HUKUM DIPLOMATIK, KONSULER

DAN MISI KHUSUS

MANGISI SIMANJUNTAK, SH, MH
KONVENSI WINA 1961
 PEMBUKAAN
 “Believing that an international convention on diplomatic
intercourse, privileges and immunities would contribute to the
development of friendly relations among nations, irrespective of
their differing constitutional and social systems”
 “Realizing that the purpose of such privileges and immunities is
not to benefit individuals but to ensure the efficient
performance of the functions of diplomatic missions as
representing states”
 “Affirming that the rules of customary international law should
continue to govern questions not expressly regulated by the
provision of the present Convention”
PASAL 1
 Head of the mission  orang yang dikirim oleh negara pengirim untuk
bertugas dalam kapasitasnya
 Members of the mission  kepala misi dan anggota staf diplomatik
 Members of the staff of the mission  anggota dari staf diplomatik, staf
administrasi dan teknis dan staf pelayanan dari misi
 Members of diplomatic staff  anggota dari staf diplomatik yang memiliki
ranking diplomatik
 Diplomatic agent  kepala misi atau anggota staf diplomatik
 Members of the administrative and technical staff  anggota staf yang
dipekerjakan di bidang administrasi dan teknis
 Members of the service staff  anggota staf diplomatik dalam pelayanan
domestik misi diplomatik
 Private servant  orang yang melakukan pelayanan domestik dari anggota
diplomatik dan bukan pegawai dari negara pengirim
 Premises of the mission  gedung atau bagian dari gedung termasuk tanah
yang digunakan untuk kepentingan misi diplomatik termasuk rumah dari kepala
misi
PASAL 2
 “The establishment of diplomatic relations between states and
of permanent diplomatic missions takes place by mutual
consent”
PASAL 3
 Fungsi perwakilan diplomatik:
1. Representing
2. Protecting
3. Negotiating
4. Ascertaining dan reporting
5. Promoting
PASAL 4
1. Negara pengirim harus memastikan kepada negara
penerima mengenai persetujuan atas kepala misi yang akan
ditempatkan
2. Negara penerima tidak wajib untuk memberikan alasan
kepada negara pengirim atas penolakan persetujuan
tersebut
PASAL 8
1. Anggota misi secara prinsip harus warganegara negara
pengirim
2. Anggota misi tidak boleh ditunjuk dari orang-orang
memiliki kewarganegaraan negara penerima kecuali
mendapat persetujuan dari negara penerima yang dapat
ditarik sewaktu-waktu
3. Negara penerima dapat menggunakan hak yang sama
terkait warganegara negara ketiga yang bukan warganegara
dari negara pengirim
PASAL 9
1. Persona non grata either recall the person concerned or
terminate his functions with the mission. A person may be
declared non grata or not acceptable before arriving in the
territory of the receiving state
2. Jika sampai batas waktu yang wajar negara pengirim tidak
memenuhi kewajibannya untuk menarik yang bersangkutan
maka negara penerima dapat menolak mengakui orang
tersebut sebagai anggota misi
PENYERAHAN SALINAN SURAT
KEPERCAYAAN KEPADA MENLU
 Proses penyerahan salinan surat kepercayaan adalah momen
yang sangat penting karena ini menandai akan dimulainya
tugas dan fungsi duta besar yang baru.
 Pasal 13 Ayat 1: “The head of the mission is considered as having
taken up his functions in the receiving State either when he has
presented his credentials or when he has notified his arrival and
a true copy of his credentials has been presented to the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of the receiving State, …”
PASAL 22
1. The premises of the mission shall be inviolable. The agent
of the receiving state may not enter them, except with the
consent of the head of the mission.
2. The receiving state is under a special duty to take all
appropriate steps to protect the premises of the mission
against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any
disturbance of the peace of the mission or impairment of
its dignity.
3. The premises of the mission, their furnishings and other
property thereon and the means of transport of the mission
shall be immune from search, requisition, attachment or
execution.
ARTIKEL RENE VARK
 Judul: The Siege of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow: Protection
of a Diplomatic Mission and Its Staff in the Receiving State
 Introduction:
√ Negara menjalin hubungan diplomatik sebagai perwakilan negara dan
melindungi kepentingan nasional serta warganegaranya
√ Pejabat diplomatik diberikan hak kekebalan dan keistimewaan untuk
menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik
√ Bahaya bagi misi diplomatik dan pejabat diplomatik adalah berasal dari
penguasa lokal juga orang atau kelompok tertentu yang bertindak atas
nama sendiri maupun perintah dari negara penerima
√ Permasalahannya adalah negara penerima tidak peduli bahkan
membiarkan situasi mengancam tetap berlanjut, seperti yang terjadi
di Kedubes Estonia di Moskow, yang diancam, diblokade dan diserang
dari tanggal 27 April s.d. 5 Mei 2007
LANJUTAN...
