Nama : Etha Oktavia Puspita Dewi

Nim : 1921B0008
Course : Statistik

Introduction Biostatistik

What do we hate statistik? Karena statistik mempermudahkan dalam penelitian

dan kita perlu mempelajari digital statistik karena kita mempunyai software
sehingga memudahkan kita belajar statistik.
Dont worry statistic hate you too.... kecerdasan buatan sehingga sangat berguna
untuk kemajuan penelitian. Kecerdasan buatan = robotik ners

Statistic = the science and art of collecting, summarizig, and analysing,

presentation, and interpretation of data that are subjected to random variation.
Berguna untuk present, analisis data, collect data yang membutuhkan coding
Biostatistics = biostatistic is the statistic as applied to the life and health sciences.
 Health of human
 Collect
 Organize
 Analyze

Sampling statistik = general yang artinya mengambil sample dari target

population yang masuk terhadap konteks. Dan harus mempunyai karakteristik
sesuai population. Populasi adalah semua orang yang terdapat di suatu area.
Target population lebih spesifik.

 Population = A set of thing or object in which we have an interest at the

particular time and wishes to be generalized.
(Satu set yang dapat dikatakan populasi. Dalm penelitian tidak selalu orang karena
terkadang menggunakan benda, binatang)
 Sample a subset of the population. Sample teknik = bagaiamana cara anda
menyeleksi target population dan sample cize = kalkulasi statistik

Population = membutuhkan sampling tehnik. Sampling biasane generalize seperti

summary dari population. Sample adalah contoh yang dapat dianggap mewakili
populasi.

 Statistic estimation : kita bisa menyeleksi dari target populasi yang masuk
dalam karakteristik secara random.
 Parameter : mean, median,mode
  Every members of the population has the same chance of being selected in
the sample
Case or element termasuk dalam populasi tapi tidak termasuk kedalam
karateristik.
Subject : adalah sample yang diambil dari populasi yang memenuhi karakteristik.

We need to study population but.

 The ideal scenario is to test all the individuals to obtain reliable, valid and
accurate result. Studying whole population is not practical. Impossible or
not necessary. Financial reason
 Time factor
 Skill persons
 Result sometime not accurate than result based on sample due to
increasing the % of error

 Sampling = research harus mempunyai kriteria khusus untuk menentukan

sample.
 Sampling frame = menyeleksi population dengan menggunakan coding
kriteria.
 Sampling proses = biasanya kita paham tentang sample adalah bagian dari
population.

Probability sampling :
 Definition = known as random sampling. Memberikan kesempatan kepada
semua individual untuk menjadi bagian dari populasi.
 Itu adalah teknik pengambilan sampel di mana sampel dikumpulkan dalam
suatu proses yang memberikan semua subjek/individu dalam populasi
kesempatan yang sama untuk dipilih
 Probabilitas untuk dimasukkan dalam sampel diketahui untuk setiap
subjek dalam populasi
 Simple random sampling = memilih secara acak (yang paling mudah =
lottery, using cards- ballot, picking of numbers from a hat, computer
program – computer- generating- random numbers, table of random
numbers- fisher)
1. Draw up list of all the individual in population da nomer mereka.
2. The required number of individuals has the same chance of being
chosen.
 Stractifikasi sampling = kelas kelas dalam strada
1. The most common strata used in stratified random sampling are :
umur, gender, race, religion,nationality, educational level.
2. Population is divided into two or more groups called strata sub-
samples are randomly selected from each strata. ( proportionate
 stratified random sampling : same fraction ½, disproportionate
stratified random sampling : different fraction ¼)
 Cluster sampling = memilih sample dari kelas kelas yang dibentuk
1. One –stage cluster sample : selection of cluster, one district out 20
district
2. Two – stage cluster sample : first selection-two state, second
selection – 3 district from each state.
 Systematic sampling= sample yang di list
1. Taking individuals at reguler intervals down the list
2. Starting point chosen at random. Interval= constant
 Mulltistage sampling = menggunakan 1 sample tehnik dengan memilih
wilayah. It involves a combination of two or more probability sampling
techniques. Sampling is carried in stages using the hierarchical structure of
population.

Non-probability sampling :
 Non-probablity sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are
gathered in a process that.
 A sampling method in which the probability of a subject being selected is
unknown.
 In contrast with probability sampling, non probability sampling is not a
product of a randomized selection
 Subjected to selection biases

 Convenience sampling : it is the sampling technique where subjects are

selected because of their convenient, accessibility and proximity to the
researcher. (student, patient at clinic, soldiers)
 Sequential sampling : consecutive sampling is a sampling technique where
in the researcher picks a single or a group of subjects in a given time
interval. Conduct his study, analyzes the result then piks another group of
subjects if needed and so on.
 Judgmental : is sampling technique where the researcher select units to be
sampled based on their knowledge and professional judgment.
 Quota : menentukan jumlah anggota atay kuota.
 Snowboll sampling : is sampling technique that is used by researcher to
identify potential subjects in studies where subject are hard to locate, hard
to reach, hidden group (drug user, HIV patiens)
Variation & variable : whole field of statistics revolves around this conceps-
variation. The opposite of a variable is a costant. Variable = differences

Nominal = tidak ada tingkatan (gender, gender status, level, nasionalisme, ras,
kelompok darah, warna rambut)
Ordinal = tidak ada tingkatan (stage of cancer, level of satisfaction, level of
education)
Discrete = tidak desimal (number of student in each class, countries in each
region, rooms in each apartment, number of district in each state)
Continuous = desimal (height In cm, weight in kg, income in RM)

Varibel kategori (kualitatif) : kualitatif, attribute, string.

Numerical variabel (kuantitatif) : kuantitatif, continuous, discrete.