Pengantar
n Pediatric ophthalmology is a sub-speciality of ophthalmology concerned with eye diseases,
visual development, and vision care in children.
n Pediatric ophthalmologists are specially trained to manage the following disorders:
l Infection
l Strabismus
l Amblyopia
l Blocked Tear Ducts
l Ptosis
l Retinopaty of Prematurity
l Pediatric Cataract
l Pediatric Glaucoma
l Abnormal Vision Development
l Genetic Disorder
l Refractive Errors
l Accomodative Insufficiency
l Convergence Insufficiency and Asthenopia
n Pediatric ophthalmologists often work in conjunction with orthoptists in the treatment of
strabismus
Pengantar
n Pediatric Optometric concerned with eye/ visual development
and vision care in children.
Perkembangan
n Sistem Visual anak yang baru lahir belum matur
n Otak terlibat dalam sistem penglihatan perkembangan Otak
sangat menentukan perkembangan Sistem Visual
n Plastisitas “mudah dibentuk”, sesuai dengan stimulus visual
Perkembangan penglihatan anak
Perkembangan penglihatan anak
Pendahuluan
Pediatric Population :
n Infants and toddlers (Bayi & Batita)
l birth to 2 years 11 months.
Neonatus Dewasa
52
Diameter kornea:
42 – 44 9.5 – 10.5 mm pada neonatus
12.0 mm pada dewasa
46
Kendala & Tantangan dalam Pemeriksaan Penglihatan
Anak oleh RO/ Optometrist
n Status refraksi
l Axial
l Kornea berubah Status Refraksi berubah
l Lensa
n Gejala bervariasi :
l Penglihatan buram,
l Di kelas duduk dibangku depan
l Prestasi anak
Perkembangan Status Refraksi
Screening
Recommendation Refferal Consideration
Component
Eyes and Eyelids Look for : Any concerns about the
Inspection l Unusual shape, position and/or size appearance of the eyelids
of eyes and/or eyes should be
l Cloudy appearance of eyes referred for medical
l Unusual tearing attention.
l Unusual redness or irritated
l Eyelid is drooping
One of its goals is to improve the visual health of the Nation through prevention,
early detection, treatment, and rehabilitation.
PROSEDUR INSPEKSI MATA
Buphthalmos
Observasi Keadaan/ Tampilan Bola Mata
Buphthalmos is enlargement of the eyeball and is most
commonly seen in infants and young children.
It is sometimes referred to as Buphthalmia. It usually appears
in the newborn period or the first 3 months of life. and in most
cases indicates the presence of congenital Glaucoma, which is a
disorder in which elevated pressures within the eye lead to
structural eye damage and vision loss.
Enlargement of the Corneas resulting from abnormally raised
pressure within the eyes at birth (congenital GLAUCOMA). The
eyes appear unnaturally large because of the greater Corneal
diameter.
In Buphthalmos : Corneal diameter of greater than 11 mm
before the age of one year or Corneal diameter greater than
13 mm at any age are diagnostic criteria for Buphthalmos.
Observasi Keadaan/ Tampilan Bola Mata
Keratoglobus, is a degenerative non-inflammatory
disorder of the eye in which structural changes
within the Cornea cause it to become extremely
thin and change to a more globular shape than its
normal gradual curve.
It causes Corneal thinning, primarily at the
If afflicting both eyes, the
deterioration in vision can affect
margins, resulting in a spherical, slightly enlarged
the patient's ability to drive a car eye. It is sometimes equated with “Megalocornea".
or read normal print. It does not
however lead to blindness Keratoglobus continues to be a somewhat
mysterious disease, but it can be successfully
managed with a variety of clinical and surgical
techniques. The patient is at risk for globe
perforation because the thinned out Cornea is
extremely weak.
Observasi Keadaan/ Tampilan Bola Mata
Megalocornea merupakan keadaan bawaan
sejak lahir, nonprogressive enlargement
of the cornea
Kornea membesar bisa mencapai 14 – 15
mm
The Cornea and Limbus are enlarged, but
the Cornea itself is histologically normal
and of normal thickness.
It may be associated with other ocular
and systemic findings.