 Background:
√ Peyerang dimulai setelah Pemerintah Estonia memindah tugu
kenang-kenangan perang, the Bronze Soldier, dari Tallinn
√ Estonia beranggapan bahwa tugu tersebut adalah simbol dari
penjajahan Rusia
√ Komunitas Rusia tidak setuju karena di bawah tugu tersebut ada
kuburan tentara Rusia
√ Rencana pemindahan tersebut membuat komunitas Estonia dan
Rusia terbelah menjadi dua
√ Warganegara Rusia protes dan mengepung Kedubes Estonia.
Selama 9 hari mereka mengganggu dan menyerang orang-orang
yang keluar masuk Kedubes
LANJUTAN...
 Different Aspects of Physical Protection:
√ Ada 3 hal yang harus dijamin terkait dengan perlindungan fisik,
yaitu:
1. Inviolability of the premises
2. Personal inviolability
3. Freedom of movement
INVIOLABILITY OF THE PREMISES
 Prohibition to enter the premises of the mission:
√ Larangan ini bersifat mutlak, termasuk polisi, pemadam kebakaran
dan lainnya
√ Meskipun negara penerima memiliki dasar yang kuat bahwa Kedubes
digunakan untuk kegiatan yang tidak sesuai dengan fungsi diplomatik,
negara penerima tetap dilarang masuk
√ Spanyol memutuskan hubungan diplomatik dengan Guatemala setelah
polisi Guatemala memaksa masuk ke Kedubes Spanyol untuk
menyelamatkan Dubes dan staff dari para penyandera
√ Protes kepada Qaddafi di Kedubes Libya di Inggris dan Kedubes Libya
meminta Inggris untuk mencegah demonstran, jika tidak mereka tidak
mau bertanggungjawab atas apa yang terjadi
√ Ada orang yang menembakkan senjata ke arah demonstran dari
Kedubes Libya dan melukai beberapa dan menewaskan polisi Inggris
LANJUTAN...
√ Polisi meminta ijin untuk masuk dan melakukan penyelidikan,
tetapi ditolak oleh pihak Libya
√ Dalam travaux preparatoires dari Pasal 22 mengatakan “the
premises of the mission do not lose inviolability in the event of
inappropriate use of the premises...”
√ Karena tidak ada penyelesaian, maka Dubes dan staff Libya di
persona non grata, dan kemudian polisi Inggris melakukan
penyelidikan ke dalam gedung diplomatik Libya dengan
ditemani oleh diplomat dari Kedubes Arab Saudi
LANJUTAN...
 Duty to protect the premises of the mission:
√ Kewajiban ini menekankan pada “positive obligation” dari negara
penerima
√ Negara penerima harus melakukan tindakan perlindungan yang lebih
daripada yang lain
√ Di Amerika Serikat ada larangan mendekat ke Kedubes dalam jarak
500 kaki, tetapi tidak serta merta larangan tersebut berlaku karena
kebebasan berpendapat dan berkumpul adalah kebebasan asasi yang
fundamental dan dilindungi oleh hukum nasional dan perjanjian
internasional. Negara penerima hanya memastikan agar demonstrasi
tidak tak terkontrol dan hak kekebalan dan keistimewaan tidak
terciderai karena demonstrasi tersebut
√ Kasus di Kedubes Estonia, Rusia tidak melakukan perlindungan
sebagaimana diatur dalam Konvensi Wina 1961
INVIOLABILITY OF THE PERSON
 Prinsip personal inviolability adalah prinsip dalam customary
international law
 Personal inviolability meliputi 2 hal:
1. Diplomat tidak boleh menjadi target untuk penangkapan atau
penahanan
2. Negara penerima harus memperlakukan diplomat dengan baik
dan penuh rasa hormat serta harus mengambil tindakan yang
tepat untuk mencegah dari penyerangan, kebebasan dan
kehormatan
 Permasalahan di Kedubes Estonia adalah serangan oleh aktivis
Nashi terhadap Dubes Estonia, Marina Kaljurand
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
 Kemampuan untuk melakukan perjalanan secara bebas di negara
penerima merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi misi diplomatik
√ Menemui warganegaranya di negara penerima
 Profesor Grigory Tunkin menyatakan bahwa “negara penerima juga
boleh melarang diplomat untuk memasuki wilayah-wilayah
tertentu demi kepentingan dan keamanan nasional.”
