014 1 Biomol1 Pengenalan Send

farmasibugm2012@gmail.
com
28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 1

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I.Prof. Pengenalan Peranan Biologi Molekuler dalam Farmasi, - - Contoh perkembangan
Sismindari dalam Biologi Molekular : kloning domba Dolly dan terapi sel induk
Biologi materi genetik : Genom, kromosom, gena, DNA, RNA,
molekuler protein.Perbedaan genom prokariot dan mamalia, lokasicentromer,
1) telomere, dan origin replikasi, human genom project- Dogma sentral
ekspresi gen:replikasi, transkripsi, translasi-
II. 2) + 3) Organisasi dari Struktur dan fungsi organela sel

Dr. Puji A. sel Arsitektur sel: Cytoskeleton & Cell Junction
materi genetik : Genom, kromosom, gena, DNA, RNA, protein.
Struktur DNA (model Watson dan Crick) dan RNA, base-pairing DNA,
Sifat DNA dan RNA
Heterochromatin, Karyotyping Chromosome
Pertumbuhan, - Penurunan sifat materi genetic, Pertumbuhan Sel

Perkembangan Pembelahan Sel, meiosis dan mitosis (metaphase, anaphase, interfase)
Hukum Mendel
dan Diferensiasi Diferensiasi Sel, Komunikasi Antar Sel
Sel
III.4) +5) Replikasi DNA -Reaksi polimerisasi, Proses replikasi DNA: konservatif dan semi-
konservatif, inisiasi, elongasi replikasi, - Garpu replikasi, fragmen
Prof
Sismindari
(Sintesis DNA) Okazaki, peran telomere, peran enzim topoisomerase, mekanisme
proofreading, mutasi karena triple repeat.
-- Obat yang bekerja pada tahap replikasi: penghambat topoisomerase,
basa analoh sebagai obat antivirus
28/03/2014 - Penggunaan
MODIFIED byPCRProf. Sismindari 2
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III. 5) Mutasi dan - Definisi, mutan, mutasi, mutagen; jenis-jenis mutasi, jenis-jenis
mutan, jenis-jenis mutagen (kimia, fisika dan biologi), mutasi pada
Prof Repair DNA level gen, pada level organisme. - Stabilitas genetik dan kerusakan
Sismindari DNA, macamkerusakan DNA, proses umum reparasi DNA, penyakit
yang disebabkan oleh adanya mutasi
III.6) Polimorfism SNP kaitannya dengan keragaman genetik masing-masing

Prof Djadi individu: Farmakogenomik aplikasinya pada metabolisme INH
dan warfarin
Polimorfisme mikrosatelit :Sidik jari DNA aplikasinya pada
hubungan kekerabatan dan identifikasi individu dengan PCR
Hibridisasi, macam dan prinsip kerjanya (Southern, Northen)
7) Mekanisme infeksi - Macam-macam virus (virus DNA, virus RNA), genom virus,
virus dan Transformasi Life cycle HIV, Virus influenza, EBV, dan retrovirus
genetik Jenis transposon: transposon, viral retrotransposon dan non-
viral retrotransposon.
- Mekanisme transposisi
Penyakit yang disebablkan oleh transposon

Dosen Pokok Sub Pokok Bahasan
Bahasan
IV. Prof Ekspresi Gen: Transkripsi pada prokariot :
Kuswandi RNA polimerase: inisiasi (TATA Box, promoter), elongasi,
8)
Transkripsi, terminasi.
prokariot, Fenomena transkripsi pada prokariot : polisistronik, polisom,
repressor, aktivator dan induser
eukariot Fenomena transkripsi eukariot: intron, ekson, capping, splicing
dan poli-A, monosistronik
Obat-obat yang bekerja pada penghambatan proses transkripsi
Regulasi: Sistem operon, Lac repressor dan Catabolic activator

protein (CAP), triptofan operon
9) Ekspresi Gen: Ribosom, kodon antikodon , tRNA, aminoasyl tRNA sintetase

