CRITICAL JURNAL REVEIW

TEKNIK SAMPLING

Dosen Pengampu :
Susiana S.Si, M.Si

Oleh :
Lowis Fernando Sitorus
4182230006
PSM B 2018

JURUSAN MATEMATIKA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

2020

0
 KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur Kepada Tuhan yang maha Esa yang telah memberikan segala nikmat dan
karunia-Nya kepada kita, sehingga disini saya dapat mengerjakan salah satu dari 6 tugas
KKNI yang berjudul “Critical Journal Review” mata kuliah Teknik Sampling.
Dan penulis bersyukur kepada Tuhan yang Maha Esa, sebagaimana penulis didalam
melaksanakan tugas individu ini diberi kemampuan untuk menyelesaikan makalah ini.
Penulis menyadari bahwa penulisan makalah ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh karena
itu, penulis juga sangat mengharapkan kepada para pembaca agar memberikan saran atau
kritik yang konstruktif kepada penulis makalah ini, demi kesempurnaan tugas-tugas yang
diberikan oleh dosen untuk masa yang akan datang.
Akhir kata, penulis hanya mampu untuk mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada
semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penulisan masalah ini. Semoga makalah ini dapat
bermanfaat bagi para pembaca.

Medan, 29 September 2020

Penulis

1
 DAFTAR ISI

Kata Pengantar …………………………………………………………………1

Daftar Isi ……………………………………………………………………….2

BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ……………………………………………………………..3

1.2 Rumusan Masalah …………………………………………………………..3

1.3 Tujuan ……………………………………………………………………...3

BAB II PEMBAHASAN

2.1 Identitas Jurnal … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . 4

2.2 Ringkasan Jurnal …………………………………………………………..4

2.3 Kelebihan Jurnal ...........................................................................................7

2.4 Kelemahan Jurnal ……………………………………………………….....7

BAB III PENUTUP

4.1 Kesimpulan .......................................................................................................8

Daftar Pustaka ......................................................................................................9

LAMPIRAN...........................................................................10

2
 BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang

Sampling sangat membantu dalam penelitian. Ini adalah salah satu faktor terpenting
yang menentukan keakuratan hasil penelitian / survei Anda. Jika ada yang salah dengan
sampel Anda maka akan langsung tercermin dalam hasil akhir. Ada banyak teknik yang
membantu kita mengumpulkan sampel tergantung kebutuhan dan situasi.  Pengambilan
sampel dapat dilakukan baik secara probabilitas atau non-probabilitas. Ini adalah keputusan
desain penelitian yang penting, dan yang akan tergantung pada faktor-faktor seperti apakah
teori di balik penelitian, apakah positivis atau idealis, apakah metode
kualitatif atau kuantitatif digunakan dan lain-lain..

1.2 Rumusan Masalah

1. Bagaimana cara memahami jurnal hasil penelitian yang baik dan benar?
2. Bagaimana mereview kelebihan dan kekurangan jurnal hasil penelitian yang baik dan
benar?

1.2 Tujuan
1. Untuk menambah wawasan mahasiswa tentang mata kuliah Teknik Sampling.
2. Untuk mengetahui hasil penelitian.
3. Untuk mengetahui kelebihan dan kekurangan jurnal.

3
 BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

2.1 Identitas Jurnal

 Judul : Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to Choose a
Sampling Technique for Research
 Jenis Jurnal : International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM)
 Halaman : 19-27
 Volume :5
 Nomor :2
 Pengarang : Hamed Taherdoost
 Tahun : 2016
 e-ISSN : 2296-1747

