Laurentius Tarpin
Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, Bandung
Abstract:
The cultural, social, industrial and sexual revolution has brought a number of
sophisticated and complex moral questions. In this context, how does the Catho-
lic Moral teaching respond to? Does the Catholic moral teaching change in ac-
cordance with great changing social, political, cultural, and medical technol-
ogy? The Vatican II has called for reformation in doing theology and especially
moral theology, namely theology that is based on and animated by the Scrip-
ture and focuses its reflection on the lofty of Christian calling and bearing the
fruit of charity for the world. In the light of the Vatican II, moral theology has
biblical, Christo-centric and personal character. The Catholic moral theology has
demonstrated the significant changes in methodology, sources, its function in
the Church life. The historically consciousness approach has made a great shift
in understanding of moral truths and its implication in concrete and particular
situation. Moral truths subject to revision and correction so that the timeless
and absolute formulations of moral truth are put in question. By the way, in
Catholic moral teaching, Jesus Christ is the ultimate norm and the model or
paradigm of Christian moral life.
Key words: Revolusi kultural, sosial dan seksual, metode deduktif dan induktif,
imitatio Christi et imitatio Dei, karakter biblis, Kristosentris.
1. Persoalan-Persoalan Moral
1 Bdk. Richard M. Gula, What are they saying about moral norms?, Paulist Press, Mahwah, New
York 1982, 54-89. bdk. Timothy E. O’Connel, Principles for a Catholic Morality, Harper
SanFrancisco Publisher, New York 1990, 174-186.
2 Ibid., 187-189.
3 Yohanes Paulus II, Ensiklik Veritatis Splendor no. 74-80, Jakarta: Dokpen KWI 1995.
Kataelusmus Gereja Katolik.
4 Bdk. William C. Spohn, What are they saying about scripture and ethics? Paulis Press, Mahwah,
New York 1995, 77-93. Bdk. William E. May, Moral Aboslutes, Milwaukee: Marquette Uni-
versity Press, 1989
5 Konggregasi untuk Ajaran Iman, Instruction on Bioethics Respect for Human Life Donum
Vitae, Boston: St. Paul Books and Media 1987.
6 Tanggapan Gereja Katolik terhadap masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan penyakit terminal
dapat dilihat dalam Instruksi tentang Euthanasi. Lihat Kongregasi untuk Ajaran Iman, Pernyataan
tenang Euthanasia, (5-5-1980), terjemahan oleh Piet Go, O’Carm, Jakarta: Dokpen KWI 2005.
7 Berkaitan dengan martabat prokreasi dan asal hidup manusia, Kogregasi untuk doktrin
Iman mengeluarkan Instruksi sebagai tanggapan Gereja Karolik atas persoalan moral
Inseminasi artifisial. Lihat Kongregasi untuk Ajaran Iman, Instruksi Donum Vitae yang
diterbitkan pada tahun 1987.
8 Berhubungan dengan hal ini dapat dilihat dalam dokumen Konsili Vatikan II, Gaudium et
Spes no. 27, Deklarasi tentang Abortus Provocatus (1974), Deklarasi tentang Euthanasia
(1980), Instruksi tentang Hidup Manusia dan Martabat Prokreasi Donum Vitae (1987), dan
Ensiklik Evangelium Vitae (1995)..
9 Bdk. Yohanes Paulus II, Ensiklik Centesimus Annus no. 42. bdk. Pius XI, Ensiklik Quadragesimo
Anno no. 109.
10 Bdk. Leo XIII, Ensiklik Rerum Novarum no. 3-5. bdk. Pius XI, Ensiklik Quadragesimo Anno no.
112.
11 Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, Vatican
City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2004, 91-120.
12 Bdk. Gregory Baum, Amazing Church: A Catholic Theologian Remembers a Half-Century of Change,
Maryknoll, New York 2005, 53-82. Bdk. Yohanes Paulus II, Ensiklik Laborem Exercens no. 8;
Ensiklik Soliccitudo Rei Socialis no. 41, Ensiklik Centesimus Annus no. 11.
13 Bdk. A Nunuk P. Murniati S., “Peranan Perempuan dalam Gereja dan Masyarakat” dalam
Gereja Indonesia Pasca-Vatikan II, Refleksi dan Tantangan, Kanisius, Yogyakarta 1997, 80-104.
17 Bdk. Servais Pinckaers, The Sources of Christian Ethics, T&T Clark, Edinburgh 1995, 8-13.
3. Perubahan Metodologi dan Sikap Gereja lebih jelas dalam Ajaran Moral
Sosial
Ajaran sosial gereja mengalami perubahan dalam metodologi dari
pendekatan klasik yang melihat realitas dalam term universalitas,
immutabilitas, stabilitas, kepastian, dalam hal ini norma-norma moral yang
dideduksi dari hukum kodrat, menuju pendekatan yang sadar secara
historik yang ditandai oleh partikularitas, kontingensi dan perubahan.
Pendekatan yang sadar secara historik mempertahankan continuitas dan
diskontinuitas. Pendekatan ini menggunakan metode induksi yakni
28 Bdk. Charles E. Curran, Catholic Social Teaching 1981-present: A Historical, theological and Ethi-
cal Analysis, Georgetown University Press, Washington D.C. 2002, 53-100.