Translasi Proses : inisiasi, elongasi, dan terminasi
Perbedaan proses translasi pada prokariot dan eukariot.
Pasca translasi : modifikasi asam amino.
Obat-obat dengan target penghambatan proses translasi
prokariot (antibiotik).
Teknik deteksi ekspresi gen
V. Dr Riris Sistem regulasi factor transkripsi, domain dan motif, contoh factor transkripsi,
10) ekspresi gen dan peran factor transkripsi.
Signal transduksi sederhana (hormone steroid),
eukariot Signal transduksi kompleks (jalur MAP-K dan ras protein)
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Bahasan
11) Dr. Riris Sistem regulasi G-protein signaling : G-protein, jalur cAMP, jalur protein kinase C
melalui second (PKC)
messenger Aplikasi regulasi pengendalian ekspresi gen pada proses
pengobatan
12) Prof.Edy M Cell-cycle Overview : tahapan pembelahan sel dan daur sel (G1-S-G2-M-
dan phases),
Kontrol daur sel pada G1-phase (peran cyclin-cdk dan pRb),
regulasinya pengaturan sistem checkpoint pada daur sel
Apoptosis (kematian sel terprogram) : jenis kematian sel,
karakteristik morfologi apoptosis, jalur instrinsik dan ekstrinsik,
peran pro dan anti apoptosis (bcl2 famili)
Peran mitokondria.
Teknik deteksi apoptosis
VII. 13) 14) Karsinogene Pengertian dasar kanker, tahap-tahap karsinogenesis, golongan
sis agen karsinogenik (kimia, fisika, dan biologi), pengenalan marker
molecular kanker (mis. Ras dan p53) dan perannya pada proses
karsinogenesis, pengembangan agen kemoprevensi
MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 5

28/03/2014
III. DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, A.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., Darnell, J., 2000,
Molecular cell Biology, 4th ed., Freeman and Company, New York.
Alberts,B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Robert, K., Watson, JD., 1994, Molecular
Biology of the Cell, 3th ed.,Garland Publishing, Inc, New York.
Devlin T.M., 2002, Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 5th ed., wiley-Liss,
New York.
Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., Stryer.,2002, Biochemistry, 5th ed.,W.H. Freeman and
Company, New York.
Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J., 1998, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and
Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd. Ed. ASM Press, Washington DC.
Sismindari, 2012, Seri Biologi Molekuler: Replikasi DNA, Pustaka Pelajar,

Yogyakarta

Peranan Biologi Molekuler dalam Farmasi.
Materi genetik : Genom, kromosom,
gena, DNA, RNA, protein.
Perbedaan genom prokariot dan mamalia,
lokasi centromer, telomere, dan origin
replikasi, human genom project
Dogma sentral ekspresi gen : replikasi,
transkripsi, translasi
Contoh perkembangan dalam Biologi
Molekular : kloning domba Dolly dan
terapi sel induk

How to do well in Mol Biol
Study every day
Dont just look at notes, rewrite, reorganize,
redraw pictures from memory
When read book, take notes
Ask questions
Come to office by appointment

Human 2.9x109 bp
46
(Berg JM et al, 2002)
Molecular Biology
The field overlaps with other areas of biology, particularly
genetics and biochemistry
Molecular biology concerns itself with understanding the
interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the
interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and
learning how these interactions are regulated.
Biochemistry Function Genetics
Proteins Genes
Molecular Biology
Schematic relationship between biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology
11 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 28/03/2014
introduction%20to%20molecular%20and%20cell%20biology.ppt
Mengapa
mempelajari

MANFAAT BIOLOGI MOLEKULER
GENOME
MUTASI DNA REPLIKASI DNA

PADA GENOME
TRANSKRIPSI
TRANSLASI
1. SIFAT & FUNGSI PCR
BERUBAH SEKUENSING
2. SIFAT & FUNGSI
PROTEIN, RESEPTOR
TETAP
TARGET OBAT
PROTEIN OBAT
TERJADINYA PENYAKIT
PERUBAHAN RESPON TARGET TERAPI
OBAT
MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 28/03/2014
14
MANFAAT BIOLOGI MOLEKULER
REGULASI - RESPON BAKTERI THDP LINGKUNGAN
PROKARIOT - MEMPRODUKSI PROT OBT DLM BAKTERI
REGULASI - RESPON HUMAN THDP LINGKUNGAN

EUKARIOT - PROSES METABOLISME
- SAAT TERJADI INFEKSI PATOGEN
REGULASI BAGAIMANA SIGNAL DARI LUAR

SECOND DITERUSKAN KE DLM SEL
MESSENGER SIGNAL DI DITERUSKAN MELALUI
RESEPTOR
BAGAIMANA PEMBELAHAN SEL

REGULASI
NORMAL DIATUR AGAR TDK TERJADI
SIKLUS SEL
KANKER
MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 28/03/2014
15
KETERKAITAN DENGAN ILMU LAIN

What is Life made of:
All living things are made of Cells
Nucleus = library
Kromosom = bookshelves
Genes = books
Nucleus
Almost every cell in an organism
contains the same libraries and
the same sets of books.
Books represent all the information
(DNA) that every cell in the body
needs can grow and carry out its
various functions.
DEVIDED & PASSED All Life depends on 3 critical