2.2 Ringkasan Jurnal

1. Pengambilan Sampel Probabilitas  

Probability sampling artinya setiap item dalam populasi memiliki peluang yang sama untuk
dimasukkan ke dalam sampel. Salah satu cara untuk melakukan pengambilan sampel secara acak
adalah jika peneliti membangun kerangka pengambilan sampel terlebih dahulu dan kemudian
menggunakan program penghasil bilangan acak untuk mengambil sampel dari kerangka pengambilan
sampel.  Probabilitas atau pengambilan sampel acak memiliki kebebasan terbesar dari bias
tetapi dapat mewakili sampel yang paling mahal dalam hal waktu dan energi untuk tingkat
kesalahan pengambilan sampel tertentu.
1.1. Contoh acak sederhana   
Sampel acak sederhana berarti bahwa setiap kasus populasi memiliki probabilitas yang sama
untuk dimasukkan dalam sampel. Kerugian yang terkait dengan pengambilan sampel acak
sederhana meliputi
1.2. Pengambilan sampel sistematis   
Pengambilan sampel sistematis adalah di mana setiap kasus n setelah awal acak
dipilih. Misalnya, jika mensurvei sampel konsumen, setiap konsumen kelima dapat dipilih
dari sampel Anda. Keuntungan dari teknik pengambilan sampel ini adalah kesederhanaannya. 
1.3. Pengambilan sampel acak bertingkat   
Stratified sampling adalah dimana populasi dibagi menjadi strata (atau subkelompok) dan
sampel acak diambil dari setiap subkelompok. Subkelompok adalah sekumpulan item

4
alami. Subkelompok mungkin didasarkan pada ukuran perusahaan, jenis kelamin
atau pekerjaan (untuk beberapa nama). Pengambilan sampel bertingkat sering digunakan jika
terdapat banyak variasi dalam suatu populasi. Tujuannya adalah untuk memastikan bahwa
setiap strata terwakili secara memada
1.4. Pengambilan sampel cluster   
Cluster sampling adalah tempat seluruh populasi dibagi menjadi beberapa cluster atau
kelompok. Selanjutnya, sampel acak diambil dari cluster-cluster ini, yang kesemuanya
digunakan dalam sampel akhir 
1.5. Pengambilan sampel multi-tahap   
Pengambilan sampel multi-tahap adalah proses perpindahan dari sampel luas ke sampel
sempit, menggunakan proses langkah demi langkah 

2. Sampling Non Probabilitas  

Non probability sampling sering dikaitkan dengan desain penelitian studi kasus dan penelitian
kualitatif. Sehubungan dengan yang terakhir, studi kasus cenderung berfokus pada sampel
kecil dan dimaksudkan untuk meneliti fenomena kehidupan nyata, bukan untuk
membuat pengaruh statistik dalam kaitannya dengan populasi yang lebih luas
2.1. Pengambilan sampel kuota   
Qu ota sampling merupakan teknik non random sampling dimana partisipan dipilih
berdasarkan karakteristik yang telah ditentukan sehingga total sampel memiliki sebaran
karakteristik yang sama dengan populasi yang lebih luas
2.2. Pengambilan sampel kuota   
Qu ota sampling merupakan teknik non random sampling dimana partisipan dipilih
berdasarkan karakteristik yang telah ditentukan sehingga total sampel memiliki sebaran
karakteristik yang sama dengan populasi yang lebih luas
2.3. Kenyamanan pengambilan sampel   
Convenience sampling adalah pemilihan peserta karena mereka sering kali tersedia dan
dengan mudah. Biasanya, pengambilan sampel yang mudah cenderung menjadi teknik
pengambilan sampel yang disukai di kalangan siswa karena murah dan merupakan pilihan
yang mudah dibandingkan dengan teknik pengambilan sampel lainnya

D. Tahap 4: Tentukan Ukuran Sampel

Untuk menggeneralisasi sampel acak dan menghindari kesalahan atau bias pengambilan
sampel, sampel acak harus berukuran memadai. Apa yang memadai tergantung pada beberapa
hal yang sering membuat bingung orang yang melakukan survei untuk pertama kali. Hal ini
dikarenakan yang penting di sini bukanlah proporsi populasi penelitian yang diambil
sampelnya, tetapi ukuran absolut sampel yang dipilih relatif terhadap kompleksitas populasi,
tujuan peneliti dan jenis manipulasi statistik yang akan dilakukan. digunakan dalam analisis
data. Sementara semakin besar sampel semakin kecil kemungkinan bahwa temuan akan bias,

5
semakin berkurang hasil dapat dengan cepat ditetapkan ketika sampel melebihi ukuran
tertentu yang perlu diseimbangkan dengan sumber daya peneliti 
Ada banyak pendekatan, yang menggabungkan sejumlah rumus yang berbeda,
untuk menghitung ukuran sampel untuk data kategori.