 Pada masa Uni Sovyet, delegasi Uni Sovyet memperingatkan
negara-negara pihak pada KonvensiWina bahwa Pasal 26 tidak
berlaku bagi Uni Sovyet karena Uni Sovyet melarang diplomat
untuk melakukan perjalanan lebih dari 50 km dari Moskow
√ Pasal 26: “subject to its law and regulations concerning zones entry
into which is prohibited or regulated for reasons of national security,
the receiving state shall ensure to all members of the mission freedom
of movement and travel in its territory.”
PROF. SUMARYO SURYOKUSUMO
 Dalam bukunya Hukum Diplomatik: Teori dan Kasus
menyatakan bahwa ada istilah externa ratione dan interna
ratione dalam perlindungan terhadap premises
PASAL 23
1. The sending state and the head of the mission shall be
exempt from all national, regional or municipal dues and
taxes in respect of the premises of the mission, whether
owned or leased, other than such represent payment for
specific services rendered.
2. The exemption from taxation referred to this article shall
not apply to such dues and taxes payable under the law of
the receiving state by persons contracting with the sending
state or the head of the mission.
 Lihat: Pasal 34, 35 dan 36
PENOLAKAN DUTA BESAR/DIPLOMAT
 Pasal 4 Ayat 2: “The receiving State is not obliged to give
reasons to the sending State for a refusal of agreement.”
 Pasal 9 Ayat 1: “The receiving State may at any time and
without having to explain its decision, notify the sending
State that the head of the mission or any member of the
diplomatic staff of the missions is persona non grata … A
person may be declared non grata or not acceptable before
arriving in the territory of the receiving State.”
PERSONA GRATA
 Pengangkatan duta besar memerlukan persetujuan dari
negara penerima, namun staf diplomatik di bawah duta besar
tidak memerlukan persetujuan dari negara penerima
 Negara pengirim meminta persetujuan (agreement) dari
negara penerima dari duta besar dengan melampirkan CV
dari calon duta besar yang ditunjuk
 Jawaban dari negara penerima dapat dilakukan secara lisan
maupun secara tertulis
 Dalam hal negara penerima tidak menjawab dalam waktu yang
lama, maka dapat diasumsikan bahwa negara penerima tidak
setuju
KASUS PENOLAKAN SECARA EKSEPSIONAL
(TELAH MENDAPAT PERSETUJUAN)
 Kasus Seyeb Mohammed Malaek dari Iran
 Malaek telah diterima menjadi Duta Besar Iran untuk Swiss
 Amerika Serikat tidak senang atas penerimaan tersebut, dengan
alasan bahwa Malaek pernah menjadi salah seorang pemimpin
dari tindakan penyanderaan atas Kedutaan Besar Amerika
Serikat di Teheran, Iran
 Empat negara lain juga menunjukkan ketidaksenangan atas
penerimaan Malaek
 Kasus H.B.L. Mantiri dari Indonesia
 Pemerintah Australia telah memberikan persetujuannya
 Parlemen Australia menolak karena ia dianggap melakukan
pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Dili, Timtim
PERSONA NON GRATA
 Penolakan terhadap calon duta besar diatur dalam Pasal 4 KW
1961, sedangkan penolakan kepada staf diplomatik di bawah duta
besar diatur dalam Pasal 9 Ayat 1 KW 1961
 Penolakan calon duta besar:
 Kasus Duke of Birmingham, di mana seorang calon duta besar Inggris
untuk Perancis ditolak menjadi duta besar oleh Perancis karena
dianggap bersikap “sangat menjengkelkan” kepada Pemerintah
Perancis karena berani “main mata” dengan Ratu Perancis saat
berkunjung ke Paris sebelumnya
 Kasus Mr. Keiley, calon duta besar Amerika Serikat untuk Italia, di
mana ia ditolak karena memprotes aneksasi Italia atas Papal State.
