Toksikologi alkohol

Jurusan Analis Kesehatan

Masrifan Djamil
 Sumber keracunan
• Terutama oral

• Trik penjual alkohol miras: dikemas dengan aqua

atau plastik.

• Tips:
– madhorotnya lebih besar drpd manfaatnya (Firman
Allah SWT)
– Sabda Nabi Muhammad saw “Pintu semua kejahatan
adalah khomr”
 Alkohol
• Alkohol adalah kelompok senyawa yang
mengandung satu atau lebih gugus fungsi
hidroksil (-OH) pada suatu senyawa alkana.
Rumus kimia umum alkohol adalah CnH2n+1-
OH
 Sifat alkohol
• Alkohol merupakan cairan tidak berwarna (jernih)
dan berbau khas.
• Alkohol mempunyai titik didih tinggi
• Alkohol dengan bobot molekul rendah larut
dalam air
• Indeks bias dan rapatan meningkat dengan
bertambahnya atom C pada gugus fungsinya,
akan tetapi kelarutanya menurun
• Berat jenis alkohol lebih besar daripada berat
jenis alkana
 Jenis alkohol yang umum
• Methanol
• Ethanol
• Isopropanol
Minuman beralkohol & kandungannya
• Rum = 50-60% alcohol.
• Whisky, Gin, Brandy = 40-45%.
• Port, Sherry = 20%.
• Wine = 10-15%.
• Beers = 4-8%. (Indonesia 1-7%)
 Ethanol
• Ethanol is the alcohol found in alcoholic
beverages.
• Ethanol also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol,
grain alcohol or drinking alcohol.
• Alcoholic beverages have been consumed by
humans since prehistoric times for a variety of
hygienic, dietary, medicinal, religious reasons.
 Methanol
• Country Liquor (nama sesuai lokal)
• Paint Thinner
• Anti freeze in Automobiles
• Laboratory chemical
• Food contaminants
Metabolisme metanol
Toxic and lethal dose
 methanol
• Efek toksik karena
formaldehyde
• Retina  kebutaan
• Asidosis
 Oplosan secara global
• Denatured spirit (mixture of ethanol and
methanol) added by illicit brewers to save costs
and in mistaken belief that it'll increase potency.
• chemicals like organo-phosphorus compounds
have been added to illicit liquor.
• Methyl alcohol is extremely toxic — 10 ml can
cause blindness and 30 ml can cause death
within 10 to 30 hours.
Efek addiksi
 Absorbsi alkohol dalam tubuh
• Alcohol is absorbed by simple diffusion into the blood.
Small intestine is the most efficient region for
absorption because of its large surface area.
• 20-25% of a dose of alcohol is absorbed from the
stomach.
• 75-80% is absorbed from the small intestine.
• Once absorbed, alcohol is oxidized in liver by alcohol
dehydrogenase turned into acidic acid.
• Presence of food in stomach (especially fatty foods)
delays absorption.
 Keracunan alkohol tergantung:
• Amount of alcohol consumed
• Time of consumption
• Body weight
• Rate of alcohol absorption
• Type of alcoholic beverage
• Presence of food in stomach
 Acute Alcohol Intoxication:
• 80mg/dl: Slurred speech, incoordination,
Unsteady gait.
• 80 -200mg/dl: Cognitive effects,
Aggressiveness, Amnesia.
• >200mg/dl: Nystagmus, Coma, Death.
Legal limits: 30mg/100mL.
 TOKSISITAS Ethanol (C2H5OH)
• Ambang batas dalam darah = 1000 ppm (1
bagian ethanol dalam 1000 bagian darah)

• 500 ppm  sensasi relaks, euphoria

• 1000 ppm  mabuk
• 2000 ppm  mabuk berat
• 3000 ppm  coma
• 4000 ppm  death
 Toksisitas metanol
Asymptomatic (12-24 jam)

Formic acidemia (sesak nafas sampai gagal jantung)

Toksisitas pada retina

(24-48 jam)

Coma  death
 Indikator keracunan
• Blood alcohol content (BAC), also called blood alcohol
concentration, blood ethanol concentration, or blood
alcohol level, is most commonly used as a metric of
alcohol intoxication for legal or medical purposes.
• Blood alcohol concentration is usually expressed as a
percentage of ethanol in the blood in units of mass of
alcohol per volume of blood or mass of alcohol per
mass of blood, depending on the country.
• For instance, in North America a BAC of 0.1 (0.1% or
one tenth of one percent) means that there are 0.10 g
of alcohol for every dL of blood.
 Efek BAC
BAC (% by vol.) Behavior Impairment
 Average individual  Subtle effects that can be
0.001–0.029
appears normal detected with special tests
 Mild euphoria
 Relaxation
0.030–0.059  Joyousness  Concentration
 Talkativeness
 Decreased inhibition
 Blunted feelings
 Reduced sensitivity to  Reasoning
pain  Depth perception
0.060–0.099
 Euphoria  Peripheral vision
 Disinhibition  Glare recovery
 Extraversion
 Reflexes
 Reaction time
 Over-expression
 Gross motor control
 Boisterousness
0.100–0.199  Staggering
 Possibility of nausea and
 Slurred speech
vomiting
 Temporary erectile
dysfunction
  Nausea
 Vomiting
 Emotional swings  Severe motor
 Anger or sadness impairment
0.200–0.299
 Partial loss of understanding  Loss of consciousness
 Impaired sensations  Memory blackout
 Decreased libido
 Possibility of stupor
 Stupor
 Central nervous system
 Bladder function
depression
 Breathing
0.300–0.399  Loss of understanding
 Dysequilibrium
 Lapses in and out of
 Heart rate
consciousness
 Low possibility of death
 Severe central nervous  Breathing
system depression  Heart rate
0.400–0.500
 Coma  Positional alcohol
 Possibility of death nystagmus

>0.50  High possibility of death

Efek alkoholism
jangka panjang
Test fisik keracunan alkohol (mabuk)
Test lain
MATUR NUWUN