Z2
n = p (100-p ) 2
E
n adalah ukuran s
P adalah persentase kemunculan suatu keadaan atau kondisi
E adalah persentase kesalahan maksimum yang diperlukan
Z adalah nilai yang sesuai dengan tingkat kepercayaan yang dibutuhkan  
Ada dua faktor kunci untuk rumus ini yaitu
E adalah margin of error (tingkat presisi) atau risiko yang bersedia diterima peneliti
(misalnya, angka plus atau minus yang dilaporkan dalam hasil polling surat kabar). Dalam
penelitian sosial, margin kesalahan 5% dapat diterima. Jadi, misalnya, jika dalam sebuah
survei tentang kepuasan kerja, 40% responden menyatakan tidak puas akan berada di antara
35% dan 45%. Semakin kecil nilai E semakin besar ukuran sampel yang diperlukan karena
secara teknis kesalahan sampel berbanding terbalik dengan akar kuadrat n, namun, sampel
yang besar tidak dapat menjamin presisi
Z memperhatikan tingkat keyakinan bahwa hasil yang diungkapkan oleh temuan survei
akurat. Artinya adalah sejauh mana kita dapat memastikan karakteristik populasi telah
diestimasi secara akurat dengan survei sampel. Z adalah nilai statistik yang sesuai dengan
tingkat kepercayaan yang dibutuhkan. 

E. Tahap 5: Pengumpulan Data      

Setelah populasi sasaran, kerangka pengambilan sampel, teknik pengambilan sampel, dan
ukuran sampel ditentukan, langkah selanjutnya adalah mengumpulkan data. 

F. Tahap 6: Kaji Tingkat Respon      

Tingkat respons adalah jumlah kasus yang setuju untuk mengikuti studi. 
tingkat respons penting karena setiap non-respons cenderung bias pada sampel
akhir. Mendefinisikan sampel dengan jelas, menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel yang
tepat dan menghasilkan sampel yang besar, dalam beberapa hal dapat membantu
mengurangi kemungkinan bias sampel. 

6
2.3 Kelebihan Jurnal
1. Keterkaitan antar elemen
Dari pembahasan disetiap elemen atau bagian memiliki keterkaitan hirarki yang terkait
antara komponen satu dengan lainnya. Keterkaitan ini terlihat dari segi penjelasannya yang
menyeluruh yang didalamnya terkandung tentang bagaimana cara memilih teknik sampling
dalam sebuah penelitian

2. Originalitas temuan
Pembahasan jurnal yang saya baca, penulis membuat jurnal tersebut sesuai dengan
permasalahan yang ada . Karena dalam melakukan penelitian ini kita perlu mengetahui jenis
tekik sampling apa yang akan kita gunakan.

3. Kemutakhiran masalah
Setelah penyusun membaca jurnal ini, penyusun menyimpulkan bahwa jurnal sudah
cukup mutakhir karena pembahasan dalam jurnal sangat jelas dan kekinian yaitu membahas
tentang permasalahan.

4. Kohesi dan koherensi isi penelitian

Dari jurnal yang saya baca ini, kohesinya sudah cukup baik dan materinya cukup singkat.
Karena penelitian ini berbentuk jurnal bukan e-book. Jadi penulis memaparkan isi sesuai
dengan judulnya dan mengembangkan point-point kecil yang penting untuk dikaji. Materi
yang dibahas dalam jurnall mudah dipahami karena penulis langsung menuliskan isi dari
permasalahan yang dituju dan menuliskan langkah-langkah atau solusinya serta tidak terlalu
banyak defenisi (koherensi).

2.4 Kelemahan Jurnal

Kurang lengkapnya teori teori yang mendukung pada jurnal yang diberikan sehingga
pembaca bingung pada beberapa bagian . Di jurnal ini membahas bagaimana langkah lagkah
yang harus dilakukan dalam memilih teknik sampling dalam sebuah penelitian. Jurnal ini
sudah bagus dan efektif karena isinya saling mengisi dan keterkaitan antar jurnal tersebut
sangat erat, jadi tidak ada kelemahan lagi pada jurnal ini.