Selain itu, ia juga ditolak Austria karena isterinya adalah seorang
Yahudi
LANJUTAN …
 Kasus Mr. Watler Cutler, calon Duta Besar Amerika Serikat
untuk Iran
 Ia tidak dapat diterima sebagai duta besar karena peranannya
ketika masih menjadi Duta Besar Amerika Serikat di Zaire
 Kasus Mr. Archer K. Blood
 Ditolak masuk ke Afghanistan karena ia pernah bertugas di
negara tersebut pada saat rejim sebelumnya
 Kasus Mr. Branden H. Grove
 Ia ditolak oleh Pemerintah Kuwait sebagai Duta Besar Amerika
Serikat karena pernah menjadi Konsul Jenderal Amerika Serikat
di Israel
PERSONA NON GRATA KARENA
KEGIATAN POLITIK/SUBVERSIF
 Kasus Mr. Dunba, Duta Besar Austro-Hongaria untuk
Amerika Serikat, di mana Pemerintah Amerika Serikat
meminta kepada negara pengirim untuk menarik pulang Mr.
Dunba karena dianggap telah mencampuri urusan dalam
negeri Amerika Serikat karena telah menghasut dan merekrut
warganegara Amerika Serikat sebagai mata-mata
 Kasus Mr. H. Gaisford, Duta Besar Inggris untuk Guatemala,
di mana Pemerintah Guatemala meminta kepada Kerajaan
Inggris untuk menarik Mr. Gaisford karena dituduh
mencampuri urusan dalam negeri Guatemala dengan
memberikan suaka kepada warga Guatemala yang dituduh
melakukan tindakan subversif
LANJUTAN …
 Kasus Duta Besar Libya di Mesir yang di-persona non grata
karena membagikan selebaran yang menghasut dan bersifat
permusuhan terhadap Pemerintah Mesir di bawah Presiden
Anwar Sadat
 Kasus Kapten Boyed dan Kapten Von Papen, Atase Militer
Jerman untuk Amerika Serikat, yang diusir karena terlibat
pada kegiatan-kegiatan politik yang bersifat subversif
PERSONA NON GRATA KARENA
MELANGGAR HUKUM
 Misi perwakilan diplomatik dan para staf-nya diberikan hak
keistimewaan dan kekebalan diplomatik, dan diperluas hingga pada
keluarganya yang tinggal bersama (Pasal 22 s.d. 41 KW 1961)
 Pasal 22 Ayat 1: “The premises of the mission shall be inviolable. The
agents of the receiving State may not enter them, except with the
consent of the head of the mission.”
 Pasal 23 Ayat 1: “The sending State and the head of the mission shall
be exempt from all national, regional and municipal dues and taxes
…”
 Pasal 24: “The archives and documents of the mission shall be
inviolable …”
 Pasal 27 Ayat 3: “The diplomatic bag shall not be opened or detained.”
LANJUTAN …
 Pasal 29: “The person of diplomatic agent shall be inviolable. He shall
not be liable to any form of arrest or detention. …”
 Pasal 30 Ayat 1: “The private residence of a diplomatic agent shall
enjoy the same inviolability and protection as the premises of the
mission.”
 Pasal 31 Ayat 1: “A diplomatic agent shall enjoy immunities from the
criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State. …”
 Pasal 31 Ayat 2: “A diplomatic agent is not obliged to give evidence as
a witness.”
 Pasal 37 Ayat 1: “The members of the family of a diplomatic agent
forming part of his household shall, if they are not nationals of the
receiving State, enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in
articles 29 to 36.”
LANJUTAN …
 Kasus Diplomat Korea Utara di negara-negara Skandinavia:
 Diplomat Korea Utara melakukan penyelundupan dan penjualan
obat-obat terlarang, alkohol dan rokok. Pasal 42: “A diplomatic
agent shall not in the receiving State practise for personal profit
any professional or commercial activity.”
 Denmark mengusir seluruh Duta Besar dan staf diplomatik
Korea Utara dalam waktu 6 hari
 Finlandia mengusir Kuasa Usaha dan staf diplomatik Korea
Utara karena mereka menggunakan Finlandia sebagai tempat
transit
 Swedia dan Norwegia juga mengusir staf diplomatik Korea
Utara
LANJUTAN …
 Kasus Steven J. Bryner & Peter M. Karajin III, staf diplomatik
Amerika Serikat di Indonesia:
 7 Februari 1994 mereka ditangkap karena terlibat perdagangan
dan pengedaran obat bius
 Polisi mengeledah rumah Bryner dan Karajin, dan menemukan
barang-barang bukti lain
 Pihak Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat protes atas pengeledahan
dan penahanan kedua staf diplomatik tersebut
 Pemerintah Indonesia menyerahkan kedua tersangka kepada
Kedutaan Besar Amerika Serikat dan diadili di Pengadilan
Militer Amerika Serikat di Guam
PERSONA NON GRATA KARENA
KEGIATAN SPIONASE
 Salah satu fungsi diplomatik yang tercantum dalam Pasal 3 Ayat
1(d) adalah “Ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and
developments in the receiving State, and reporting thereon to the
Government of the sending State.”
