spider to the decor. 81
 Fuselage Structural Members /
Components & Fungsi-nya :

Fwd Pressure Aft Pressure

Bulkhead Bulkhead

82
 Aft pressure bulkhead - Accident
• Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed after a
catastrophic failure of the aft pressure
bulkhead.
• The failure occurred due to faulty repair of
the bulkhead, when a double row of rivets
was replaced by a much weaker single row.
• Failure of the bulkhead damaged hydraulic
pipes passing through.

83
 Aft pressure bulkhead - Accident
Diagram of correct and incorrect
Rear pressure bulkhead B747 repairs of (Bulkhead Repair JAL Fl#123)

CORRECT
Repir

INCORRECT Repair
84
Floor Structures:

85
Floor Structures:
 On Small aircraft – floors are :
• Simply an Al alloy panel riveted to horizontal
cross members, and
• Strengthen locally to support seats, controls
and cockpit equipments,
• May be painted black to reduce internal glare,
and on some a/c it may be carpeted. The
carpet either being a close fit, or fitted with
press studs, or bonded to the floor panel.
Floor Structures:
 On Larger aircraft – The Floor – :
• Is the structure separating the Cabin area from the
Baggage area or Cargo hold. This means that – it may
nor have additional supports over much of its width
from wall-to-wall.
• Subjects to considerable bending stress.
• May be made of Aluminum alloy or Carbon Fiber (CF)
composite or metal honeycomb. This gives the floor
reasonable thickness ( to resist bending loads) and to
support it on cross-members (beams) usually made of
Aluminum alloy.
• Usually of I – section, or made up of : top & bottom
members separated by web members.
Floor Structures:
Transport Passenger Flooring
Floor Structures:
 For Passenger aircraft – The floor :
• Will house seat rails, and have provision for the
fitting of carpets.
 On Pressurized a/c – the floor area/side wall
area contain pressure equalization holes/vents
(dado panels), to allow pressure to equalize
between the Pax area and cargo bay – area.
• Has emergency lighting fitted to assist pax
crawling to an exit – in a smoke filled cabin (some
a/c have emergency lighting is fitted to isle seats.
Pressure equalization holes/vents
(dado panels)
Floor Structures:
Fitted to the underside of Floor Structure :
• Equipment cables, ducting, control cables,
pipelines, electrical cables, smoke detectors,
and fire proofing (mandatory for cargo bays).
Methods of Fuselage Construction
• Cara Pembuatan (Construction) Struktur Fuselage
ada beberapa macam, contohnya :
– Modular / sectional
– Panelisasi (Panelization)

• Modular /sectional : setiap modul dibuat

(manufaktur) tersendiri dan kemudian
digabungkan (di rakit /-assembled);
• Panelisasi : Panel skin & stringers dibuat & di-sub-
assy lebih dulu, kemudian di gabungkan dengan
frames, bulkheads, dst.
93
Methods of Fuselage Construction
• Cara Pembuatan (Design & Construction)
Struktur Fuselage – dibagi menjadi beberapa
section (modul), tergantung ukurannya.
– Seperti : Nose Section, Forward Section, Center /
Mid Section, Rear /Aft Section.
• Pada pesawat kecil – umumnya dibagi menjadi
dua atau tiga section (bagian).
• Pesawat lebih besar – terdiri dari beberapa
bagian s/d enam bagian /section/module.

