OUTPUT KESEIMBANGAN
1. Pendahuluan
2. Output Agregat dan
pendapatan Agregate
3. Keseimbangan
Output Agregat
4. Multiplier
1. Pendahuluan
• Pasar, dalam pandangan ekonomi makro
terdiri atas 3 bentuk :
– Pasar barang.
– Pasar Uang (finansial), dan
– Pasar Tenaga Kerja
• Tingkat GDP, Tingkat Harga Umum dan Tingkat
Pengangguran dipengaruhi oleh 3 pasar
tersebut.
PASAR BARANG
Penawaran DAN JASA
Permintaan Permintaan
Output
Pendapatan
Pengeluaran
2. Output Aggregate dan pendapatan Aggregate (Y)
Konsumsi Aggregate, C
C = a + bY
∆C
b =∆C / ∆Y
= marginal propensity to
∆Y
consume (MPC)
a a = konstanta
= konsumsi pada tingkat
subsisten.
0
Pendapatan Aggregate, Y
2. Output Aggregate dan pendapatan Aggregate (Y)
∆C = Rp75
Maka ∆S / ∆Y = 0,25 dan disebut
∆Y =Rp100 Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS)
∆S = Rp25
Sehingga : MPC + MPS = 1
• Misalkan MPC =0,75 dan a = 100, maka
persamaan konsumsi dapat ditulis :
C = 100 + 0,75 Y
a b
• Konstanta (a) sebesar Rp100 bermakna,
meskipun Y = 0 namun konsumsi tetap mesti
dilakukan minimal sebesar Rp 100.
2. Output Aggregate dan pendapatan Aggregate (Y)
Konsumsi Aggregate, C
C = a + bY
C = 100 + 0,75Y
C =400
a =100
0
Y =400
Pendapatan Aggregate, Y
2. Output Aggregate dan pendapatan Aggregate (Y)
Tabungan Aggregate, S
(1- b) = MPS
S = -a +(1- b)Y
0
Pendapatan Aggregate, Y
Y =400
a =-100
C =400
a + I =125
a =100 I = 25
0 YE =500
Y =400
Pendapatan Aggregate, Y
3. Output Agregate Equilibrium
• Bila dikaitkan dengan tabungan (S), maka kondisi
equilibrium akan tercapai ketika
S=I
• Hubungan antara Tabungan, Konsumsi, dan
Pendapatan secara matematis dapat ditulis :
Y=C+S
Y = a + bY + S
sehingga :
S = -a + (1-b) Y
b = MPC dan
(1-b) = MPS (Marginal Propensity to save
4. Angka Pengganda
• Bila terjadi kenaikan investasi 10 %, berapa
persen kenaikan output yang dihasilkan dalam
perekonomian?
• Besarnya kenaikan output akibat kenaikan
investasi ditentukan oleh apa yang disebut
angka pengganda atau multiplier.
• Persamaan angka pengganda :
angka pengganda = 1/MPS
angka pengganda = 1/(1-MPC)
THE MULTIPLIER
This added income does not vanish into thin air. It is paid to households that spend some of it and save
the rest. The added production leads to added income, which leads to added consumption spending.
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THE MULTIPLIER
FIGURE 8.11 The Multiplier as Seen in the Planned Aggregate Expenditure Diagram
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THE MULTIPLIER
THE MULTIPLIER EQUATION
Equilibrium will be restored only when saving has increased by exactly the amount of
the initial increase in I.
S
MPS =
Y
Because S must be equal to I for equilibrium to be
restored, we can substitute I for S and solve:
I 1
MPS = therefore, Y = I
Y MPS
1 1
multiplier , or multiplier =
MPS 1 − MPC 24 of 38
THE MULTIPLIER
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