 Tuduhan yang bersifat sangat subyektif telah menyebabkan
Amerika Serikat dan USSR pada saat itu saling mengusir
diplomatnya pada tahun 1986, di mana USSR mengusir 11
diplomat dan Amerika Serikat mengusir 75 diplomat agar jumlah
staf diplomat kedua negara seimbang
 Kasus Letkol. Sergei P. Egorove, Atase Militer USSR di Indonesia,
di mana ia bersama temannya Finenko melakukan transaksi rahasia
atas dokumen negara dengan Letkol. Sus Daryanto
 Letkol. Egorove selanjutnya diserahkan kepada Kedutaan Besar USSR
dan menyatakan persona non grata kepadanya
TEORI-TEORI TENTANG PEMBERIAN
HAK KEKEBALAN
 Teori perwakilan (representative theory)
 Teori ekstrateritorial (extraterritorial theory)
 Teori fungsi (functional necessity theory)
WAIVER OF IMMUNITY
 Pasal 32 Ayat 1: “The immunity from jurisdiction of
diplomatic agents and of persons enjoying immunity under
article 37 may be waived by the sending State.”
 Pasal 37 Ayat 1: “The members of the family of a diplomatic
agent forming part of his household shall, if they are not
nationals of the receiving State, enjoy the privileges and
immunities specified in articles 29 to 36.”
LANJUTAN …
 Kasus Sekretaris III dari Kedutaan Besar Zambia di London,
Inggris:
 Menggunakan kantong diplomatik untuk menyelundupkan heroin
 Polisi melakukan pengeledahan dan pemeriksaan di sebuah rumah
yang ternyata ditempati oleh Sekretaris III Kedutaan Besar Zambia
 Sekretaris III menuntut hak kekebalan berdasarkan Pasal 30 Ayat 1
 Polisi menghentikan pengeledahan dan pemeriksaan
 Kedutaan Besar Zambia protes kepada Menteri Luar Negeri Inggris
atas pengeledahan tersebut
 Menteri Luar Negeri minta maaf atas kejadian tersebut
 Kementerian Luar Negeri Inggris meminta kepada Duta Besar
Zambia untuk menanggalkan hak kekebalan Sekretaris III
LANJUTAN …
 Duta Besar Zambia berkonsultasi dengan Presiden Zambia
 Presiden Zambia memerintahkan agar kekebalan Sekretaris III
ditanggalkan
 Sekretaris III ditangkap dan diajukan ke pengadilan di Inggris
 Alasan Presiden Zambia atas keputusannya menanggalkan hak
kekebalan diplomatik:
√ Diplomatic immunity was never intended to prevent the investigation of
serious crimes. I myself have a horror of all addictive drugs. It destroys
human beings … I feel I am acting to protect my people and also the
people of Britain and indeed of the whole world.
√ When the request for the waiver of immunity reached me, I did not
hesitate for a second. It was, I am told, an almost unprecedented action.
But in this fight we all must wage against this terrifying menace, I am
convinced that I am right.
LANJUTAN …
 Kasus Sekretaris II Kedutaan Besar Thailand di London, Inggris
(1992)
 Ia terlibat penyelundupan heroin
 Pemerintah Inggris meminta kepada Pemerintah Thailand untuk
menanggalkan hak kekebalannya
 Pemerintah Thailand menyetujui dan selanjutnya ditangkap dan diadili
di Inggris
 Kasus Duta Besar Zaire untuk Perancis (1996)
 Ia mengendarai mobil dalam keadaan mabuk dan berkecepatan tinggi
 Ia menabrak 2 anak-anak hingga tewas
 Pemerintah Perancis meminta kepada Pemerintah Zaire untuk
menanggalkan hak kekebalannya
 Pemerintah Zaire setuju dan selanjutnya ia diadili di Perancis
LANJUTAN …
 Kasus Makharadze, Diplomat Senior Republik Georgia di Amerika
Serikat
 Ia mengendarai mobil dalam keadaan mabuk dan berkecepatan tinggi
 Ia menabrak seorang gadis kecil usia 10 tahun hingga tewas dan
melukai 4 lainnya
 Pemerintah Georgia semula berpedoman pada ketentuan Konvensi
Wina 1961, yaitu Makharadze memiliki hak kekebalan dan ia akan
dipanggil pulang ke negaranya
 Menlu Amerika Serikat meminta kepada Presiden Georgia untuk
menanggalkan hak kekebalannya
 Presiden Georgia setuju dan akhirnya Makharadze ditangkap dan
diadili di Amerika Serikat
KEWARGANEGARAAN PEJABAT DIPLOMATIK
 Kewarganegaraan pejabat diplomatik seyogyanya adalah
berasal dari negara pengirim
 Pasal 38 KW 1961 memberikan hak kekebalan dan
keistimewaan kepada warganegara atau permanent residence
negara penerima secara terbatas, yaitu berkaitan dengan tugas
dan fungsinya
KAPAN DUTA BESAR MENIKMATI
HAK KEKEBALAN?