7
 BAB V
PENUTUP

A. Kesimpulan

Kelebihan dalam setiap karya tulis pastinya tersebar di berbagai tulisannya. Namun
pastilah ada beberapa kelebihan yang menonjol pada setiap karya ilmiah/tulis. Kelebihan
dalam jurnal tersebut terletak pada materi yang cukup lengkap yang terlihat pada sub-sub
point dalam jurnal tersebut yang lengkap dan menyeluruh. Kemudian kelebihan dari jurnal
tersebut adalah penulis dapat mengembangkan beberapa point-point kecil namun cukup
penting untuk di kaji, dan penulis melakukannya dengan cukup baik. Jurnal ini juga sangat
terpecaya karena penulis mencantumkan referensi yang akurat sehingga jurnal tersebut sangat
memikat.

8
DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Taherdoost, hamed .2016. Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to Choose a

Sampling Technique for Research. International Journal of Academic Research in
Management (IJARM). Vol 5. (2) : 19-27

9
 LAMPIRAN

Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to

Choose a Sampling Technique for Research
Hamed Taherdoost

To cite this version:

Hamed Taherdoost. Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to Choose a Sampling
Technique for Research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM),
2016, 5. hal-02546796

HAL Id: hal-02546796

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02546796
Submitted on 23 Apr 2020
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access scientific research documents, whether they are
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10
 teaching and research institutions destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
in France or abroad, or from public scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
or private research centers. émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
L’archive ouverte recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
pluridisciplinaire HAL, est publics ou privés.
nal of Academic Research in
Management (IJARM)
ge: 18-27, ISSN: 2296-1747
D, Switzerland www.elvedit.com

Sampling Methods in Research Methodology;

How to Choose a Sampling Technique for
Research

Authors
hamed.taherdoost@gmail.com
Hamed Taher doost
Research and D evelopment Department, Hamta Business Solution Sdn Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Bhd
Research and D evelopment Department, Ahoora Ltd | Management
Consultation Gro up
Abstract
In order to answer the research questions, it is doubtful that researcher should be able to collect data
from all cases. Thus, there is a need to select a sample. This paper presents the steps to go through
to conduct sampling. Furthermore, as there are different types of sampling techniques/methods,
researcher needs to understand the differences to select the proper sampling method for the
research. In the regards, this paper also presents the different types of sampling techniques and
methods.

Key Words
Sampling Method, Sampling Technique, Research Methodology, Probability Sampling, and Non-
Probability Sampling.

I. SAMPLING METHODS
In order to answer the research questions, it is doubtful that researcher should be able to collect
data from all cases. Thus, there is a need to select a sample. The entire set of cases from which
researcher sample is drawn in called the population. Since, researchers neither have time nor the

11
resources to analysis the entire population so they apply sampling technique to reduce the number
of cases. Figure 1 illustrates the stages that are likely to go through when conducting sampling.

Clearly Define
Target Population

Select Sampling
Frame

Choose Sampling
Technique

Determine
Sample Size

Collect Data

Assess
Response Rate

FIGURE 1: SAMPLING PROCESS STEPS

A. Stage 1: Clearly Define Target Population

The first stage in the sampling process is to clearly define target population. Population is
commonly related to the number of people living in a particular country.
B. Stage2: Select Sampling Frame

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 A sampling frame is a list of the actual cases from which sample will be drawn. The sampling frame
must be representative of the population.

C. Stage 3: Choose Sampling Technique

Prior to examining the various types of sampling method, it is worth noting what is meant by
sampling, along with reasons why researchers are likely to select a sample. Taking a subset from
chosen sampling frame or entire population is called sampling. Sampling can be used to make
inference about a population or to make generalization in relation to existing theory. In essence, this
depends on choice of sampling technique.

In general, sampling techniques can be divided into two types:

 Probability or random sampling

 Non- probability or non- random sampling

Before choosing specific type of sampling technique, it is needed to decide broad sampling
technique. Figure 2 shows the various types of sampling techniques.

Sampling Techniques

Probability Sampling Non -probability Sampling

 Simple random  Quota sampling
.  Stratified random  Snowball sampling
 Cluster sampling  Judgment sampling
 Systematic sampling  Convenience sampling
 Multi stage sampling

FIGURE I2: SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1. Probability Sampling

Probability sampling means that every item in the population has an equal chance of being
included in sample. One way to undertake random sampling would be if researcher was to construct
a sampling frame first and then used a random number generation computer program to pick a
sample from the sampling frame (Zikmund, 2002). Probability or random sampling has the greatest
freedom from bias but may represent the most costly sample in terms of time and energy for a given
level of sampling error (Brown, 1947).