Observasi Keadaan/ Tampilan Bola Mata
12 bulan 20/20
30 bulan 30 ptr/dtk
Dengan Optotype
Usia Tajam penglihatan
3 tahun 20/40
4 – 5 tahun 20/30
> 6 tahun 20/20
Usia PL OKN VEP Optotype
Gambar
2 minggu 2/60 3/60
1 bulan 4/60 3/60
2 bulan 5/60 4/60 6/60
3 bulan 6/60 6/24
4 bulan 6/60 5/60 6/18
5 bulan 6/60 6/12
6 bulan 6/48 6/36 6/9
1 tahun 6/36
2 tahun 6/18 6/18
3 tahun 6/9 6/12
4 tahun 6/6 6/9
5 tahun 6/5 6/9
Usia Tajam-penglihatan
Baru Lahir Membedakan gelap & terang
1 Bulan Mengikuti gerak cahaya (lambat)
3 Bulan Mengikuti gerak benda
6 Bulan 6/60 – 6/48
12 – 18 Bulan 6/48 - 6/30
18 – 24 Bulan 6/30 - 6/24
24 – 30 Bulan 6/24 - 6/18
30 – 36 Bulan 6/18 - 6/9
4 – 5 Tahun 6/6
Pemeriksaan penglihatan
HOVT
Kartu E
Recording :
Binocular Red reflex :
lAbsent (Neg), White, Dull, Opacified or
Asymmetric
Seseorang anak dgn Simple Hypermetropia mampu mengenali
Optotype dgn baik, walau disertai dgn upaya ber-akomodasi.
The + 1.50 D test, merupakan modifikasi procedur clinis untuk
vision screening bagi Hypermetropia anak-anak. (Lihat + 1.00
Blur Test)
Photoscreening dan Autorefractor screening yg dilakukan oleh
professional, sangat berguna dalam pemeriksaan awal/
screening.
Screening dgn Retinoscope memerlukan pengetahuan dan
ketrampilan tersendiri dibandingkan dgn Photoscreening
ataupun Autorefraction screenings.
Test ini ditujukan untuk mengidentifikasi status refraksi
Hypermetropia pd anak2
Seseorang yg berpenglihatan normal apabila didepan
matanya ditempatkan lensa S + 1.00 D, maka visusnya akan
menurun dari 6/6 (20/20) menjadi 6/18 (20/60).
Seseorang anak apabila didepan matanya ditempatkan lensa
S + 1.00 D masih mampu mengenali Optotype lebih kecil dari
6/18, hal tsb mengartikan status refraksinya =
Hypermetropia.
Syn. Blur Back Test
Prevalence of Vision Disorders
in a Clinical Population of Children
Against-the Rule
Anak
With-the Rule
Dewasa
Jenis Amblyopia :
o Amblyopia Organik
l Nutrisional Amblyopia
l Toksit Amblyopia
l Kongenital Amblyopia
o Amblyopia Fungsional
l Isoametropia Amblyopia
l Anisometropia Amblyopia Refraktif/ Ametropik Amblyopia
l Meridional Amblyopia
l Strabismik Amblyopia
l Deprivasi Amblyopia (Amblyopia ex Anopsia)
Mengenal Amblyopia
Organic Functional
________________________________________________________________________________
Visual Acuity Often < 20/200 Usually > 20/200
Crowding Phenomenon Absent Present in 2/3 of cases
Visual field Absolute Scotoma Shallow, relative scotoma
Afferent Pupillary defect Can be present Usually not present
Color Vision Achromatopsia Usually normal
VA loss with neutral-density filter Significant decrease Close to normal eye’s VA
Entoptic phenomenon Not seen Usually seen
Laterality Bilateral Mostly unilateral
Onset Any age Before age 6
Strabismus and/or Anisometropia Rare Common
________________________________________________________________________________
Modified from London R, Silver JL: Diagnosis of Amblyopia : emphasis on nonacuity factors.
