(Rolling Process)
Sumber: Manufacturing
Engineering and Technology
Oleh: Serope Kalpakjian.
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Proses Pengerolan Logam
(Rolling)
Merupakan proses pengurangan ketebalan
(perubahan bentuk penampang) dari benda kerja
(long work piece: slab, billet, bloom) dengan
cara penekanan melalui sejumlah rol.
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Proses Pengerolan Logam
(Rolling)
Ketebalan benda kerja berkurang
dengan gaya tekan yang diberikan oleh
dua rol secara berlawanan.
Menggunakan gaya tekan yang
melebihi kekuatan yield, sehingga
logam tersebut terdeformasi plastik.
Mesin rolling sering disebut rolling mills,
dgn ukuran mesin sangat
besar (massive).
Harga mesin mahal, sehingga cocok
untuk proses produksi masal (jumlah
banyak dan produk standar).
Bahan baku: Cast steel ingot, dalam
bentuk slab, billet dan bloom.
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Slab: di roll dari ingot
atau bloom, memiliki
penampang empat
persegi panjang
dengan dimensi lebar
> 250mm dan
ketebalan > 40mm
Bloom: memiliki
penampang
kotak dengan dimensi
> 150x150mm
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Proses Pengerolan Logam
(Rolling)
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Penggunaan Plates dan Sheets
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Kurva Tegangan-Regangan
(Stress-Strain curve)
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Hot dan Cold Rolling
Hot rolling: proses pengerolan dilakukan
dengan memanaskan logam yg dirol pada
temperatur di atas temperatur rekristalisasi
(rentang temp rekristalisasi antara 0,3 Tm
0,5 Tm, di mana Tm adalah melting point
temperature of metal).
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Hot rolling
Proses rolling dilakukan pada temperatur
tinggi.
Bebas dari residual stress (tegangan sisa).
Isotropic: having the same properties in all
directions.
Proses pembentukan lebih mudah.
Kerugiannya: permukaan benda kerja
berkerak/scale (karena proses oksidasi),
dan dimensinya kurang tepat.
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Cold Rolling
Permukaan sheet maupun strip metal yg
dihasilkan lebih baik, karena tidak ada kerak
(scale),
Dimensi benda yg di roll relatif tidak ada
perubahan (dibanding hot rolling),
Logam yg diproses umumnya menjadi lebih
keras, walaupun keuletannya berkurang.
Membutuhkan energi lebih besar
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Effects of Hot Rolling
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Temperatur proses
Hot Rolling
Aluminium alloy: s/d
450 oC,
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Efek proses Hot Rolling
Proses hot rolling
memperhalus struktur butir
(grain structure) logam.
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Flat Rolling Process
Merupakan proses
pengerolan dimana benda
kerja (umumnya disebut
ingot) dengan ketebalan
awal ho memasuki celah roll,
sehingga ketebalan awal
(ho) berkurang menjadi hf.
Pengurangan ketebalan
terjadi akibat tekanan roll
pada benda kerja (ingot).
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Flat-Rolling Process
Figure 13.2 (a) Schematic illustration of the flat-rolling process. (b) Friction forces acting on
strip surfaces. (c) Roll force, F, and the torque, T, acting on the rolls. The width of the strip, w,
usually increases during rolling, as shown later in Fig. 13.5.
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Roll Arrangements
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Tandem-Rolling
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Bending of Rolls
Karena adanya gaya-gaya yg
bekerja selama proses rolling,
pada rol cenderung terjadi
bending.
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Roller Leveling
Roller leveling merupakan pengaturan level roll agar diperoleh hasil pengerolan
yang lurus atau rata.
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Roller leveling
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Defects in Flat Rolling
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Defects in Flat Rolling
Wavy edges (a): cacat ini
disebabkan roll bending.
Ketebalan plat di bagian pinggir
lebih tipis d/p bag tengah.
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Shape Rolling
Berbeda dgn flat rolling (hasil
roll berupa plat);
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Shape Rolling of an H-section part
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Roll-Forging
Figure 13.13 Two examples of the roll-forging operation, also known as cross-rolling.
Tapered leaf springs and knives can be made by this process. Source: After J. Holub.
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Production of Steel Balls
Figure 13.14 (a) Production of steel balls by the skew-rolling process. (b) Production of
steel balls by upsetting a cylindrical blank. Note the formation of flash. The balls made by
these processes subsequently are ground and polished for use in ball bearings.
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Ring-Rolling
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Thread-Rolling Processes
Figure 13.16 Thread-rolling processes: (a) and (c) reciprocating flat dies; (b) two-roller dies.
(d) Threaded fasteners, such as bolts, are made economically by these processes at high
rates of production. Source: Courtesy of Central Rolled Thread Die Co.
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Machined and Rolled Threads
Figure 13.17 (a) Features of a machined or rolled thread. Grain flow in (b) machined and
(c) rolled threads. Unlike machining, which cuts through the grains of the metal, the rolling
of threads imparts improved strength because of cold working and favorable grain flow.
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Cavity Formation in Bar
Figure 13.18 Cavity formation in a solid, round bar and its utilization in the rotary tube-
piercing process for making seamless pipe and tubing. (see also Fig. 2.9.)
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Various Tube-Rolling Processes
Figure 13.19 Schematic illustration of various tube-rolling processes: (a) with a fixed
mandrel; (b) with a floating mandrel; (c) without a mandrel; and (d) pilger rolling over
a mandrel and a pair of shaped rolls. Tube diameters and thicknesses also can be
changed by other processes, such as drawing, extrusion, and spinning.
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