LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

KARYA TULIS ILMIAH

Skripsi dengan judul :

HPERBANDINGAN SKALA NYERI
PADA PEMBERIAN KETOROLAK DAN DEKSKETOPROFEN
PASKA SESAR 24 JAM DI RS BETHESDA YOGYAKARTA

Oleh :
ANTON MAHENDRA
41140017

Yogyakarta,

Disetujui oleh,

Pembimbing I, Pembimbing II,

dr. Theresia Avilla Ririel Kusumosih, Sp. OG Dr. dr. Rizaldy Taslim Pinzon, Sp. S., M.Kes

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 KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN KEDOKTERAN DAN KESEHATAN

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UKDW

SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN PENELITIAN / ANTIPLAGIARISME

Nama / NIM : Anton Mahendra / 41140017

Instansi : Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana

Alamat : Jl. Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo 5-25 Yogyakarta

E-mail : kedokteranukdw@yahoo.com

Judul Artikel : Perbandingan Skala Nyeri pada Pemberian Ketorolak dan

Deksketoprofen Paska Sesar 24 Jam di RS Bethesda Yogyakarta

Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa tulisan ilmiah saya adalah asli dan hasil

karya saya sendiri. Saya telah membaca dan memahami peraturan penulisan ilmiah

dan etika karya tulis ilmiah yang sudah dikeluarkan oleh FK UKDW. Saya sudah

menaati semua peraturan penulisan karya tulis ilmiah yang berlaku. Apabila di

kemudian hari, karya tulis ilmiah saya terbukti masuk dalam kategori plagiarisme,

maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai peraturan yang berlaku.

Yogyakarta, 31 Oktober 2017

( Anton Mahendra )

41140017

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 DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................. i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ..................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI ................................. iii
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................. iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................. vii
DAFTAR TABEL ..................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .............................................................................. ix
I. PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................. 1
1.1. Latar Belakang .............................................................................. 1
1.2. Masalah Penelitian .................................................................... 4
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian .......................................................................... 5
1.3.1. Tujuan Umum ................................................................... 5
1.3.2. Tujuan Khusus .................................................................. 5
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................ 5
1.4.1. Manfaat Bagi Pasien ......................................................... 5
1.4.2. Manfaat Bagi Tenaga Kesehatan ..................................... 5
1.4.3. Manfaat Bagi Kemajuan IPTEK ....................................... 6
1.5. Keaslian Penelitian ........................................................................ 6
II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ..................................................................... 8
2.1. Tinjauan Pustaka ........................................................................... 8
2.1.1. Nyeri .................................................................................. 9
2.1.1.1. Definisi Nyeri ......................................................... 9
2.1.1.2. Mekanisme Nyeri ................................................... 8
2.1.1.3. Klasifikasi Nyeri .................................................... 11
2.1.1.4. Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Nyeri ......................... 12
2.1.1.5. Pengukuran Nyeri ................................................... 15

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 2.1.2. Aspek Nyeri pada Paska Operasi Sesar .............................. 16
2.1.2.1. Definisi Sesar ......................................................... 16
2.1.2.2. Anestesi pada Operasi Sesar .................................. 17
2.1.2.2. Mekanisme Nyeri paska Operasi Sesar ................... 22