 Menurut Oppenheim, ada 3 kemungkinan kapan seorang
Dubes menikmati hak kekebalan, yaitu:
1. Pada saat ia diterima (disetujui) sebagai Dubes di negara
penerima
2. Pada saat formal reception oleh Kepala Negara dari negara
penerima
3. Pada saat ia memasuki wilayah teritorial dari negara penerima
CONTOH-CONTOH KASUS
 Dubes Rumania di Swiss, di mana ia belum menyerahkan
surat kepercayaan kepada Kepala Negara, ia terlibat sebuah
kejahatan. Saat diajukan ke pengadilan ia menolak karena ini
merupakan pelanggaran terhadap hukum kebiasaan dan
perjanjian internasional.
 Pengadilan Swiss menganggap bahwa yang bersangkutan belum
menikmati hak kekebalan karena ia belum menyerahkan surat
kepercayaan kepada Kepala Negara.
 Oppenheim tidak sependapat karena ini menyangkut hak untuk
tidak diganggu gugat dan keselamatan. Menurutnya, ketika yang
bersangkutan telah diterima (disetujui) sebagai Dubes, maka hak
kekebalan tersebut mulai dinikmati
LANJUTAN...
 Pendapat Oppenheim ini ada benarnya
karena:
√ Yang bersangkutan membawa paspor
dinas dan visa diplomatik
√ Negara penerima telah menyetujui yang
bersangkutan sebagai Dubes
√ Keberadaan Pasal 40 Konvensi Wina 1961
PASAL 39
1. Mulai menikmati kekebalan dan keistimewaan ketika
“enters the territory of the receiving State” ...
2. Kekebalan dan keistimewaan akan berakhir ketika “at
the moment he leaves the country or on expiry of a
reasonable period which to do so, but shall subsist until
that time” ...
3. Dalam hal kematian pejabat diplomatik, keluarga akan
tetap menikmati hak kekebalan dan keistimewaan
4. Dalam hal kematian anggota diplomatik yang bukan
warganegara dari negara pengirim
PASAL 40
1. Pejabat diplomatik yang “passes through or is in the
territory of a third State” ...baik menuju ke atau kembali
dari pos penempatannya akan tetap menikmati hak
kekebalan dan keistimewaan
2. Negara ketiga tidak boleh menghalangi hak lintas dari
pejabat diplomatik dan keluarganya
3. Negara ketiga diminta untuk menghormati “diplomatic
courier and diplomatic bags”
4. ...
MENGHORMATI HUKUM NASIONAL
NEGARA PENERIMA
 Pasal 41:
1. “Without prejudice to their privileges and immunities, it is
the duty of all person enjoying such privileges and immunities
to respect the laws and regulations of the receiving State. They
also have a duty not to interfere in the internal affairs of that
State.”
2. ...
3. Kantor perwakilan “must not be used in any manner
incompatible with the function of the mission” ...
PASAL 42
 “A diplomatic agent shall not in the receiving State practise
for personal profit any professional or commercial activity.”
BERAKHIRNYA TUGAS DAN FUNGSI
PEJABAT DIPLOMATIK
 Pasal 43:
1. Pemberitahuan dari negara pengirim kepada negara penerima
bahwa tugas dan fungsi pejabat diploamtik telah berakhir
2. Pemberitahuan dari negara penerima kepada negara pengirim,
atas dasar Pasal 9 Ayat 2, bahwa negara penerima menolak
untuk mengakui pejabat diplomatik tersebut sebagai anggota
misi diplomatik
KEADAAN KONFLIK
 Pasal 44: adanya konflik bersenjata
 Pasal 45: putusnya hubungan diplomatik
PASAL 48
 Open for signature:
 Until 31 October 1961 at the Foreign Ministry for Foreign
Affairs of Austria
 Subsequently, until 31 March 1962 at the UN Headquarters in
New York
PASAL 49
 Konvensi ini “subject to ratification”...