29 Bdk Pius XI, Ensiklik Quadragesimo Anno, no. 42-43.
30 Untuk melihat perubahan signifikan dalam metode teologi moral dapat dilihat dalam
pemaparan Charkes E. Curran dalam bukunya The Living Tradition of Catholic Moral Theol-
ogy, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame 1992, 85-87.
32 Bdk. Gregory Baum, Theology and Society, New York, Mahwah: Paulist Press 1987, 247-260.
ID., Essays in Critical Theology,Kansas Cirt: Sheed and Wards 1994, 171-188.
33 Bdk. Yohanes Paulus II, Ensklik Redemptoris Hominis 1979 (no. 17); Ensiklik Sollicitudo
Rei Socialis 1987 (no. 34), dan Ensiklik Centesimus Annus 1991 no.47.
34 Paulus VI, Octogessima Adveniens no. 22.
35 Yohanes Paulus II, Ensiklik Laborem Exercensm no. 12.
36 Leo XIII dan Pius XI berpendapat bahwa modal dan kerja berada dalam tingkat yang sama,
kedua-duanya dibutuhkan dalam proses produksi.
37 Berkaitan dengan Moral seksualitas dalam Gereja Katolik, Charles Curran memberikan
evaluasi kritis dalam bukunya The Living Tradition of Catholic Moral Theology, Notre Dane,
University of Notre Dame 1992, 27-57.
38 Pandangan negatif tentang seks dan seksualitas terutama dipengaruhi oleh pandangan filsafat
platonisme dan neoplatonisme yang begitu berpengaruh pada pandangan teologi moral
seksualitas dan perkawinan sebagaimana dikembangkan oleh Agustinus.
39 Richard M. Gula, S.S, What are they saying about Moral Norms?, Paulist Press, New York 1982,
111-114.
40 William C. Spohn, What are they saying about Scripture and ethics, New York: Paulist Press
1995, 94-126.
5. Penutup
*) Laurentius Tarpin
Doktor Teologi Moral dari Accademia Alfonsiana, Roma; dosen teologi moral di Fakultas Filsafat
Universitas Katolik Parahyangan Bandung. Email: lorenzo@bdg.centrin.net.id
41 Bdk. Bernard Haring, No Way Out: Pastoral Care of the Devorced and Remarried, Midlegreen,
St. Paul Publications 1990, 41-48.
Auer, Alfons, Morale autonoma e fede cristiana, Edizioni Paoline, Milano 1991.
Baum, Gregory, Theology and Society, New York, Mahwah: Paulst Press 1987.
________, Essays in Critical Theology, Kansas City: Sheed and Wards 1994.
________, Amazing Church: A Catholic Theologian Remembers a Half-Century
of Change, Maryknoll, New York 2005.
Boileau, David A., Ed., Principles of Catholic Social Teaching, Leuven:
Marquette University Press 1994.
Böckle, Franz, Fundamental Moral Theology, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin 1980.
Carlotti, Paolo, Teologia Morale e Magistero, Las Roma, Roma 1997.
Curran, Charles E., Moral Theology: Challenge for the Future, Essays in Honor
of Richard A. McCormick, S.J, Paulist Press, New York, Mahwah 1990.
_______, The Living Tradition of Catholic Moral Theology, Notre Dame, 1995.
_______, Catholic Social Teaching 1981-present: A Historical Theological and
Ethical Analysis, Georgetown University Press, Washington D.C. 2002.
Dinoia, J.A., OP & Romanus Cessario, OP, The Splendor of the Truth Veritatis
Splendor and the Renewal of Moral Theology, Scepter Publihers, Princeton,
New Jersey, 1999.
Elsbergnd, Mary, OSF, “Social Ethics“, dalam Theological Studies 60(2005),
137-158.
Fucek, Ivan, Il pecato oggi, Editrice Pontifice Università Gregoriana, Roma
1996.
Gula, Richard M., What are they saying about moral norm?, Paulist Press, New
York 1982.
Häring, Bernard, Free and Faithful in Christ, Moral Theology for Priests and
Laity vol., 1, A Saint Paul Publication, Sydney 1978.
Janzen, Waldemar, Old testament Ethics: a paradigmatic approach,
Westminster/John Knox Press, Louisville 1994.
Katekismus Gereja Katolik, Propinsi Gerejani Ende, Arnoldus, Ende 1995,
Keenan, James F., S.J, „Notes on Moral Theology: Ethics and the Crisis in
the Church“, dalam Theological Studies 66 (2005), 117-136.
Kieser, Bernard, Moral dasar, Kanisius, Yogyakarta 1994.
_______, Paguyuban manusia dengan dasar dasa firman, Kanisius, Yogyakarta
1991.
_______, „Pembinaan Moral pasca-Vatikan II“, dalam Gereja Indonesia Pasca-
Vatikan II, Refleksi dan Tantangan, Kanisius, Yogyakarta 1997, 222-245.
Kohlberg, Laurence, Tahap-Tahap Perkembangan Moral, Kanisius, Yogyakarta
1995.