Rutstein Robert P : Anomalies of Binocular Vision
Mengenal Amblyopia
Prepared by the American Optometric Association Consensus Panel On Care of the Patient With Amblyopia
Amblyopia Refraktif
Tanda-tanda Klinis :
¨ Tajam-penglihatan dg koreksi tdk optimal, ditinjau dari segi
usia, perkembangan fungsi penglihatan/ perkembangan
intelegensia
¨ Terdapat perbedaan tajam-penglihatan kedua mata sebesar 2
baris atau lebih skala Snellen
¨ Adanya faktor Amblyopiagenik
¨ Ditandai dgn adanya Crowding Phenomena
¨ Tdk nampak adanya Visual loss pd Density Filter Test
¨ Pemeriksaan ERG & ECG = normal
¨ Dapat terjadi Bilateral maupun Unilateral
Amblyopia Refraktif Bilateral
Tanda-tanda Klinis :
n Terjadi Amblyopia Bilateral pd Kelainan Refraksi :
l Isoametropik Hypermetropia tinggi ( > 4.00 D)
l Isoametropik Astigmatisma ( > 2.50 D)
l Hypermetrop Astigmat
yg mana kelainan refraksi tsb tdk pernah mendapatkan
koreksi/ rehabilitasi yg optimal semasa usia perkembangan.
n Berkurangnya/ hilangnya sensitivitas kontras.
n The Pelli Robson contrast
sensitivity chart tests your ability
to detect letters that are gradually
less contrasted with the white
background as your eyes move down
the chart.
n Probably the most widely used
device to test
Amblyopia Refraktif Unilateral
Tanda-tanda Klinis :
¨ Terjadi Amblyopia Unilateral pd Kelainan Refraksi:
l Anisometropia (Aniso-Hypermetropia, Aniso-Myopia,
Aniso-Astigmatisma) dan
l Aniseikonia
yg mana kelainan refraksi tsb tdk pernah mendapatkan
koreksi/ rehabilitasi selama usia perkembangan.
¨ Mata menjadi juling (Strabismus Unilateral konstan).
¨ Terjadi fiksasi eksentrik.
Amblyopia Anisometropik
¨ Amblyopia ringan
l Visus CC : 6/9 (20/30) – 6/20 (20/70)
¨ Amblyopia sedang
l Visus CC : 6/24 (20/80) – 6/36 (20/120)
¨ Amblyopia berat
l Visus CC : lebih buruk dari 6/36 (20/120)
Early Detection
and Prevention Amblyopia
¨ Amblyopia merupakan suatu kondisi yang bisa
dicegah dan bisa ditanggulangi, apalagi bila
terdeteksi dini, oleh karenanya diperlukan upaya
sbb:
l Cermati adanya amblyopiagenic, terkait dengan
kelainan refraksi dan strabismus
l Anamnesa anak-anak pada keluarga dengan riwayat
strabismus ataupun amblyopia
¨ Screening/ program deteksi dan penanganan
amblyopia dibanyak negara diusia 4 tahun
menunjukan hasil yang cukup menggembirakan
¨ Oleh karenaya, Refraksionis Optisien/
Optometrists hendaknya selalu menginformasikan/
mengingatkan kepada orang2 tua tentang prevalensi
dan resiko amblyopia.
OBSERVASI AMBLYOPIA
n Optical Correction
l The rationale for correcting the refractive anomaly with
spectacles or contact lenses is to ensure that the retina
of each eye receives a clear optical image.
l Full correction of the ametropia is effective in some
patients, especially isoametropic and anisometropic (< 2
D) patients who are binocular.
l The use of spectacles versus contact lenses for optical
correction has been the subject of debate. Selection of
the optical correction involves consideration of the
relative advantages of each.
Available Treatment Amblyopia Options
n Optical Correction
l Contact lenses appear to have certain advantages, including:
u education of aniseikonia in cases of refractive and axial
anisometropia
u Improved cosmesis, which encourages better compliance with
wearing the optical correction
u Elimination or reduction of prismatic imbalance, weight
problems, tilt, peripheral distortions, and visualfield
restrictions experienced by users of spectacle lenses.
l Spectacles have the advantages of:
u Being more economical in most cases
u Providing a level of safety against injury to the better seeing
eye
u Serving as a modality for other optical modifications (bifocal or
prism) in the management of residual binocular anomalies.
