AR4111 Kuliah Minggu ke-4

Arsitektur
Kota
Semester 1
2017/2018
Bentuk Kota
(the City Shaped)

Dr. Agus S. Ekomadyo

aekomadyo00@gmail.com
 Cek Tugas Baca
Minggu Lalu
1. Cullen, G. (1961). Townscape. Reinhold Book Corporation, New York.
Hlm. 9-13 (Introduction), 17-19 (Serial Vision), 12-43 (Place), 63-65
(Content), 67-96 (Functional Tradition)
2. Norberg schultz, C. (1991). Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology
of Architecture. New York: Rizzoli. Hlm 5-23, 166-187
3. Montgomery, J. (2007). Making a city: Urbanity, vitality and urban
design. Journal of Urban Design, 3:1, 93-116, DOI:
10.1080/13574809808724418 , Hlm 94-103.

Minggu Ini
• Kostof, S. (1991) : The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings
through History. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.. Hlm. 43-276
1. Organic Patterns (+ 12 orang)
2. The Grid (+ 14 orang)
3. The City as Diagram (+ 10 orang)
4. The Grand Manner (+ 12 orang)
 Definisi Arsitektur Kota
• Architecture = the art of structure
• Struktur = unsur-unsur yang membentuk dan hubungan saling mempengaruhi
dari sesuatu 1)

• Struktur kalimat: unsur-unsur pembentuk kalimat yang saling berhubungan

(Adaya Subjek dan Predikat)
– Saya makan
• Arsitektur kalimat: seni dari struktur kalimat
– Saya makan nasi putih dengan lauk sambal
– Saya terpaksa sarapan nasi timbel subuh-subuh supaya tidak terlambat masuk kelas
di pagi hari

• Struktur bangunan: unsur-unsur yang membentuk bangunan supaya

bangunan bisa berdiri kokoh.
• Arsitektur bangunan: bangunan yang mempunyai aspek firmitas (kekokohan),
utilitas (kegunaan), dan venustas (keindahan)

• Struktur kota: unsur-unsur fisik yang saling terkait dalam membentuk suatu
kota
• Arsitektur kota: konfigurasi dari unsur-unsur fisik kota yang memberikan
bentuk dan ruang kota yang untuk digunakan dan memberikan makna bagi
para penggunanya 2)

1) Sasmojo (2004). Sains, Teknologi, Masyarakat, dan Pembangunan. Program Pascasarjana Program Studi Pembangunan ITB: H;m 8
2) Ekomadyo (2009). Pengendalian Kualitas Arsitektur Kota Pekanbaru. Disertasi Program Doktor Arsitektur ITB. Hlm. 4
 How to learn the city
1. Visiting/ Tourist = kesan pertama begitu menggoda
2. Sense of the city = tinggal, mengalami, belajar kehidupan
3. Learn of the city = analyzing the city
4. Contributing the city = mempengaruhi kebijakan kota

Power is knowledge, but...

Ketika kota-kota di Indonesia berantakan, tiada kuasa untuk

mengaturanya.
Karena tiada memadai pengetahuan untuk mengelola
kekuasaan dalam mengatur kota
The Sense of Paris
Understanding Urban Structure: Paris
The Axis of Paris
Why and How Paris is shaped?
 We Built this City
• Menit 0.00-3.00, 5.00-6.15, 17.00-19.18, 24.00-25.00,30.13-
40.39
 We Built these (Indonesian) Cities?

• How Bandung is built?

• How Jakarta is built?
• How Bogor, Medan, Pamulang, Magetan, Alam
Surya, Ambarawa, etc., is built?

• Can you, as architecture student, described it?

 Tugas Bonus (Perorangan)
• Bonus tugas perorangan (3 lembar)
1) sense of the city (tugas pertama)
2) Deeper analysis
• Berbasis pengetahuan yang didapat dari kuliah. Struktur dan
kedalaman analisis dibebaskan kepada mahasiswa
3) Ideas for better future

– Dibuat dalam 3 lembar A3 dengan metode sketsa

– Melanjutkan tugas 1 (sense of the city), dengan melanjutkan
melalui analisis (lembar 2) dan gagasan untuk better future
(lembar 3)

• Check the personal competences to understand the urban

architecture
– Student benchmarking for knowledge development

• Dikerjakan sebelum tugas 3 (fleksibel)

 Kostof’s the City Shaped
• His introduction describes the
possible origins of urban design
through the various human
agglomerations, even if it is
urbanism in an infantile form.
• Spiro Kostof discusses these
origins of urbanism from
multiple influences; from the
morphology of military
necessity, political forces,
sociological humanistic
responses, religious reasons and
infrastructure needs, of which,
clean running
• Kostof describes the reasoning
of different urban
developments around the
world, and what forces were
primary to the resultant urban
form.
 the City as Artifact
• Sebagai sebuah artifak, kota terbangun dan menyimpan
pesan-pesan dalam sebuah proses sejarah

• Kota terbentuk oleh orang-orang dan kekuatan yang bekerja

di dalam kota
– Ada kekuatan ekonomi, politik, sosial, budaya, dan hukum yang
berperan
– Who designs cities?