94
Methods of Fuselage Construction

Gambar 2. Struktur Pesawat Bermesin-Ganda, Turbine-powered

95
MANUFACTURING WORK SHARING
WING BODY FAIRING
V. STABILIZER
O. WING RUDDER

DORSAL FIN

END CONE
INBOARD
FLAP
ENGINE R. FUSELAGE ELEVATOR

REAR
C. FUSELAGE CONE
CREW DOOR PORT DOOR
RAMP DOOR IPTN (PTDI)
NOSE
FUSELAGE LH. OUTBOARDFLAP

C. WING
LH. AILERON CASA
NOSE O. WING BOX
RADOME

WING TIP
NOSE L / IPTN / CASA
GEAR
LH. O.W L. EDGE
MAIN L / GEAR
MAIN L / G FAIRING

96
Methods of Fuselage Construction

97
Methods of Fuselage Construction

Struktur Fuselage Pesawat Kecil – dua sampai tiga

section /modul
98
Radome

Radar
 Fig.11.7.17 (b):
B747F – Door in
Fuselage Nose

100
Nose Loading Design - Cargo
Frame / Former Front Pressure
Bulkhead
102
 Wing – Fuselage Intersections /
Attachments :
 Configurations of Wing (Mainplane) and
Fuselage Intersection:

(a) High Wing:

– Wing-to-fuselage joined by Truss Links ;
– Carry – through Section
(b) Low Wing: Carry – through Section
(c) Mid Wing: Carry – through Section
(d) Mid Wing : integral unit of fuselage bulkhead
and wing spar.
Wing – Fuselage Intersections

(a) High wing (b) Low wing

(c) Mid-wing (d) Mid-wing

Figure: The vertical location of the wing relative to the fuselage 104
 Wing & Fuselage Intersections
(a) HIGH WING

105
(a) HIGH WING

MLG Bulkhead

Center Fuselage
Floor Panel

106
 HIGH WING Retaining Cap

Frame of Body

Sleeve Bearing

Lock Clamp

Wing/Body Rear Attachments

Lock Clamp

Sleeve Bearing

A Method of Attachment
Rear Fitting
Wing/Body Forward Attachments

Forward Fitting
Wing /Body Joint
107
 Fuselage Center Section
(b) Low Wing
• Following Figure shows the fuselage center
section floor beams (at the intersection of wing
and fuselage) – which is typical for passenger
transport airplanes.
• Because of the wing box, all floor beams are
running longitudinally, which not only support
floor Loads but also stabilize the wing upper
cover panels.
• Seat tracks are installed right on top of these
beams and also act as beam caps.
108
 Wing – Fuselage Intersections
(b) Low Wing

Fuselage Center Section

109
 Wing & Fuselage Intersections
(c) Mid Wing

110
 Mid Wing and Fuselage Connection

(d) Mid Wing

111
Typical Transport KEEL beam Location & its Function

• Shown in Figure below :

– Wing box (center section) goes through the middle of
fuselage;
– Main landing gear wheel well area is provided in the
fuselage where the gears can be retracted into the
fuselage;
• The load carried by the lower half of the
fuselage skin/stringer panel in the forward and
aft fuselage is concentrated in large longitudinal
members (called keel beam longerons).

112
Typical Transport Keel beam Location & its Function

 Keel Beam (or Keelson beam) – is the most

highly loaded structure in the fuselage and is
designed for:
• Transporting low-wing airplane Loads,
• Carrying large Fuselage bending moment
which occurs in the MLG wheel well area
where the lower half of the skin/stringer
panel is missing.

113
Typical Transport Keel beam Location & its Function

114
 Fig. 11.5.11 Triangular Torque Box Keel beam
Design with Breather Web

Breather Web

115
REAR FUSELAGE

116
 AIRCRAFT GENERAL DESCRIPTION
REAR CARGO / RAMP DOORS

Ventral Door

Ramp Door

117
Vertical Stabilizer – Aft Fuselage
Intersections

Fig. 11.6.3 Configurations of Vertical Stabilizer (Fin) and

Aft Fuselage Intersection:
Vertical Stabilizer – Aft Fuselage
Intersections

Fig. 11.6.3 Configurations of Vertical Stabilizer (Fin) and

Aft Fuselage Intersection:
 Empennage – Aft Fuselage
Intersections
 Configurations of Horizontal Stabilizer
(Tailplane) and Aft Fuselage Intersection:

(a) Permanently fixed Mount

(b) Variable – incidence Mount
(c) All-moving Tail (Flying Tail) Transport
(d) Flying Tail or Taileron Mount – Fighter a/c
Horiz. Stab – Aft Fuselage Intersections

