Grup Pseudomonas
• Basil
• Gram Negatif
• Aerob
• Motil
• Beberapa di antaranya menghasilkan pigmen yang larut-air
• Banyak terdapat di: tanah, air, tanaman, hewan
• Opportunistic pathogen, P. aeroginosa dalam jumlah kecil: flora
normal usus & kulit manusia, namun sering menjadi PATOGEN.
• Pseudomonas lain jarang menyebabkan penyakit.
• Highly antibiotic resistant
• Sering melalui kemampuannya untuk membentuk biofilm yang
tahan lama
Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Metzner TA. Pseudomonas, Acitenobacter & Bakteri Gram-Negatif yang Jarang Ditemukan. Dalam: Jawetz, Melnick,
& Adelberg Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Mc Graw Hill. Ed. 25. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. h.239-44.
Todar K. Textbook of Bacteriology. Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology.
Klasifikasi Beberapa Pseudomonas
yang penting dalam Bidang Medis
Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Metzner TA. Pseudomonas, Acitenobacter & Bakteri Gram-Negatif yang Jarang Ditemukan. Dalam: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg
Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Mc Graw Hill. Ed. 25. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. h.239-44.
Pseudomonas Aeroginosa
• Tersebar luas di alam, biasanya di lingkungan yang
lembab di RS.
– di RS: respiratory therapy equipment, antiseptik, sabun,
pel, wastafel, cairan infus, alat fisioterapi dan hidroterapi
– Luar RS: kolam renang, pusaran air, bak air panas, cairan
lensa kontak, humidifier rumah, tanah dan sayuran.
• Pada manusia sehat bisa membentuk koloni saprofit
• Pada immunodefisiensi sering menyebabkan
penyakit.
• Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Metzner TA. Pseudomonas, Acitenobacter & Bakteri Gram-Negatif yang Jarang Ditemukan. Dalam: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Mc Graw Hill. Ed. 25. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. h.239-44.
• Harris, A. A., L. Goodman, and S. Levin. 1984. Community-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia associated with the use of a home humidifier. West. J. Med. 141:521–523.
• Pitt, T. L. 1998. Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and related genera, p. 1109– 1138. In B. I. Duerden (ed.), Microbiology and microbial infections, vol. 2. Oxford University Press Inc., New York, NY.
• Pollack, M. 1995. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. 1820–2003. In G. L. Mandell, R. Dolan, and J. E. Bennett (ed.), Principles and practices of infectious diseases. Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY.
P. aeruginosa : seldom a member of the normal
microbial flora in humans.
Mukosa nasal
0 to 3,3%
Tenggorokan
0 to 6,6%
Kulit
0 to 2%
Sampel feses
2.6 to 24%
• Lister PD, Wolterr DJ, Hanson ND. Antibacterial-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical Impact and Complex Regulation of Chromosomally Encoded Resistance Mechanisms. 2009.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22:4 p. 582–610 Vol. 22, No. 4doi:10.1128/CMR.00040-09
Kolonisasi P. aeruginosa meningkat hingga 50%
selama hospitalisasi
• mechanical ventilation
trauma to or a breach in • Tracheostomy
cutaneous or mucosal barriers • Catheter
• surgery
• severe burns
impaired immunity
• Pitt, T. L. 1998. Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and related genera, p. 1109–1138. In B. I. Duerden (ed.), Microbiology and microbial infections, vol. 2. Oxford University Press Inc., New York, NY.
• Gessard, C. 1984. Classics in infectious diseases. On the blue and green coloration that appears on bandages. Rev. Infect. Dis. 6(Suppl. 3):S775–S776.
• Villavicencio, R. T. 1998. The history of blue pus. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 187: 212–216.
Pseudomonas Aeroginosa
MORFOLOGI DAN IDENTIFIKASI
Ukuran 0,6 x 2 m
Organisme • Basil
• Gram negatif Tunggal, pasangan, rantai pendek
Tipikal • Motil
Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Metzner TA. Pseudomonas, Acitenobacter & Bakteri Gram-Negatif yang Jarang Ditemukan. Dalam: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg
Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Mc Graw Hill. Ed. 25. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. h.239-44.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonies on agar*
Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Metzner TA. Pseudomonas, Acitenobacter & Bakteri Gram-Negatif yang Jarang Ditemukan. Dalam: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg
Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Mc Graw Hill. Ed. 25. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. h.239-44.
Struktur Antigen dan Toksin
• Pili (fimbriae) membantu perlekatan ke
epitel pejamu
• Eksopolisakarida gambaran koloni mukoid
pada kultur (pasien cystic fibrotic)
• Lipopoliskarida (LPS) endotoksik,
penentuan tipe
• Eksotoksin A nekrosis jaringan dan letal
bagi hewan, hambat sintesis protein.
Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Metzner TA. Pseudomonas, Acitenobacter & Bakteri Gram-Negatif yang Jarang Ditemukan. Dalam: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg
Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Mc Graw Hill. Ed. 25. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. h.239-44.
Sifat Patogenik P. aeroginosa
PATOGENIK
Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Metzner TA. Pseudomonas, Acitenobacter & Bakteri Gram-Negatif yang Jarang Ditemukan. Dalam: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg
Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Mc Graw Hill. Ed. 25. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. h.239-44.
Patogenesis
• P. aeroginosa melekat dan membentuk koloni
pada membran mukosa atau kulit, menginvasi
secara lokal, dan memnyebabkan penyakit
sistemik.
• Dibantu dengan adanya pili, enzim, dan toksin
yang ia miliki.
• LPS berperan langsung menyebabkan
demam, syok, oligouria, leukositosis dan
leukopenia, DIC, dan ARDS
Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Metzner TA. Pseudomonas, Acitenobacter & Bakteri Gram-Negatif yang Jarang Ditemukan. Dalam: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg
Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Mc Graw Hill. Ed. 25. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. h.239-44.
Patogenesis
Hauser AR, Ozer AE. Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Nature Reviews Microbiology. N 2011. Nature Publishing Group.
http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/posters/pseudomonas/index.html
Gambaran Klinis
• Pada Luka dan luka bakar : pus hijau kebiruan
• Masuk melalui pungsi lumbal meningitis : demam, kaku kuduk,
defisit neurologis lainnya
• Masuk melalui kateter Infeksi Saluran Kemih: anyang-anyangan,
frekuensi BAK >>, demam, warna urin keruh, bakteriuria
• Masuk melalui sal. Napas (mis. Penggunaan alat bantu napas yang
terkontaminasi) pneumonia nekrotikans / HAP
• Otitis eksterna, sering pada perenang
• Keratitis, endoftalmitis, biasanya setelah trauma mata atau post op
mata
• Sepsis, terutama pada bayi atau dewasa dgn imunodefisiensi
Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Metzner TA. Pseudomonas, Acitenobacter & Bakteri Gram-Negatif yang Jarang Ditemukan. Dalam: Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg
Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Mc Graw Hill. Ed. 25. Jakarta: EGC. 2012. h.239-44.
Pseudomonas Infection in
a deep partial
thickness facial burn *
*Rogers AD, Adams S, Rode H. The Introduction of a Protocol for the Use of Biobrane for Facial Burns in Children. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Plastic Surgery International.
2011,. doi:10.1155/2011/858093
• P. aeruginosa was also the second leading cause of
nosocomial pneumonia (14 to 16%),
• Third most common cause of urinary tract infections (7 to
11%), fourth most frequently isolated pathogen in surgical
site infections (8%), and seventh leading contributor to
bloodstream infections (2 to 6%).
• Data from more recent studies continue to show P. aeruginosa
as the second most common cause of nosocomial
pneumonia, health care-associated pneumonia, and
ventilator-associated pneumonia (64, 106) and the leading
cause of pneumonia among pediatric patients in the intensive
care unit (ICU)
• 13% of eye, ear, nose, and throat infections within ICUs in the
United States.
• Lister PD, Wolterr DJ, Hanson ND. Antibacterial-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical Impact and Complex Regulation of Chromosomally Encoded Resistance Mechanisms. 2009.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22:4 p. 582–610 Vol. 22, No. 4doi:10.1128/CMR.00040-09
RESISTANCE CHALLENGES FOR
TREATMENT OF P. AERUGINOSA
• Ability of P. aeruginosa to develop resistance to
multiple classes of antibacterial agents, even
during the course of treating an infection.
• P. aeruginosa can develop resistance to
antibacterials either through:
– the acquisition of resistance genes on mobile genetic
elements (i.e., plasmids) or
– mutational processes that alter the expression and/or
function of chromosomally encoded mechanisms.
• Lister PD, Wolterr DJ, Hanson ND. Antibacterial-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical Impact and Complex Regulation of Chromosomally Encoded Resistance Mechanisms. 2009.
Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22:4 p. 582–610 Vol. 22, No. 4doi:10.1128/CMR.00040-09
Imported Resistance Mechanisms
• Imported resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates
impacts the beta lactams and aminoglycosides
but not the fluoroquinolones.
• Fluoroquinolone resistance among P. aeruginosa
isolates has been linked only to chromosomal
genes, with mutational changes in the
fluoroquinolone targets DNA gyrase (gyrA and
gyrB) and/or topoisomerase IV (parC and parE)
and/or overexpression of multidrug efflux pumps
Take home messages
Take home messages