• Sebagai sebuah artifak, ada 2 perhatian Kostof:

– Atention to “designers” tend to favor new and ideal cities, that
were never built
– Urban process, precisely to physical change through time
 Definition of the city
• Mumford • Wirth

City is a point of maximum City is a relative large,

concentration for the dense, and permanent
power and culture settlement of socially
community heterogenous individual
What is a City
Planned Cities and Unplanned
Pekanbaru (1)
Herat (Afghanistan)
Kudus Lama dan Baru
The role of nature/ topography
Land Division
Law and Social Order
The Grid
Melbourne
 Political Grid
• Timgad, Algeria (Roman Cities)
 Barcelona
• The Eixample (Catalan pronunciation: [əˈʃampɫə], Catalan for 'expansion' or 'Expansion
District') is a district of Barcelona between the old city (Ciutat Vella) and what were once
surrounding small towns (Sants, Gràcia, Sant Andreu etc.), constructed in the 19th and
early 20th centuries. Its population was 262,000 at the last census (2005).[1]
• Cerdà’s Plan: an egalitarian city
– Octogonal blocks and wide streets forming a grid. This is what the city of Barcelona looks like
when you see it from above. The urbanisation of Eixample, known as Pla Cerdà,which took place
more than 150 years, has outlined the city as it is today and has become one of its symbols.

• In the mid XIX century, Barcelona needed to grow as a city. The urban nucleus, today’s
Gothic Quarter, Born and Raval, was surrounded by walls which prevented the expansion
in construction. Outside the walls, there were ample spaces of uninhabited land, a bit
further, scattered independent towns (today’s districts of Gràcia, Sarrià, Les Corts, Sants,
Sant Andreu and Sant Martí). To expand the city, the first decision was to tear down the
Old City walls and design a plan to make the city grow and finally link it to the small
towns. This was how today’s outline of Barcelona’s Eixample was born.
• The Plan for Rerform and Development in Barcelona, designed by Ildefons Cerdà in the
middle of the XIX century, is considered to be a pioneer project in the evolution of
modern urbanism. Cerdà aspired to create a city which would be articulate with wide
streets and green spaces. The engineer designed a grid plan ruled by the strict geometry
of parallel and perpendicular streets, interrupted only by the large avenues passing
through the area diagonally, The octagonal blocks incorporating chamfered corners to
facilitate traffic flow stood out among the main novelties
 Modern City
• Candigarh by Le Corbusier
 Modern City
• Islamabad by Doxiadis
 Modern City
• Shustar New Town (Iran)
 The City as Diagram

• Menggambar kota dari atas

– Cosmic diagram
– Functional diagram

• Perwujudan gagasan (idealitas) manusia terhadap peradaban

suatu masyarakat tertentu
Beijing
Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCE–1200 CE, Norman Yoffee,
Cambridge University Press Baghdad

https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesi
gn/architecture-design-
blog/2013/jan/14/iraqi-parliament-design-
assemblage-zaha-hadid
The Garden City
 City as National Representation
• Washington DC
 Grand Manner
• Preliminaries
• Grand Manner as Theater
• Boulevard and Avenue
Istanbul
Washington DC
Isfahan
Isfahan
Putrajaya
Jakarta
Bandung, Paris Van Java
 Bolevard and Avenue
• Champ elyses • Ramblas
Malioboro
 Boulevard
• Bandung • Malang
 Boulevard ITB
• Boulevard ITB, is it grand manner?
• How about now? Knowledge is power, really?
 Kesimpulan
• The city representative ideality of humankind, artifact of
human civilization
– Understanding how the city shaped is to understand how human
civilization is constructed

• Learning from history: evolution of human knowledge and

ideas
 Reflection to recent context
• Human, angle and animal: desires, ratio/ logic, values
– If human can not built civilization anymore, they (or we?) have
been transforming into zombie.

• Is our cities is reflected the civilization of humankind or tend

to be a “zombie cities”?

• How we responsible to build the better future?

– Why we life in this world?

Pertanyaan yang harus dijawab manusia, bukan malaikat

ataupun hewan/ tumbuhan.
 Agenda Minggu Depan:
• Urban Activities, Economic forces, and Land-Use

• Referensi :
1. Rossi, A. (1982) Architecture of the City. The MIT Press,
Cambridge. Hlm. 20-26, 138-140, 152-154, 161-163.
2. Chapin, F.S. (1965). Urban Land Use Planning. University of
Illinois Press, Urbana. Hlm. 9-69
3. Shirvani, H. (1985). The Urban Design Process. Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York. Hlm. 8-11
• Ketua kelas dan ketua kelompok tinggal di kelas untuk
mendiskusikan dan mengatur pembagian tugas tugas baca
Terima Kasih