Fig. 11.6.1 Configurations of Horizontal Stabilizer (Tailplane)

and Fuselage Intersection:
 Penampang FUSELAGE / BODY :
• Airliner/ maskapai penerbangan sipil
mempunyai penampang fuselage yang lebih
lebar agar dapat membawa penumpang
sebanyak mungkin.
• Pada airliner, para pilot duduk di cockpit di
bagian depan fuselage. Penumpang & cargo
(barang) dibawa di bagian belakang dari
Fuselage.
• Bahan bakar (fuel) – biasanya disimpan di wing.
122
Untuk Pesawat Tempur (fighter plane): cockpit biasanya
terletak diatas fuselage, senjata (weapon) dibawa di
Wing. Mesin dan bahan bakar minyak (BBM) ditempatkan
pada fuselage bagian belakang .
123
Penampang (cross-section) Fuselage

124
Penampang Mil Cargo Transport

125
Penampang (cross-section) Fuselage

126
AIRCRAFT GENERAL DESCRIPTION
INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT

127
 Cockpit Boeing B-777

Fly-by-wire Fight Flight Control System, LCD monitor

128
Windshields

Windows

129
 Tail Skid
• A high energy absorbing aircraft tail skid
assembly for protecting an aircraft fuselage
lower skin portion from damage in the event
of a tail strike due to over rotation on take-off
of the aircraft.
• Fitted to some wheeled aircraft – to prevent
damage to the rear fuselage during high nose-
up attitude take-off or landing

130
 Tail Skid
10 – Tail skid assembly
12 –The fuselage
30 – Skid shoe

131
 Tail Skid

Image: Boeing 737-900 with a tail-skid which acts like a bumper.

132
 An example of major tail-strike incident
This incident was the result of the first officer
mistakenly entering an aircraft weight figure 100
tonnes lighter than that of the aircraft into his
take-off speed calculations.

The captain then failed to pick up the error when

he checked the calculation, the second officer did
not check it and all three pilots failed to notice
the difference between their own calculation and
that of the flight management computer.

As a result, the captain "rotated" the plane to a

takeoff angle at 123 knots (221km/h) rather than
the correct 151 knots (272km/h).
With the plane failing to take off, it tilted 4
degrees more than normal, resulting in its tail
striking the runway and dragging for 490m.
Source: Singapore Airlines tail-strike incident
blamed on pilots - National - NZ Herald News
Image: Major tail-strike damages to
133
a Singapore airlines B747.
134
Aircraft Interior: Passenger Cabin

Delta Airlines : Aircraft Interior Boeing 737-800 aircraft, (a/c capacity 160
seats), Coach class with audio/video entertaintment system
135
A Brand-new Airbus A320 from Virgin America, had
mood lighting and in-seat entertainment centers
136
Business Jet Aircraft
Interior

137
Aircraft Pax Seat

138
Business Class Cabin

Seat belt
Galley & Lavatory

140
 Lavatory

The galley Different parts of the

aircraft A310

Sink /wash overhead stowage bins

basin

cockpit
142
A380 Luxurious Interior
First Class Cabin –A380
The Spiral Staircase
Upper Deck A380
cabin floor space.

duty-free shop, onboard

 Flight Deck &
Passenger Cabin Window
 Flight Deck Windows / Windshields –
fitted to pressurized aircraft must withstand both:
– Pressrization Loads, and
– Impact Loads from Bird-strikes.

• § 25. 571(e): The aircraft, and therefore by implication the

windscreen, must be capable of continued safe flight and
landing after impact with a 4 lb (2 kg) bird when the velocity
of the aeroplane is equal to Vc (design cruise speed) at sea
level, or 0,85 Vc at 8000 ft, which ever is the most critical, i.e.
The windscreen must be able to withstand impact under
these conditions without penetration.