Available Treatment Amblyopia Options
Anisometropic Strabismus
Daily duration 2 – 4 hours/ day Constant
Number of days Every day 1 day/ week for each year
of age, on successive days
Retinoskopy
Pasien
Pemeriksa
Prosedur/ Tehnik
Pemeriksaan Static Retinoscopy
n Fiksasi Pasien
Fiksasi Pasien tertuju pada tempat jauh, dan selalu berfiksasi
hanya pada satu obyek
Jarak kerja
Optotype
Jarak kerja
Pasien Pemeriksa
Prosedur/ Tehnik
Pemeriksaan Static Retinoscopy
n Fiksasi Pasien
Optotype
Jarak kerja
Pasien Pemeriksa
Prosedur/ Tehnik
Pemeriksaan Static Retinoscopy
n Fiksasi Pasien
Optotype
Jarak kerja
Pasien Pemeriksa
Pemeriksaan Static Retinoscopy
pd Anak-anak
Hipermetropia Laten
n adalah sisa Hypermetropia yg tersembunyi oleh
Akomodasi secara tidak sadar akibat usaha otot-otot
Siliaris
n Setelah Hypermetropia dikoreksi, sebagian
Hypermetropia Laten akan muncul, menyebabkan koreksi
yg lebih tinggi di tahap berikut
n Diukur dengan menggunakan Cycloplegia, sejenis obat
mata yang melumpuhkan otot-otot Siliaris
ARO Leprindo
Klasifikasi Hipermetropia
Hipermetrop Manifes
n Besaran Hypermetropia yg masih dapat dikompensasikan oleh
daya akomodasi Mata
n Hypermetropia manifes diukur dengan lensa plus paling tinggi
yang memungkinkan dipertahankannya tajam penglihatan jauh
terbaik
n Dijumpai pada orang muda dengan kelainan refraksi tinggi,
terutama bila derajad Hypermetropia lebih besar dari
Amplitudo Akomodasi
ARO Leprindo
Klasifikasi Hipermetropia
MONOKULER BINOKULER
Lebih mengutamakan melihat dgn Mata Varian Biologis dalam masyarakat
Dominan antara lain :
l mengakibatkan berkurangnya daya l Aktivitas dekat yg berlebihan
Akomodasi Mata Non-Dominan l Pencahayaan yg kurang
l Kadar Oxygen rendah
l Tingkat kelelahan tinggi/ Stress
l Problem Vergensi
Rx
Sebagian Rx
Rx Penuh/
5.00D Sebagian Penuh
Monitor Rx tanpa ditambah
6 bln Sebagian
Cycloplegia Addisi
3.50D
USIA
>6bln >1 thn 20 – 40 thn > 40 thn
The International Centre for Eyecare Education
Petunjuk
Rehabilitasi Hypermetropia Ringan
n Anisometropia
Conditions Umur < 1th Umur1–2th Umur2-3th
Myop ≥ - 4.00 D ≥ - 3.00 D ≥ - 3.00 D
Hypermetrop ≥ + 2.50 D ≥ + 2.00 D ≥ + 1.50 D
Astigmat ≥ 2.50 D ≥ 2.00 D ≥ 2.00 D
Prepared by the American Optometric Association Consensus Panel
On Care of the Patient With Amblyopia
Petunjuk
Rehabilitasi Hypermetropia sedang
Basis Treatment
n Significant Hyperopia, if uncorrected, can produce :
Visual discomfort,
Blurred vision,
Amblyopia,
Binocular dysfunction,
including Strabismus, and
contribute to Learning Problems.
n Treatment should be initiated both to remediate symptoms
and to reduce the future risk of Vision Problems resulting
from the Hyperopia.
Management of Hyperopia
Basis Treatment
n The clinician should tailor specific elements of treatment to
individual patient needs. Among the factors to consider when
planning treatment and management strategies are :
the magnitude of the Hyperopia,
the presence of Astigmatism or Anisometropia,
the patient's age,
the presence of an associated Esotropia and/or Amblyopia,
the status of Accommodation and Convergence,
the demands placed on the Visual System, and
the patient's symptoms.
Visual acuity
n The effect of Hyperopia on Visual Acuity depends upon :
l the magnitude of the Hyperopia and the patient's age,
l Visual Demands, and Accommodative Amplitude available to overcome the
Hyperopia.
n Young patients with low to moderate Facultative Hyperopia
generally have normal Visual Acuity, but when Visual Demands are
high, they may experience :
l Blurred Vision and
l Asthenopia.
n Visual Acuity testing of patients with High Hyperopia, even when
the patients are young, is likely to reveal measurable deficits,
especially under significant Visual Demand.
n Although Visual Acuity may be reduced at times, especially at
near, the objective measure of Visual Acuity in patients with
Latent Hyperopia is usually normal.