1.1. Simple random sampling

The simple random sample means that every case of the population has an equal
probability of inclusion in sample. Disadvantages associated with simple random sampling
include (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005):

13
  A complete frame ( a list of all units in the whole population) is needed;
 In some studies, such as surveys by personal interviews, the costs of obtaining the
sample can be high if the units are geographically widely scattered;  The
standard errors of estimators can be high.

1.2. Systematic sampling

Systematic sampling is where every nth case after a random start is selected. For example,
if surveying a sample of consumers, every fifth consumer may be selected from your
sample. The advantage of this sampling technique is its simplicity.

1.3. Stratified random sampling

Stratified sampling is where the population is divided into strata (or subgroups) and a
random sample is taken from each subgroup. A subgroup is a natural set of items.
Subgroups might be based on company size, gender or occupation (to name but a few).
Stratified sampling is often used where there is a great deal of variation within a
population. Its purpose is to ensure that every stratum is adequately represented (Ackoff,
1953).

1.4. Cluster sampling

Cluster sampling is where the whole population is divided into clusters or groups.
Subsequently, a random sample is taken from these clusters, all of which are used in the
final sample (Wilson, 2010). Cluster sampling is advantageous for those researchers whose
subjects are fragmented over large geographical areas as it saves time and money (Davis,
2005). The stages to cluster sampling can be summarized as follows:

 Choose cluster grouping for sampling frame, such as type of company or

geographical region
 Number each of the clusters
 Select sample using random sampling

1.5. Multi-stage sampling

Multi-stage sampling is a process of moving from a broad to a narrow sample, using a step
by step process (Ackoff, 1953). If, for example, a Malaysian publisher of an automobile
magazine were to conduct a survey, it could simply take a random sample of automobile
owners within the entire Malaysian population. Obviously, this is both expensive and time
consuming. A cheaper alternative would be to use multi-stage sampling. In essence, this
would involve dividing Malaysia into a number of geographical regions. Subsequently,
some of these regions are chosen at random, and then subdivisions are made, perhaps
based on local authority areas. Next, some of these are again chosen at random and then
divided into smaller areas, such as towns or cities. The main purpose of multi-stage
sampling is to select samples which are concentrated in a few geographical regions. Once
again, this saves time and money.

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2. Non probability Sampling

Non probability sampling is often associated with case study research design and qualitative
research. With regards to the latter, case studies tend to focus on small samples and are intended to
examine a real life phenomenon, not to make statistical inferences in relation to the wider
population (Yin, 2003). A sample of participants or cases does not need to be representative, or
random, but a clear rationale is needed for the inclusion of some cases or individuals rather than
others.

2.1. Quota sampling

Quota sampling is a non random sampling technique in which participants are chosen on
the basis of predetermined characteristics so that the total sample will have the same
distribution of characteristics as the wider population (Davis, 2005).

2.2. Snowball sampling

Snowball sampling is a non random sampling method that uses a few cases to help
encourage other cases to take part in the study, thereby increasing sample size. This
approach is most applicable in small populations that are difficult to access due to their
closed nature, e.g. secret societies and inaccessible professions (Breweton and Millward,
2001).

2.3. Convenience sampling

Convenience sampling is selecting participants because they are often readily and easily
available. Typically, convenience sampling tends to be a favored sampling technique
among students as it is inexpensive and an easy option compared to other sampling
techniques (Ackoff, 1953). Convenience sampling often helps to overcome many of the
limitations associated with research. For example, using friends or family as part of sample
is easier than targeting unknown individuals.

2.4. Purposive or judgmental sampling

Purposive or judgmental sampling is a strategy in which particular settings persons or

events are selected deliberately in order to provide important information that cannot be
obtained from other choices (Maxwell, 1996). It is where the researcher includes cases or
participants in the sample because they believe that they warrant inclusion.