THE GENETIC INFORMATION
in to the doughter cells molecules From DNA, to RNA, to
Proteins
PERBEDAAN PROKARIOT & EUKARIOT

PERBEDAAN PROKARIOT & EUKARIOT
Prokariot Eukariot
Organisme Bakteria dan sianobakteria Fungi, hewan, manusia
Ukuran sel 1 - 10 m 5 - 100 m
Organel Beberapa / tidak ada Inti, mitokondria, kloroplast
GENOM Sirkuler dalam sitoplasma, Linier panjang, dipak rapi dgn

Satu molekul kromosom protein histon dalam inti.
Manusia mempunyai 46
cromosom
RNA dan Disintesis dalam RNA : dalam inti, Protein: dalam
protein sitoplasma sitoplasma
Organisasi Unisel Multisel

Prokariot Eukariot
Splising

(Alberts B, et al, 1994)
DNA, RNA, and the Flow of
Information
Functio
Replication nal
Protein
Post translation s
modification
Transcription Translation

PEMBELAHAN
SEL

FENOTIP

DNA CHROMOSOME
Kromosom
tanpa histon

KROMOSOM
CENTROMER
region dari chromosom yang diperlukan untuk
pengikatan mitotic spindle saat proses mitosis
TELOMER
fragmen di ujung chromosom linier
replikasi secara khusus
untuk mencegah perpendekan chromosom
ORIGIN REPLIKASI
tempat awal replikasi berlangsung

Telomere Length Declines
8,000
Telomere length
in base pairs
(human white 3,000
blood cells)
1,500
0 35 65
28/03/2014
Age (years)
Chromosomes
66 24
24
16
16
78
78 46
46
40
40

Human 4 x 109
22 autosom yang berbeda
2 sex kromosom
Masing2 single linier DNA
diploid 2 copies ech chromosome

2 copies each gene
1 X chrom in male
E. Coli 4.7 x 106 1 Chromosom

40 50 loop superkoil

Aplikasi biomol 1

You can tell people apart by their
fingerprints
Because everyones fingerprints are different!

DNA is like a fingerprint because
everyones is a little different!
How does the police look at DNA to

figure out who committed a crime?

Miss Ellis Sara
28/03/2014 This is what it really looks like!!! MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 35

Medicine and the New
Genetics
Gene Testing Pharmacogenomics Gene Therapy
Anticipated Benefits:
improved diagnosis of disease

earlier detection of genetic predispositions to disease
rational drug design
gene therapy and control systems for drugs
personalized, custom drugs

U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs, Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society, 2003
Aplikasi 2
POLIMORFISME

Pharmacogenomics
Same symptoms, Different patients

Same findings,
Same disease? Same drug
Same dose
Why does drug response

vary?
Genetic Different Effects
Differences Ethnicity
Possible Reasons:
Age
G SNP Weight Individual variation
Pregnancy By chance
A Genetic
factors
Disease
28/03/2014 MODIFIED
Drugby Prof. Sismindari 40
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
(SNPs)
A key to human variability
DNA sequence variation at a single nucleotide that may
alter the function of the encoded protein
Functional protein Functional but altered protein

Polymorphisms are common and contribute to common diseases and
influence our response to medications
Phase II enzymes known to have
polymorphism
NAT2(N-acethyl Transferase): Isoniazid,

hydralazine,
GST: D-Penicillamine
TPMT: Azathioprine, 6-MP
Pseudocholinesterase: Succinyl
choline
UGT1A1: Irinotecan

"Here's my
sequence..."
The New Yorker

Aplikasi biomol untuk
kloning

The Making of Dolly
Cloning depends on DNA
Step 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep egg
Step 2: Transfer nuclei from the Mother
Empty
DNA DNA
Sheep Egg
28/03/2014
Mothers Egg
Hello Dolly
July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the

Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
She was cloned using a cell taken from
a healthy six-year-old sheep
Good-Bye Dolly
At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature
aging.
Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive
lung disease (symptom of old age)
Dollys DNA was already 6 years old
when she was born - WHY?
Its all about DNA

Other Cloned Animals
July 1998
Cloned Cloned
cloned calves
mouse mule

KOMPOSISI GENA
FUNGSIONAL
PROMOTER
OPERATOR
ACTIVATOR BINDING SITE
STRUKTURAL GEN : mRNA
TERMINATOR

Introduction
The Central Dogma
of Molecular Biology
Cell
Transcription Reverse DNA

tanscription
mRNA
Translation Ribosome
Polypeptide
(protein)
ASISITENSI
ASISTEN BIOLOGI SEL &
MOLEKULER
28 Februari 2014