Visual acuity
n However, when such patients become Visually Fatigued, they
demonstrate inconsistent levels of near, and sometimes distance Visual
Acuity.
n Patients with Moderate and High Hyperopia are at significantly
increased risk for Refractive and Strabismic Amblyopia.
n The patient who has never been optically corrected for a high degree of
Hyperopia, with or without Astigmatism, is at risk for Isoametropic
Amblyopia.
n Older patients with Hyperopia invariably experience reduced vision,
especially at near.
n Prepresbyopic and Early Presbyopic patients with Hyperopia Manifest
deficits of near vision before distance Visual Acuity is adversely
affected.
n In patients with Absolute Hyperopia, the reduction in Visual Acuity at
both distance and near is proportionate to the degree of Absolute
Hyperopia.
TABEL AMPLITUDO AKOMODASI
(DONDERS)
UMUR AMPLITUDO
AKOMODASI
10 Tahun 14.0 D
15 Tahun 12.0 D
20 Tahun 10.0 D
25 Tahun 8.5 D
30 Tahun 7.0 D
35 Tahun 5.5 D
40 Tahun 4.5 D
50 Tahun 2.5 D
55 Tahun 1.75 D
60 Tahun 1.00 D
65 Tahun 0.50 D
70 Tahun 0.25 D
NILAI IKSPEKTASI AMPLITUDO
AKOMODASI
Hofstetter’s Formula :
n Amplitudo yang diharapkan :
l D = 18.5 – 0.3 (umur dalam satuan tahun)
n Amplitudo Maximum
l D = 25 – 0.4 (umur dalam satuan tahun)
n Amplitudo Minimum
l D = 15 – 0.25 (umur dalam satuan tahun)
Hofstetter’s Formula tidak berlaku bagi anak-anak dengan umur dibawah 8 tahun
Amplitudo Akomodasi
Optical Corrections :
n The primary modality for treating significant Hyperopia is correction
with spectacles.
n Plus-power spherical or spherocylindrical lenses are prescribed to shift
the focus of light from behind the eye to a point on the retina.
n Accommodation plays an important role in determining the prescription.
Some patients with Hyperopia do not initially tolerate the full
correction indicated by the manifest refraction, and many patients with
Latent Hyperopia do not tolerate the full correction of Hyperopia
indicated under Cycloplegia.
n However, young children with Accommodative Esotropia and Hyperopia
generally require only a short period of adaptation to tolerate full
optical correction.
Management of Hyperopia
Optical Corrections :
n Patients with Latent Hyperopia who prove intolerant to the use of full
or partial Hyperopic correction may benefit from initially wearing the
correction only for near viewing;
n Alternatively:
l trial use of a short-acting cycloplegic agent (e.g., 1% cyclopentalate) may
enhance acceptance of the optical correction.
n Patients with absolute Hyperopia are more likely to accept nearly the
full correction, because they typically experience immediate
improvement in visual acuity.
n To determine the final spectacle lens prescription, the clinician should
carefully consider the patient's vision needs. The lenses prescribed
may be either single vision or multifocal.
Management of Hyperopia
Optical Corrections :
n Newer high-index lens materials and aspheric lens
designs have reduced the thickness and weight of high
plus-power lenses, increasing their wearability and
patient acceptance.
n Spectacles, especially those with lenses of polycarbonate
material, provide protection against trauma to the eye
and orbital area.
Management of Hyperopia
Optical Corrections :
n Soft or Rigid contact lenses are an excellent alternative for some patients.
In patients who resist wearing spectacles, compliance with wearing the
optical correction may be enhanced due to improved cosmesis.
n Contact lenses reduce Aniseikonia and Anisophoria in persons with
Anisometropia, improving binocularity.
n In persons with Accommodative Esotropia, contact lenses decrease the
accommodative and convergence demands, reducing or eliminating Esotropia
at near to a greater extent than spectacles.
n Multifocal or monovision contact lenses may be considered for patients who
require additional near correction but resist the use of multifocal
spectacles because of the appearance.
