EVOLUSI (KB1812519)
Oleh:
ALANINDRA SAPUTRA
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
www.darwinday.org/englishL/life/beagle.html
www.darwinday.org/englishL/life/beagle.ht
Used by permission of Darwin Day
Celebration (at DarwinDay.org), 2006
Darwin in 1860
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Darwin%27s_finches.jpeg
THE TREE OF LIFE
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg
MIKROEVOLUSI
Perubahan genetik kecil dalam suatu populasi seperti penyebaran
mutasi atau perubahan frekuensi alel tunggal (perubahan gen)
Makroevolusi
Jangka panjang, perubahan evolusioner skala besar di mana spesies
baru terbentuk dan lain-lain hilang karena kepunahan
4 mekanisme utama yang mendorong evolusi
3. Seleksi Stabilisasi
Seleksi ini terjadi pada semua populasi dan cenderung
memperkecil keekstriman atau penonjolan didalam
kelompok.
Hal ini mengurangi kemampuan menghasilkan variasi
dalam suatu populasi, dengan demikian mengurangi
pula kesempatan mengalami perubahan evolusi.
Original population
(a) Directional selection shifts the overall (b) Disruptive selection favors variants (c) Stabilizing selection removes
makeup of the population by favoring at both ends of the distribution. These extreme variants from the population
variants at one extreme of the mice have colonized a patchy habitat and preserves intermediate types. If
distribution. In this case, darker mice are made up of light and dark rocks, with the the environment consists of rocks of
favored because they live among dark result that mice of an intermediate color are an intermediate color, both light and
rocks and a darker fur color conceals them at a disadvantage. dark mice will be selected against.
from predators.
Hukum Hardy-Weinberg
Phenotip, genotip dan gen di dalam populasi cenderung
akan mengalami keseimbangan
p2 + 2 pq + q2 = 1
p = frekuensi salah satu allelle, misal E
q = frekuensi allelle lainnya, misal e
allopatry
Spesiasi alopatrik Spesiasi
simpatrik
Satu populasi saling
kawin
Spesies A Spesies B
Spesiasi selesai