kedua.
pengadilan; dan (v) doktrin para ahli. Sebagai tambahan, soft law juga
1. Perjanjian Internasional
23
24
disepakati.
2 Ibid, hlm.94.
3 Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, op.cit, hlm.122.
4 Ibid.
5 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States. 1969. Pasal 11.
25
suatu jangka waktu tertentu atau bahkan waktu yang lama, melainkan
norma hukum tertentu9 dan tidak adanya penolakan dari subjek hukum
Claims of International Customary Law (With the Special Reference to the Jus Contra
Bellum Regime)”, Melbourne Journal of International Law, vol.18, Parkville; Melbourne
University, 2017, hlm.24.
7 Michael P. Scharf, “Accelerated Formation of Customary International Law”, ILSA
Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol.20, no.2, Davie: Nova Southeastern
University Shepard Broad College of Law, 2014, hlm.306; lihat juga: Michael P. Scharf,
“Seizing the Grotian Moment: Accelerated Formation of Customary International Law in
Times of Fundamental Change”, Cornell International Law Journal, vol.43, Ithaca: Cornell
University, 2010, hlm.446.
8 Grigory Tunkin, “Remarks on the Juridical Nature of Customary Norms of
International Law”, California Law Review, vol.49, no.3, Berkeley: University of California,
1961, hlm.419-420.
9 North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, Jerman/Denmark/Belanda, ICJ Report of
secara umum, sebuah norma harus memenuhi dua kriteria agar dapat
Malanzcuk, op.cit, hlm.39; lihat juga: Nikaragua v. Amerika Serikat, Case Concerning
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, ICJ Reports Of Judgments:
Advisory Opinions and Orders, 27 Juni 1986, ¶14
15 Anthony Aust, Handbook of International Law, New York: Cambridge University
sive necessitates21).
17 Ibid, hlm.204.
18 Ibid.
19 Portugal v. India, Case Concerning Right of Passage over Indian Territory, Report
Case.26
Challenges and New Debates”, European Journal of International Law, vol.21, no.1,
Oxford: Oxford University, 2010, hlm.181-182.
23 Samantha Besson, et.al, The Philosophy of International Law, New York: Oxford
in and against Nicaragua, ICJ Reports Of Judgments: Advisory Opinions and Orders, 27
Juni 1986, hlm.100.
26 Perancis v. Turki, The Case of the S.S. Lotus, Publications of the Permanent Court
ada, maka tidak ada sistem hukum manapun yang dapat berfungsi. 27
lain.35
4. Putusan Pengadilan
33 Ibid, hlm.149.
34 Ibid.
35 Hugh Thrilway, et.al, op.cit, hlm.132.
36 Malcolm Shaw, op.cit, hlm.110; lihat juga: Qatar v. Bahrain. ICJ Reports of
internasional pun, para sarjana hukum terkemuka atau para ahli telah
sumber lain.41
Internasional.
Salah satu contoh highly qualified publicists yang diakui dan pula
kebudayaan di dunia.43
6. Soft Law
sebagai lex ferenda atau hukum yang akan datang.44 Status ini
mendasar antara norma hukum dan norma sosial atau politik, yaitu
Soft law terbagi dua, yaitu primary soft law dan secondary soft law.
lanjut sumber hukum lain; (iii) membentuk state practice; dan (iv)
dunia dapat berupa pelanggaran berat HAM.52 Maka dari itu, tugas dan
implementasi R2P.
50 Ibid.
51 Hugh Thrilway, et.al, op.cit, hlm.169.
52 Jeremy Matam Farrall, op.cit, hlm.5&15.
35
dilaksanakan dalam kerangka Bab VI, VII, dan VIII Piagam PBB
1945.55
terhadap kemanusiaan.56
24(1) Piagam PBB 1945 berbeda dalam penerapan R2P. Pasal 24(1)
b. Sanksi Militer
internasional.60
3. Humanitarian Intervention
dan Srebrenica pada 1995 serta intervensi militer NATO pada wilayah
Chinese Journal of International Law, vol.4, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015,
hlm.766.
73 Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly: 2005
pelanggaran berat HAM tertentu saja, yaitu: (i) kejahatan genosida; (ii)
conscience of mankind.75
atas kepentingan lain, seperti politik.77 Oleh karena itu, indikator R2P
Examination of the Debate over the Legality of Humanitarian Intervention”, Duke Journal
of Comparative & International Law, vol.24, Durham: Duke University, 2014, hlm.586.
77 Lawrence Woocher, et.al, Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect, London:
genosida.80
kelompok etnis lain dengan niat agar hanya ada satu etnis
yang berasal dari suku etnis Hutu dan Tutsi. Sementara contoh
80 Ibid.
81 William A. Schabas, “’Ethnic Cleansing' and Genocide: Similarities and
Distinctions”, European Yearbook of Minority Issues,vol.3, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV,
2005, hlm.111.
82 Bosnia And Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro (Advisory Opinion: Case
concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide), International Court of Justice, 26 Februari 2007, ¶190.
44
2004, ¶94.
84 Prosecutor v. Blaskic, Trial Chamber ICTY, IT-95-14-T, 3 Maret 2000, ¶203.
85 Additional Protocol II 1977 Geneva Convention I-IV 1949, Pasal 13(3).
45
c. Kejahatan Perang
86 Robert Cryer, et.al, International Criminal Law and Procedure, New York:
87 Eglantine Staunton, (2015), France and the Responsibility to Protect, (Policy Brief
#4), [https://r2pasiapacific.org/filething/get/975/AP-R2P-Policy-Brief-France-and-the-
Responsibility-to-Protect.pdf], 10 Juli 2018.
88 “...we have recognized that the primary responsibility for preventing genocide and
mass atrocity rests with sovereign governments...” dalam konteks mengakui norma R2P
dikutip dari: Amerika Serikat, National Security Strategy, Washington D.C., 2010, hlm.48.
89 Laura Steenbrink, Responsibility to Protect At Stake: R2P in Relation to the US,
NATO, and the EU: The Case of Syria, Utrecht: Utrecht University, 2017, hlm.17.
90 Departemen Luar Negeri dan Persemakmuran Britania Raya, UK Government
Strategy on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict, London: Departemen Luar Negeri
dan Persemakmuran Britania Raya, 2011, hlm.5.
47
dalam situasi Libya pada tahun 2011 yang menjadi bagian NATO
diadopsi oleh Uni Afrika dan PBB dalam rangka kerjasama untuk
melaksanakan R2P.94
95 Ibid, hlm.21.
96 Ibid, hlm.43&51; lihat juga: Dewan Keamanan PBB, S/Res/2031, 21 Desember
2011, hlm.2; Dewan Keamanan PBB, S/Res/1973,17 Maret 2011, hlm.2.
97 Laura Steenbrink, op.cit, hlm.40.
98 Dinas Luar Negeri Uni Eropa, Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe,
Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy, Brussel: Dinas Luar
Negeri Uni Eropa, 2016, hlm.42.
99 Laura Steenbrink, op.cit, hlm.41.