Management of Hyperopia
Optical Corrections :
n The initial cost of contact lenses may be higher than that of
spectacles, and there are additional responsibilities and
costs associated with the proper care of contact lenses.
n Patients who wear contact lenses are at increased risk for
ocular complications due to :
l Corneal Hypoxia,
l Mechanical irritation, or
l Infection
n nevertheless, improved vision makes contact lens wear a
valuable treatment option for compliant patients.
Management of Hyperopia
Vision Therapy :
n Vision Therapy can be effective in the treatment of
Accommodative and Binocular Dysfunction resulting from the
Hyperopia.
n Habitual Accommodative Response in persons with Hyperopia
often does not respond to lens correction alone, and Vision
Therapy may be required to remediate Accommodative
Dysfunction.
n Accommodative Esotropia secondary to Hyperopia that is
moderate to high may reduce Binocular skills, which can be
improved by :
l the wearing of a prescribed lens correction and
l Vision Therapy.
Petunjuk
Rehabilitasi Hypermetropia
Rx
Rx
Sebagian Rx
Rx Penuh/
5.00D Sebagian Penuh
Monitor Rx tanpa ditambah
6 bln Sebagian
Cycloplegia Addisi
3.50D
USIA
>6bln >1 thn 20 – 40 thn > 40 thn
The International Centre for Eyecare Education
Management Strategy of Hyperopic correction
Young Children
n Young children (birth - 10 years of age) with low to moderate
Hyperopia, but without Strabismus, Amblyopia, or other significant
Vision problems, usually require no treatment.
n However, even occasional evidence of decreased Visual Acuity,
Binocular Anomalies, or Functional Vision Problems may signal the
need for treatment. Whereas the effects of uncorrected Hyperopia
may manifest as Visual Perceptual Dysfunction Reading Difficulties,
or failure in school, any child with Hyperopia who is experiencing
learning or other school difficulties needs careful assessment and
may require treatment.
Management Strategy of Hyperopic correction
Young Children
n In most young Hyperopic children, the process of Emmetropization leads to
a gradual reduction in the degree of Hyperopia by 5-10 years of age. Some
children do not go through this process however, they remain significantly
Hyperopic and at increased risk for developing Strabismus and Amblyopia.
n Although patients under age 5 who have over 3.25 D of Hyperopia appear to
benefit from early optical correction to reduce the risk for Strabismus and
Amblyopia, the results of animal studies suggest that early optical
correction, especially in infants, can interfere with Emmetropization. Thus,
early treatment has the potential to result in maintenance of the
refractive error throughout life. Nevertheless, clinical pediatric studies
suggest that Partial Hyperopic prescriptions do not impede
Emmetropization of infants up to the age of 3 years.
Petunjuk
Rehabilitasi Hypermetropia Tinggi
Temuan Klinis :
n Pemeriksaan Phoria
l Jauh = Ortho
l Dekat (40 Cm) = 10 E
15 – (- 10)
• Ac/A = = 10/1 Convergence Excess
2.5
n Agar penglihatan dekat = Ortho, berapa besaran lensa Plus yg
harus ditambahkan ?
n Rasio Ac/A = 10/1 berarti
lSetiap penambahan lensa Plus 100 D, akan mengakibatkan berkurangnya
Esophori sebesar = 10
Kesimpulan :
Myopia fisiologis/developmental
l usia sekolah
l penurunan visus, asimptomatik
Myopia kongenital/infantil
l Myop tinggi > 5 D terjadi tahun ke 1
kehidupan progresif,
l diperiksa rutin, perubahan Rx: 0.50 D
perlu diganti
Petunjuk Rehabilitasi Myopia
Full spherical & cylindrical power tidak Pada Myopia sedang/ tinggi dgn Esophoria dekat:
diresepkan, pd Kasus :
l Uncorrected/ Under-corrected Myopia yg telah Bifocal/ PAL
berlangsung lama Myopilux Pro (Essilor)
l Anisometropia
l Presbyopia
Pada Myopia sedang/ tinggi dgn Exophoria dekat
Bifocal/ PAL
Myopilux Max (Essilor)
Petunjuk
Rehabilitasi Astigmatisma
Mengganggu penglihatan jauh & dekat
nyaman dgn koreksi lensa silindris
Koreksi penuh, dgn aksis yg tepat
Anak s/d usia 7 – 9 tahun
Anisometrop Astigmatisma
koreksi (-)
Ambliopia