TATA TERTIB LABORATORIUM
Mahasiswa Datang 15 menit sebelum praktikum dimulai
Jas laboratorium dan name tag dipakai sebelum memasuki
laboratorium
Mahasiswa tidak diperkenankan pakai SANDAL dan KAOS
OBLONG
Mahasiswa terlambat 15 menit tanpa alasan yang jelas tidak
diperkenankan mengikuti praktikum
Mahasiswa diwajibkan untuk MENGIKUTI SEMUA MATA PRAKTIKUM
Tidak disediakan waktu khusus untuk inhal.
Mahasiswa yang berhalangan hadir bisa mengikuti PRAKTIKUM
GOLONGAN LAIN untuk acara yang sama
Mahasiswa tidak diperkenankan MAKAN, MINUM, MEROKOK selama
praktikum
Laporan praktikum dibuat BER-KELOMPOK dan dikumpulkan saat
mengikuti praktikum berikutnya


Percobaan
Percobaan 1 : Isolasi DNA MAMALIA
Percobaan 2A : KUANTIFIKASI DNA HASIL ISOLASI
DENGAN SPEKTROFOTOMETRI
Percobaan 2B : AMPLIFIKASI DNA HUMAN DENGAN
PCR UNTUK MELIHAT POLIMORFISME
Percobaan 3 : ANALISIS DNA DGN ELEKTROFORESIS
GEL AGAROSE
Percobaan 4: PENGAMATAN SEL DENGAN
MIKROSKOP
Percobaan 5: PENGENALAN BIOINFORMATIKA BLAST
Percobaan 6: SIMULASI DETEKSI EKSPRESI PROTEIN
DENGAN TEKNIK WESTERN BLOT

Penilaian
Test : 30
Kerja : 10
Laporan : 20 BOBOT 1
Responsi : 40
NILAI UJIAN (UTS+UAS)

NILAI AKHIR BOBOT 3
{(3XNILAI UJIAN)+NILAI
PRAKTIKUM}/4
SISTEM EVALUASI
NILAI AKHIR
A > 75
B 65 74
C 55 64
D 35 54
E <34

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farmasibugm2012@gmail.

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 1

II. 2) + 3) Organisasi dari Struktur dan fungsi organela sel

Pertumbuhan, - Penurunan sifat materi genetic, Pertumbuhan Sel

III.6) Polimorfism SNP kaitannya dengan keragaman genetik masing-masing

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 3

Regulasi: Sistem operon, Lac repressor dan Catabolic activator

9) Ekspresi Gen: Ribosom, kodon antikodon , tRNA, aminoasyl tRNA sintetase

MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 5

Sismindari, 2012, Seri Biologi Molekuler: Replikasi DNA, Pustaka Pelajar,

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 6

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 8

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 9

Biochemistry Function Genetics

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 13

MUTASI DNA REPLIKASI DNA

REGULASI - RESPON HUMAN THDP LINGKUNGAN

REGULASI BAGAIMANA SIGNAL DARI LUAR

BAGAIMANA PEMBELAHAN SEL

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 16

DEVIDED & PASSED All Life depends on 3 critical

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 18

Organisme Bakteria dan sianobakteria Fungi, hewan, manusia

Ukuran sel 1 - 10 m 5 - 100 m

Organel Beberapa / tidak ada Inti, mitokondria, kloroplast

GENOM Sirkuler dalam sitoplasma, Linier panjang, dipak rapi dgn

Organisasi Unisel Multisel

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 19

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 20

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 22

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 23

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 25

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 26

tempat awal replikasi berlangsung

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 27

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 29

diploid 2 copies ech chromosome

E. Coli 4.7 x 106 1 Chromosom

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 30

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 32

Because everyones fingerprints are different!

How does the police look at DNA to

34 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 28/03/2014

28/03/2014 This is what it really looks like!!! MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 35

improved diagnosis of disease

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 38

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 39

Same symptoms, Different patients

Why does drug response

Functional protein Functional but altered protein

NAT2(N-acethyl Transferase): Isoniazid,

42 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 28/03/2014

The New Yorker

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 44

July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the

Its all about DNA

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 48

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 50

Transcription Reverse DNA

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 56

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 57

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 58

NILAI UJIAN (UTS+UAS)

28/03/2014 MODIFIED by Prof. Sismindari 60