PASAL 50
 Konvensi tetap dibuka bagi negara yang ingin melakukan
“accession”
PASAL 51
1. Konvensi ini “shall entry into force on the 30th day
following the date of deposit of the 22nd instrument of
ratification or accession” ...
2. Untuk setiap negara yang melakukan ratifikasi atau aksesi
atas Konvensi ini setelah penyimpanan instrumen ratifikasi
atau aksesi ke 22, Konvensi ini “shall enter into force on the
30th day after deposit such State” ...
PROTOKOL TAMBAHAN
1. Protokol Tambahan tentang Perolehan Kewarganegaraan
2. Protokol Tambahan tentang Kewajiban Menyelesaikan
Sengketa
KONVENSI WINA 1963 TENTANG
HUBUNGAN KONSULER
HUBUNGAN KONSULER
 Pasal 2:
1. The establishment of consular relations between States takes
place by mutual consent.
2. The consent given to the establishment of diplomatic relations
between two States implies, unless otherwise stated, consent
to the establishment of consular relations.
3. The severance of diplomatic relations shall not ipso facto
involve the severance of consular relations.
 Pasal 3:
“Consular functions are exercised by consular posts. They are also
exercised by diplomatic missions in accordance with the
provisions of the present Convention.”
FUNGSI KONSULER
 Pasal 5 Konvensi Wina 1963:
a. protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending
State and of its nationals, both individuals and bodies
corporate, within the limits permitted by international law;
b. furthering the development of commercial, economic,
cultural and scientific relations between the sending State and
the receiving State and otherwise promoting friendly
relations between them in accordance with the provisions of
the present Convention;
c. ascertaining by all lawful means conditions and developments
in the commercial, economic, cultural and scientific life of
the receiving State, reporting thereon to the Government of
the sending State and giving information to persons
interested;
LANJUTAN...
d. issuing passports and travel documents to nationals of the sending
State, and visas or appropriate documents to persons wishing to travel
to the sending State;
e. helping and assisting nationals, both individuals and bodies corporate,
of the sending State;
f. acting as notary and civil registrar and in capacities of a similar kind,
and performing certain functions of an administrative nature, provided
that there is nothing contrary thereto in the laws and regulations of the
receiving State;
g. safeguarding the interests of nationals, both individuals and bodies
corporate, of the sending States in cases of succession mortis causa in
the territory of the receiving State, in accordance with the laws and
regulations of the receiving State;
LANJUTAN...
h. safeguarding, within the limits imposed by the laws and
regulations of the receiving State, the interests of minors and
other persons lacking full capacity who are nationals of the
sending State, particularly where any guardianship or
trusteeship is required with respect to such persons;
i. subject to the practices and procedures obtaining in the
receiving State, representing or arranging appropriate
representation for nationals of the sending State before the
tribunals and other authorities of the receiving State, for the
purpose of obtaining, in accordance with the laws and
regulations of the receiving State, provisional measures for the
preservation of the rights and interests of these nationals,
where, because of absence or any other reason, such nationals
are unable at the proper time to assume the defence of their
rights and interests;
LANJUTAN...
j. transmitting judicial and extrajudicial documents or executing
letters rogatory or commissions to take evidence for the courts
of the sending State in accordance with international agreements
in force or, in the absence of such international agreements, in
any other manner compatible with the laws and regulations of
the receiving State;
k. exercising rights of supervision and inspection provided for in
the laws and regulations of the sending State in respect of vessels
having the nationality of the sending State, and of aircraft
registered in that State, and in respect of their crews;
LANJUTAN...
l. extending assistance to vessels and aircraft mentioned in
subparagraph (k) of this article, and to their crews, taking
statements regarding the voyage of a vessel, examining and
stamping the ship’s papers, and, without prejudice to the powers
of the authorities of the receiving State, conducting
investigations into any incidents which occurred during the
voyage, and settling disputes of any kind between the master, the
officers and the seamen insofar as this may be authorized by the
laws and regulations of the sending State;
m. performing any other functions entrusted to a consular post by
the sending State which are not prohibited by the laws and
regulations of the receiving State or to which no objection is
taken by the receiving State or which are referred to in the
international agreements in force between the sending State and
the receiving State.