148
 Flight Deck &
Passenger Cabin Window
 Passenger Cabin Windows – are :
– Designed to be “fail-safe” and
– Normally have two panes of acrylic plastic mounted
in an airtight rubber seal into a metal window frame.
– The inner and outer panes are each capable of
taking the full cabin pressurization load. If one panel
fails the other will prevent loss of cabin pressure.

149
Pax Cabin Window

150
 Airframe Location
Numbering Systems
Sistem Penomoran
Lokasi Kerangka Pesawat Terbang

151
 Location Numbering Systems
Typically used by many a/c manufacturers :
1. Fuselage Stations (Fus.Sta atau F.S)
2. Buttock Line atau Butt Line (B.L)
3. Water Line (W.L)
4. Aileron Station (A.S)
5. Flap Station (F.S)
6. Nacelle Station (N.C atau Nac.Sta)

(see definitions in AC 65-15A, Ch.1, pg: 6. For another’s a/c

numbering systems ref. to manufacturer’s SRMs)
152
 Typical station diagram
Figure 1-4: berbagai Fuselage Figure 1-8: Fuselage Stations
Stations pada pesawat terbang
corporate jet.

153
Location Numbering Systems :

154
Location Numbering Systems :

155
Location Designation

156
 Location Numbering Systems
• A method of locating components on a/c must
be established in order that maintenance &
repairs can be carried out.
• This is done by identifying reference lines and
station numbers for fuselage, wing,
empennage, etc.
• Station numbers (Sta) and and waterlines (WL)
are a means of locating airframe structures and
components.

157
 Location Numbering Systems
 Fuselage Station Lines – are determined by
reference to a zero datum line (fuselage station
0.00) at or near the forward portion of the a/c as
defined by the manufacturer.
• Station numbers - are given in inches (mm) :
– Forward (negative and given “–” or “minus” sign)
or
– Aft (positive with a “+” or plus” sign) of the zero
datum.
 Station numbers (Sta) and and waterlines (WL) are
a means of locating airframe structures and
components.
158
 Location Numbering Systems
Typically used by many a/c manufacturers :
1. Fuselage Stations (Fus.Sta atau F.S)
2. Buttock Line atau Butt Line (B.L)
3. Water Line (W.L)
4. Aileron Station (A.S)
5. Flap Station (F.S)
6. Nacelle Station (N.C atau Nac.Sta)

(For another’s a/c numbering systems ref. to manufacturer’s

SRMs)
159
 Location Numbering Systems – Definitions
Typically used by many a/c manufacturers :
(see definitions in AC 65-15A, Ch.1, pg: 6. For another’s a/c numbering systems ref. to
manufacturer’s SRMs)

1. Fuselage Stations (Fus.Sta. atau F.S.) or Body

Station (B.S) - are:
 Numbered in inches (or mm) from a ref. or zero point – known
as a ref. Datum;
2. Buttock atau Butt Line (B.L.) – is : a width
measurement Left or Right of, and parallel to, the
vertical center line,
3. Water Line (W.L.) – is : the measurement of height
in inches (or mm) perpendicular from a horizontal
plane located a fixed number of inches below the
bottom below the bottom of a/c fuselage.
160
 Location Numbering Systems – Definitions

Typically used by many a/c manufacturers :

(see definitions in AC 65-15A, Ch.1, pg: 6. For another’s a/c numbering
systems ref. to manufacturer’s SRMs)

4. Aileron Station (A.S.) – is measured outward from, &

parallel to, the inboard edge of the aileron,
perpendicular to the rear beam of the fuselage.
5. Flap Station (F.S) – is measured perpendicular to rear
beam of the wing, and parallel to, and outboard from
the inboard edge of the flap.
6. Nacelle Station (N.C atau Nac.Sta.) – is measured
either forward of, or behind the front spar of, the wing
and perpendicular to the designated water line.
161
FUSELAGE STRUCTURE

