1. Bruun LI, Bosaeus I, Bergstad I, Nygaard K. Prevalence of malnutrition in surgical patients: evaluation of nutritional support and documentation. Clin Nutr
1999; 18:141.
2. Studley HO. Percentage of weight loss: a basic indicator of surgical risk in patients with chronic peptic ulcer. 1936. Nutr Hosp 2001; 16:141.
MALNUTRITION IN HOSPITAL
40% - 45% dari pasien rawat inap: kekurangan gizi atau berpotensi
kekurangan gizi.
50% dari pasien bedah adalah malnutrisi
12% gizi buruk.
Komplikasi 3 kali lebih tinggi Kematian yang lebih tinggi, LOS lebih
lama, Biaya rumah sakit naik 35% -75%
Effects of malnutrition on recovery
process
30 - 55% pasien; 25% pasien anak di rumah sakit mengalami
kekurangan gizi
ERAS programme
a multimodal approach that aims to optimize perioperative
management
a package of evidence-based modifications in preoperative,
intraoperative, and postoperative elements of care to reduce surgical
stress and postoperative catabolism
Enhanced recovery of patients
after surgery (‘‘ERAS’’)
Menghindari puasa pra-operasi dalam waktu lama;
Pembentukan kembali pemberian makanan oral sedini mungkin
setelah operasi;
Integrasi nutrisi ke dalam manajemen keseluruhan pasien;
Kontrol metabolik, mis. glukosa darah;
Pengurangan faktor-faktor yang memperburuk katabolisme terkait
stres atau mengganggu fungsi pencernaan;
Mobilisasi awal
ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including Organ Transplantation, Clinical Nutrition (2006) 25, 224–244
Preoperative fasting
CHO loading
800 ml CHO drinks (12,5%) evening before surgery
400 ml CHO drinks (12,5%) 2 hours before anesthesia
Oral supplements
N/G tube feeding
Gastrostomy tube feeding
Per-cutaneous
Open surgical
Jejunostomy tube feeding
Laparoscopy/open surgery
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The enteral route should always be preferred except for the following
contraindications:
Intestinal obstructions or ileus,
Severe shock
Intestinal ischaemia
High output fistula
Severe intestinal haemorrhage
Enteral
Hyperosmolar diarrhea
Nausea vomiting
Re feeding syndrome
Dyspepsia
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Complications
Par-Enteral
A-Technical complications :
Air embolism, subclavian artery
puncture/Hemotoma
/laceration, pneumothorax, hemothorax,
carotid artery injury, thromboembolism,
catheter embolism, catheter malposition,
Horner's syndrome, brachial plexus injury,
and phrenic nerve paralysis.
34
Complications
Par-Enteral
B-Metabolic Complications
Dehydration /Overhydration
Alkalosis / Acidosis
Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia
Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia
Hyperlipidemia
Cholestasis-Jaundice
Coagulation defects
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Complications
Par-Enteral
C-Infective complications
D-Others
Drug interactions
Sampling errors
Re feeding syndrome
REFEEDING SYNDROME
A. Physical Examination
B. Functional Assessment
C. Laboratory Tests
1. Basic Test Schedule
2. Nitrogen Balance [TUN ]
3. Protein-Energy Balance Markers[Transthyretin ]
4. Evaluating Acid/Base Balance
5. Vitamins and Minerals
6. Liver Dysfunction
terimakasih
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011 35: 16