ANAK
FK UNSWAGATI CIREBON
1
Pendahuluan
WHO 1995: 2,9% anak Asia obesitas, 20% anak negara maju overweight
NHANES IV Amerika (2004) 1999-2002 ↑16% overweight
31% berisiko/sudah overweight
↑ 43 % NHANES III (1988-1994)
SUSENAS 1992 1989 : 4,6%, : 5,9% 1992 ↑ : 6,3%, : 8% (kota)
1989 : 2,3%, : 3,8% 1992 ↑ : 3,9%, : 4,7% (desa)
Skelton JA, Rudolph CD. 2007, Styne DM. 2004, Klein S, Romijn JA. 2003, Tambunan V. 2004
Indonesia (kota-kota besar)
perubahan gaya hidup westernisasi dan sedentary pola makan tinggi
kalori, tinggi lemak dan kolesterol ( fast food ) Tambunan V. 2004
Isganaitis E, Lustig RH. 2005, Lustig RH. 2006
Ghrelin
Adiponektin
Leptin
Fisiologis
Lingkungan Metabolisme
Insulin
Resistin
Neuropeptide Y
Definisi
Overweight
lebih berat badan disebabkan penimbunan
jaringan lemak/jaringan non-lemak (atlit
binaragawan hipertrofi otot)
Etiologi
– Endokrin
– Asupan kalori yang
• Sindrom Cushing
berlebihan
• Defisiensi Growth
– Penurunan aktivitas fisik hormone
– Penurunan REE – Sindrom
• Prader-Willi
– Genetik
• Leptin deficiency
Kriteria Diagnosis
Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT), > persentil ke-95 atau skor-Z ≥ + 3 SD obesitas
Faktor-faktor Penyebab Obesitas
Sebagian besar
Hukum termodinamik
disebabkan faktor
obesitas akibat
eksogen/nutrisional
ketidak seimbangan
(obesitas primer), faktor
antara asupan energi
endogen (obesitas
dengan keluaran
sekunder) akibat
energi, kelebihan energi
kelainan hormonal,
disimpan dalam bentuk
sindrom /defek genetik
jaringan lemak
sekitar 10%
Faktor Genetik
Aktifitas fisik
Aktifitas fisik merupakan
komponen utama dari
energy expenditure,
sekitar 20-50% total
energy expenditure
Pseudotumor serebri
• Pengawasan sendiri
• Mengontrol rangsangan untuk makan
4. Mengubah • Mengubah perilaku makan
pola hidup/perilaku • Memberikan penghargaan dan hukuman
• Pengendalian diri
5.Peran serta • menyediakan diet yang seimbang, rendah
orang tua, kalori dan sesuai petunjuk ahli gizi.
• Anggota keluarga, guru dan teman ikut
anggota berpartisipasi dalam program diet, mengubah
keluarga, teman perilaku makan dan aktifitas yang mendukung
program diet
dan guru.
• Major criteria
– Infantile central hypotonia
– Infantile feeding problems
and/or failure to thrive
– Rapid weight gain in
children aged 1-6 years
– Characteristic facial
features such as narrow
bifrontal diameter, almond-
shaped palpebral fissures,
narrow nasal bridge, and
down-turned mouth
– Hypogonadism
– Developmental delay and/or
mental retardation
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl
Syndrome
Obesity, learning disability, Rod-cone dystrophy, Polydactyly
Hypogonadism in males, Renal anomalies
Borjesson Forsmann Lehman syndrome
• Mentally retarded
• Early onset weight gain
• Distinctive facial features :
– Brachycephaly, Synophrys
– Anteverted nostrils, prognatism
• Sleep disturbances
• Behavioural problems
(J Med Genet 2003:40:300-3)
INTERPRETING GROWTH INDICATORS
Notes:
1. A child in this range is very tall. Tanness is rarely a problem, unless it is so excessive that it may indicate endocrine such as a
growth-hormone-producing tumor. Refer a child in this range for assessment if you suspect an endocrine disorder (e.g. If perents
of normal height have a child who is excessively tall fot his or her age)
2. A Child whose weight-for-age falls in this range may have a growth problem, but this is better assessed from weight-
length/heoght or BMI-for Age.
3. A plotted point above 1 shows possible risk. A trent toward the 2 z-score line show definite risk
4. It is possibke for a stunded or severely stunded child to become overweight