True→PPT Based Peripheral and central mast cells are play a crucial role in
the shift of acute to chronic pain by interacting with other
immune cells and somatosensory nerve terminals. (PPT K
8 Slide 34)
Soal
Pembahasan
False→ harusnya itu nosiseptor karena ada pernyataan “TRANDUKSI SINYAL DARI AWAL
SENSASi” KALAU Nosiseptif itu didahului oleh inflamasi atau kerusakan jaringan dulu
SUMMA
2020
Soal - SUMMA 1
Pembahasan
Substance P's most well-known function is as a neurotransmitter and a modulator of pain perception by
altering cellular signaling pathways. Additionally, substance P plays a role in gastrointestinal functioning,
memory processing, angiogenesis, vasodilation, and cell growth and proliferation.
Biochemistry, Substance P - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
Substance P is a neurotransmitter of primary sensory afferent neurons and binds to specific receptors in
lamina I of the spinal cord. Three receptors for this family of peptides have been identified—NK-1, NK-2, and
NK-3.
Substance P - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter which plays an important role in neuronal activation. Glutamate
mediates synaptic transmission of sensations such as pain and itchiness.
Chronic Pain: Structural and Functional Changes in Brain ... - NCBI
Soal - SUMMA 1
Maaf kalau salah, kalo aku D → Karena di penjelasan K8, dibilang kalo mekanisme nyeri itu kurleb sama
everywhere dan kalau kanal ion disebut kalau :
Ekspresi kanal ion sodium Nav1.7 dan Nav1.8 meningkat pada proses inflamasi → Terjadi ectopic discharge
yang menyebabkan rasa nyeri
Soal - SUMMA 1
A → Ujung saraf bebas neuron sensorik karena reseptor nyeri disebut nosiseptor → berupa ujung-ujung
saraf bebas. ▫ Terutama serabut C and Aδ
Soal - SUMMA 1
Terdapat empat proses yang menjelaskan proses elektro nosisepsi : fisiologik transduksi, transmisi, modulasi,
dan persepi. Proses transduksi adalah proses dimana stimulus nyeri akan diterjemahkan menjadi suatu
aktivitas listrik pada ujung ujung saraf.
Zat kimia tertentu (terutama pro inflamasi dan protein tertentu) akan menghasilkan transduksi sinyal → baik
chemical ataupun sistem saraf yang kemudian diubah menjadi listrik→ melalui reseptor yang spesifik seperti
nociceptor (tergantung stimulusnya) → kemudian akan ditransmisikan ke SSP
Voltage sodium channelnya → untuk memodulasi proses nyeri dan transduksi sinyalnya → A
Soal - SUMMA 1
Gaada di K8
FYI aja
Neurogenic pain arises from, or is caused by, the nervous system. The term is a catch-all phrase for pain
that occurs because of central or peripheral nervous system dysfunction. Beda ama Neuropathic yang kita
pelajarin di k8
Opioids cause euphoria and release a key neurotransmitter known as dopamine. Dopamine signals the
neurons (brain or nerve cells) of the body to create a pleasurable feeling or “high”
Pembahasan
Does glycine cause a pain response?
Glycine modulates both inhibitory neurotransmitters and excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain and the
spinal cord, regulating reflex coordination, the processing of sensory information, and modulating the pain
sensation
Several lines of evidence indicate that cannabinoids may contribute to pain relief through an
anti-inflammatory action
“GABA” is short for the neurotransmitter, gamma aminobutyric acid. GABA is the natural (endogenous)
biochemical substance in the brain, spinal cord, and all nerves that control electrical conduction. Without
proper GABA function, we experience pain.
jujur, Gatau
Soal - SUMMA 2
A sarcomere is defined as the distance between two consecutive Z discs or Z lines; when a muscle contracts, the
distance between the Z discs is reduced.
Upon muscle contraction, the A-bands do not change their length, whereas the I-bands and the H-zone
shorten. This causes the Z lines to come closer together. The protein [tropomyosin] covers the myosin binding
sites of the actin molecules in the muscle cell. Hence, A-Band remains constant is true of muscle contraction
→B
Soal - SUMMA 2
Injection of small quantities of botulinum toxin into specific overactive muscles causes localized muscle
relaxation that smooths the overlying skin and reduces wrinkles.
Botulinum toxin, the most potent of the neurotoxins, produces paralysis by blocking presynaptic release of the
neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) at the neuromuscular junction, with reversible chemical denervation of the
muscle fibre, thereby inducing partial paralysis and atrophy.
→A
Soal - SUMMA 2
Potensial aksi sampai tubulus T → terbukanya pintu kalsium di sarcoplasmic reticulum → kalsium terlepas
(banyak di sitosol) → kalsium berikatan dengan troponin C → tropomiosin bergeser → kepala miosin masuk
→ powerstroke/sliding filament
→C
Soal - SUMMA 2
B, cmiiw
Source: Sherwood
Soal - SUMMA 2
● B dan C(?)
● Gatau maap, tapi misal dapat
diagram yg nyebutin salah satu
silahkan ganti aja
Soal - SUMMA 2
● B
Soal - SUMMA 2
Gaada di K8
FYI aja
B
D
C
Agar tidak jatuh → tensi otot harus sama kuat (isotonic)
Mendekati mulut → Otot bisep kontraksi memendek (concentric)
Soal
C
Soal
Pembahasan
B/D
Soal
Pembahasan
A
Soal
Pembahasan
Kontraksi Otot:
Width Pita A tidak berubah
Pita I mendekat
Garis Z mendekat
Zona H menghilang → tidak ada lagi myosin yang
tidak kena aktin
Soal
Soal
69. karena miofilamen tebal dan tipis (D) → gelap dan terang dari Pita I dan Pita
A
26. B. “Myofibril
● held in register with each other
○ by the intermediate filament desmin and vimentin” (dari PPT K3). (What maaf aku baru sadar
ini PPT K3 padahal harusnya bahas K2 dan K8).
Soal
Soal
Soal
32. d. Tubulus T (maaf kalau
salah)