2.1.3. Manajemen Nyeri paska Operasi ........................................ 23

2.1.3.1. Manajemen Farmakologis ....................................... 23
2.1.3.2. Analgetik Anti Inflamasi Non Steroid ..................... 25
2.1.4. Ketorolak ............................................................................. 26
2.1.4.1. Farmakologi ........................................................... 26
2.1.4.2. Farmakinetik ........................................................... 26
2.1.4.2. Farmakodinamik ..................................................... 27
2.1.5. Deksketoprofen .................................................................... 29
2.1.5.1. Farmakologi ........................................................... 29
2.1.5.2. Farmakinetik ........................................................... 29
2.1.5.2. Farmakodinamik ..................................................... 30
2.2. Landasan Teori ................................................................................. 31
2.3. Kerangka Konsep ............................................................................. 34
2.4. Hipotesis .......................................................................................... 34
III. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ........................................................ 34
3.1. Desain Penelitian ............................................................................. 34
3.2. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian .......................................................... 35
3.2.1. Tempat Penelitian ................................................................ 35
3.2.2. Waktu Penelitian ................................................................ 35
3.3. Populasi dan Sampel ........................................................................ 35
3.3.1. Populasi Penelitian ................................................................ 35
3.3.1.1. Populasi Target ........................................................ 35

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 3.3.1.2. Populasi Terjangkau ................................................. 35
3.3.2. Sampel Penelitian ................................................................. 36
3.4. Variabel dan Definisi Operasional ................................................... 37
3.4.1. Variabel Penelitian ............................................................... 37
3.4.2. Definisi Variabel Penelitian .................................................. 38
3.5. Jumlah Sampel ................................................................................. 39
3.6. Bahan dan Alat ................................................................................. 40
3.7. Pelaksanaan Penelitian ..................................................................... 40
3.8. Analisis Data .................................................................................... 40
3.9. Etika Penelitian ................................................................................ 40
3.10. Jadwal Penelitian ............................................................................. 42
IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ........................................................... 43
4.1. Hasil Penelitian ................................................................................ 43
4.1.1. Karakteristik Subjek Penelitian.................................................. 43
4.1.2. Perbandingan Skor Nyeri Ketorolak dan Deksketoprofen............ 44

4.1.3. Perbandingan Efek masing-masing obat setiap 8 jam.................. 45

4.1.3.1. Perbandingan Skor Nyeri Keterolak Setiap 8 jam........... 45

4.1.3.2. Perbandingan Skor Nyeri Deksketoprofen Setiap 8 jam.. 45

4.1.4. Pengaruh Obat Lain.................................................................. 46

4.1.4.1. Pengaruh Obat Lain Terhadap Ketorolak....................... 46

4.1.4.2. Pengaruh Obat Lain Terhadap Deksketoprofen.............. 47

4.2. Pembahasan ...................................................................................... 47

4.3. Keterbatasan dan Hambatan Penelitian ........................................... 52
V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................. 53
5.1. Kesimpulan ...................................................................................... 53
5.2. Saran ................................................................................................ 53
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................. 54

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Mekanisme Nyeri ...................................................................... 11

Gambar 2. Berbagai Skala Nyeri .............................................................. 17

Gambar 3. WHO Analgesic Ladder .......................................................... 23

Gambar 4. Kerangka Konsep .................................................................... 33

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. Keaslian Penelitian ........................................................................ 6

Tabel 2. Definisi Operasional ...................................................................... 37

Tabel 3. Jadwal Penelitian ........................................................................... 40

Tabel 4. Karakterisk Subjek Penelitian ....................................................... 40

Tabel 5. Perbandingan Skor Nyeri Antara Ketorolak dan Deksketoprofen .......... 44

Tabel 6. Rerata Perbandingan skor nyeri Keterolak pada setiap 8 jam................ 45

Tabel 7. Rerata Perbandingan skor nyeri Deksketoprofen pada setiap 8 jam....... 45

Tabel 8. Pengaruh Obat Lain Terhadap Ketorolak................................................ 46

Tabel 9. Pengaruh Obat Lain Terhadap Deksketoprofen...................................... 47

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 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Surat Kelaikan Etik................................................................... 60

Lampiran 2. Surat Izin Penelitian.................................................................. 61

Lampiran 3. Perhitungan Besar Sampel......................................................... 62

Lampiran 4. Instrumen Penelitian.................................................................. 63

Lampiran 5. Perhitungan Statistika................................................................ 64

Lampiran 6. Protokol Penelitian.................................................................... 66

Daftar Riwayat Hidup .................................................................................. 67

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