Table 1 illustrates strengths and weaknesses associated with each respective sampling technique.
TABLE 1: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES SOURCE:
(MALHOTRA AND BIRKS, 2006)

Technique Strengths Weaknesses

Convenience Least expensive, least time Selection bias, sample not sampling
consuming, most convenient representative, not recommended
by descriptive or casual research

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 Judgment Low-cost, convenient, not time Does not allow generalization,
sampling consuming, ideal for exploratory subjective research design

Quota Sample can be controlled for Selection bias, no assurance sampling

certain characteristics
Snowball Can estimate rare characteristics Time-consuming sampling
Simple Easily understood, results Difficult to construct sampling
random projectable frame, expensive, lower precision, sampling no
assurance of representativeness

Systematic Can increase representativeness, Can decrease representativeness

sampling easier to implement than simple random sampling, sampling frame not
always necessary

Stratified Includes all important sub Difficult to select relevant sampling

population, precision stratification variables, not feasible
to stratify on many variables,
expensive

Cluster Easy to implement, cost-effective Imprecise, difficult to compute an sampling

interpret results

D. Stage 4: Determine Sample Size

In order to generalize from a random sample and avoid sampling errors or biases, a random sample
needs to be of adequate size. What is adequate depends on several issues which often confuse
people doing surveys for the first time. This is because what is important here is not the proportion
of the research population that gets sampled, but the absolute size of the sample selected relative to
the complexity of the population, the aims of the researcher and the kinds of statistical manipulation
that will be used in data analysis. While the larger the sample the lesser the likelihood that findings
will be biased does hold, diminishing returns can quickly set in when samples get over a specific size
which need to be balanced against the researcher’s resources (Gill et al., 2010). To put it bluntly,
larger sample sizes reduce sampling error but at a decreasing rate. Several statistical formulas are
available for determining sample size.

There are numerous approaches, incorporating a number of different formulas, for calculating the
sample size for categorical data.

n= p (100-p)z2/E2 n is
the required sample
size
P is the percentage occurrence of a state or condition
E is the percentage maximum error required
Z is the value corresponding to level of confidence required

There are two key factors to this formula (Bartlett et al., 2001). First, there are considerations
relating to the estimation of the levels of precision and risk that the researcher is willing to accept:

E is the margin of error(the level of precision) or the risk the researcher is willing to accept (for
example, the plus or minus figure reported in newspaper poll results). In the social research a 5%
margin of error is acceptable. So, for example, if in a survey on job satisfaction 40% of respondents

16
indicated they were dissatisfied would lie between 35% and 45%. The smaller the value of E the
greater the sample size required as technically speaking sample error is inversely proportional to the
square root of n, however, a large sample cannot guarantee precision (Bryman and Bell, 2003).

Z concern the level of confidence that the results revealed by the survey findings are accurate.
What this means is the degree to which we can be sure the characteristics of the population have
been accurately estimated by the sample survey. Z is the statistical value corresponding to level of
confidence required. The key idea behind this is that if a population were to be sampled repeatedly
the average value of a variable or question obtained would be equal to the true population value. In
management research the typical levels of confidence used are 95 percent (0.05: a Z value equal to
1.96) or 99 percent (0.01: Z=2.57). A 95 percent level of confidence implies that 95 out of 100
samples will have the true population value within the margin of error (E) specified.

The second key component of a sample size formula concerns the estimation of the variance or
heterogeneity of the population (P). Management researchers are commonly concerned with
determining sample size for issues involving the estimation of population percentages or proportions
(Zikmund, 2002). In the formula the variance of a proportion or the percentage occurrence of how a
particular question, for example, will be answered is P(100-P). Where, P= the percentage of a sample
having a characteristic , for example, the 40 % of the respondents who were dissatisfied with pay,
and (100-P) is the percentage (60%) who lack the characteristic or belief. The key issue is how to
estimate the value of P before conducting the survey? Bartlett et al. (2001) suggest that researchers
should use 50% as an estimate of P, as this will result in the maximization of variance and produce
the maximum sample size (Bartlett et al., 2001).

The formula for determining sample size, of the population has virtually no effect on how well the
sample is likely to describe the population and as Fowler (2002) argues, it is most unusual for it (the
population fraction) to be an important consideration when deciding on sample size (Fowler, 2002).

Table 2 presents sample size that would be necessary for given combinations of precision,
confidence levels, and a population percentage or variability of 50% (the figure which many
researchers suggest to maximize variance).