Jumlah Frames: 51 buah

162
163
Fatigue Critical Area

164
Aloha Fuselage – Kerusakan akibat
Fatigue

•Aloha Airlines “Patio Seating” Boeing 737-297

•April 28, 1988 165
166
Dornier Do X, Kapal yang dapat Terbang
Sejarah penerbangan mencatat Dornier Do X buatan Lufthansa, sebuah flying
super-boat yang berangkat dari ide pulp-fiksi yaitu kapal laut yang dapat terbang.
‘Kapal’ yang benar-benar terbang ini dibuat di Jerman pada tahun 1929 dan
dijuluki Flugschiff. Dengan 14 orang awak dan kapasitas lebih dari 100
penumpang menjadikan ‘kapal’ ini paling kuat dan besar di dunia pada saat itu.
seorang insinyur Jerman
sedang mengoperasikan
dua belas mesin
Flugschiff
Pengembangan Pesawat Masa
Depan
(Future A/c Development)

169
 Future A/c Development – 2050*
• Airbus Industrie – mengumumkan di ajang Paris
Airshow, Juni 2011, konsep design pesawat penumpang
masa depan (futuristik) dengan material yang tengah
di-riset/kembangkan:
– Dinding fuselage yang transparan, terbuat dari
bahan: biopolymer membrane (yang dapat
mengatur takaran cahaya, kelembaban dan suhu
udara di-kabin yang kira-kira pas untuk penumpang).
– Kursi penumpang (pax seat): terbuat dari morphing
material atau bionic structure, dilengkapi dengan
sirkuit elektronik pengingat (memory) – merekam
data bentuk permukaan kursi yang disukai
penumpang.
*Ref. Majalah Angkasa, no. 12/12-9-2011
170
Transparan Fuselage masa depan (th 2050)

Ref. Majalah Angkasa, no. 12/12-9-2011

171
Transparan Fuselage masa depan (2050)

Ref. Majalah Angkasa, no. 12/12-9-2011

172
Transparan Fuselage masa depan

173
Pax Seat – masa depan (AIRBUS)
 Kursi Pintar :
• Karena Kursi merupakan
segalany bagi penumpang,
maka Airbus menanam
sejumlah s/w:
• Kursi (bionic structure)
terbuat dari morphing
material– yang bentuknya
bisa menyesuaikan diri dgn
bentuk rebahan yang
disukai.
• Kursi juga bisa mengenali
penumpangnya.

174
Transparan Fuselage masa depan

175
Fasten Seat Belt !

176
Airplane hogging

177
 Hogging and Sagging
 HOGGING
• Under hogging action the
risers are in compression,
preventing shear forces on
the hull planking and the
subsequent leakage.
• Note the deliberate use of
compression rather than
tension to absorb the
troublesome hogging
loads.

178
Hogging and Sagging
• SAGGING
• Sagging is a complete
reversal of hogging loads,
the risers now in tension.
Sagging is generally less
critical than hogging
since the massive keel
carries tension better
than the deck.

179
Beban yang ini - tidak diperhitungkan dalam Design
 Amphibious aircraft

Canadair CL-415 seaplane with retractable wheels, Ontario, c. 2007

181
 Amphibious aircraft
• An amphibious aircraft or amphibian is an
aircraft that can take off and land on either land
or water.
• Fixed-wing amphibious aircraft are seaplanes
(flying boats and floatplanes) that are equipped
with retractable wheels, at the expense of extra
weight and complexity, plus diminished range and
fuel economy compared to planes designed for
land or water only.
• Some amphibians are fitted with reinforced keels
which act as skiis, allowing them to land on snow
or ice with their wheels up and are dubbed Tri-
phibians.
182
 Fungsi – Fuselage (Body) :
 Yang termasuk:
– Crews {Awak pesawat terbang adalah:
Flight Crews & Cabin Crews/Flight
Attendants} dan
– Payloads {y.i.: penumpang (passengers /
pax), kargo, senjata (weapons), atau bahan
bakar (fuel)}.

183
 Abbreviation & DEFINITION
• Bulkheads - Are frequently constructed as
solid webs, although webs with access holes
or trusses may be used. (wing rib);
• Airliner: Maskapai penerbangan sipil;

184
185