TABLE I: SAMPLE SIZE BASED ON DESIRED ACCURACY

SOURCE: (GILL ET AL., 2010)

` Variance of the population P=50%

Confidence level=95% Margin Confidence level=99% Margin of
of error error
Population Size 5 3 1 5 3 1
50 44 48 50 46 49 50
75 63 70 74 67 72 75
100 79 91 99 87 95 99
150 108 132 148 122 139 149
200 132 168 196 154 180 198
250 151 203 244 181 220 246
300 168 234 291 206 258 295
400 196 291 384 249 328 391
500 217 340 475 285 393 485
600 234 384 565 314 452 579
700 248 423 652 340 507 672
800 260 457 738 362 557 763
1000 278 516 906 398 647 943
1500 306 624 1297 459 825 1375

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 2000 322 696 1655 497 957 1784
3000 341 787 2286 541 1138 2539
5000 357 879 3288 583 1342 3838
10000 370 964 4899 620 1550 6228
25000 378 1023 6939 643 1709 9944
50000 381 1045 8057 652 1770 12413
100000 383 1056 8762 656 1802 14172
250000 384 1063 9249 659 1821 15489
500000 384 1065 9423 660 1828 15984
1000000 384 1066 9513 660 1831 16244

The sample sizes reflect the number of obtained responses, and not necessarily the number of
questionnaires distributed (this number is often increased to compensate for non-response).
However, in most social and management surveys, the response rates for postal and e-mailed
surveys are very rarely 100%. Probably the most common and time effective way to ensure minimum
samples are met is to increase the sample size by up to 50% in the first distribution of the survey
(Bartlett et al., 2001).

E. Stage 5: Collect Data

Once target population, sampling frame, sampling technique and sample size have been
established, the next step is to collect data.

F. Stage 6: Assess Response Rate

Response rate is the number of cases agreeing to take part in the study. These cases are taken
from original sample. In reality, most researchers never achieve a 100 percent response rate.
Reasons for this might include refusal to respond, ineligibility to respond, inability to respond, or the
respondent has been located but researchers are unable to make contact. In sum, response rate is
important because each non response is liable to bias the final sample. Clearly defining sample,
employing the right sampling technique and generating a large sample, in some respects can help to
reduce the likelihood of sample bias.

II. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the different types of sampling methods/techniques were described. Also the six
steps which should be taken to conduct sampling were explained. As mentioned, there are two types
of sampling methods namely; probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Each of these
methods includes different types of techniques of sampling. Non-probability Sampling includes
Quota sampling, Snowball sampling, Judgment sampling, and Convenience sampling, furthermore,
Probability Sampling includes Simple random, Stratified random, Cluster sampling, Systematic
sampling and Multi stage sampling.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was prepared under support of Research and Development Department of Hamta
Business Solution Sdn Bhd and Ahoora Ltd | Management Consultation Group.

REFERENCES
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sample size in survey research. Learning and Performance Journal, 19, 43-50.

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Authors’ Biography

Hamed Taherdoost is holder of Bachelor degree in the field of Science of Power Electricity, Master of Computer
Science (Information Security), Doctoral of Business Administration; Management Information Systems and
second PhD in the field of Computer Science.
With over 16 years of experience in the field of IT and Management, Dr Hamed has established himself as an
industry leader in the field of Management and IT. Currently he is Chief Executive Officer of Hamta Business
Solutions Sdn Bhd,
Director and Chief Technological Officer of an IT Company, Asanware Sdn Bhd,
Chief Executive Officer of Ahoora Ltd | Management Consultation Group, and Chief
Executive Officer of Simurgh Pvt, an International Trade Company.
Remarkably, a part of his experience in industry background, he also has numerous experiences in academic
environment. Dr.Hamed has published more than 100 scientific articles in authentic journals and conferences.
Currently, he is a member of European Alliance for Innovation, Informatics Society, Society of Computer
Science, American Educational Research Association, British Science Association,
Sales Management Association, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), IEEE Young
Professionals, IEEE Council on Electronic Design Automation, and Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
Particularly, he is a Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH), Associate in Project Management (CAPM),
Information Systems Auditor (CISA), Information Security Manager (CISM), PMI Risk Management Professional,
Project Management Professional (PMP), Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator (CHFI) and Certified
Information Systems (CIS).
His research interest areas are Management of Information System, Technology Acceptance Models and
Frameworks, Information Security, Information Technology Management, Cryptography, Smart Card
Technology, Computer Ethics, Web Service Quality, Web Service Security, Performance Evaluation, Internet
Marketing, Project Management and Leadership.

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