THE EXEQUATUR
 Pasal 12:
1. The head of a consular post is admitted to the
exercise of his functions by an authorization
from the receiving State termed an exequatur,
whatever the form of this authorization.
2. A State which refused to grant an exequatur is
not obliged to give to the sending State
reasons for such refusal.
3. ...
PERSONA NON GRATA
 Pasal 23:
1. The receiving State may at any time notify the sending State that a
consular officer is persona non grata or that any other member of the
consular staff is not acceptable. In that event, the sending State shall, as the
case may be, either recall the person concerned or terminate his functions
with the consular post.
2. If the sending State refuses or fails within a reasonable time to carry out its
obligations under paragraph 1 of this article, the receiving State may, as
the case may be, either withdraw the exequatur from the person concerned
or cease to consider him as a member of the consular staff.
3. A person appointed as a member of a consular post may be declared
unacceptable before arriving in the territory of the receiving State or, if
already in the receiving State, before entering on his duties with the
consular post. In any such case, the sending State shall withdraw his
appointment.
4. In the cases mentioned in paragraphs 1 and 3 of this article, the receiving
State is not obliged to give to the sending State reasons for its decision.
BERAKHIRNYA TUGAS DAN FUNGSI
PEJABAT KONSULER
 Pasal 25:
The functions of a member of a consular post shall come to
an end, inter alia:
a. on notification by the sending State to the receiving State that
his functions have come to an end;
b. on withdrawal of the exequatur;
c. on notification by the receiving State to the sending State that
the receiving State has ceased to consider him as a member of
the consular staff.
PERLINDUNGAN KANTOR PERWAKILAN
KONSULER
 Pasal 27:
1. In the event of the severance of consular relations between
two States:
a. the receiving State shall, even in case of armed conflict, respect and
protect the consular premises, together with the property of the
consular post and the consular archives;
b. the sending State may entrust the custody of the consular premises,
together with the property contained therein and the consular
archives, to a third State acceptable to the receiving State;
c. the sending State may entrust the protection of its interests and
those of its nationals to a third State acceptable to the receiving
State.
LANJUTAN...
2. In the event of the temporary or permanent closure of a
consular post, the provisions of subparagraph (a) of
paragraph 1 of this article shall apply. In addition,
a. if the sending State, although not represented in the receiving State by a
diplomatic mission, has another consular post in the territory of that
State, that consular post may be entrusted with the custody of the
premises of the consular post which has been closed, together with the
property contained therein and the consular archives, and, with the
consent of the receiving State, with the exercise of consular functions
in the district of that consular post; or
b. if the sending State has no diplomatic mission and no other consular
post in the receiving State, the provisions of subparagraphs (b) and (c)
of paragraph 1 of this article shall apply.
TIDAK DAPAT DIGANGGUGUGATNYA
GEDUNG KONSULER
 Pasal 31:
1. Consular premises shall be inviolable to the extent provided in this article.
2. The authorities of the receiving State shall not enter that part of the consular
premises which is used exclusively for the purpose of the work of the consular
post except with the consent of the head of the consular post or of his
designee or of the head of the diplomatic mission of the sending State. The
consent of the head of the consular post may, however, be assumed in case of
fire or other disaster requiring prompt protective action.
3. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this article, the receiving State is
under a special duty to take all appropriate steps to protect the consular
premises against any intrusion or damage and to prevent any disturbance of
the peace of the consular post or impairment of its dignity.
4. The consular premises, their furnishings, the property of the consular post
and its means of transport shall be immune from any form of requisition for
purposes of national defence or public utility. If expropriation is necessary for
such purposes, all possible steps shall be taken to avoid impeding the
performance of consular functions, and prompt, adequate and effective
compensation shall be paid to the sending State.
LANJUTAN...
 Pasal 59: Protection of the consular premises
“The receiving State shall take such steps as may be necessary
to protect the consular premises of a consular post headed by
an honorary consular officer against any intrusion or damage
and to prevent any disturbance of the peace of the consular
post or impairment of its dignity.”
KEBEBASAN BERKOMUNIKASI
 Pasal 35: Kebebasan berkomunikasi
 Pasal 36: Berkomunikasi dengan warganegara
negara pengirim di negara penerima
 Pasal 37: Informasi atas kematian, hak
asuh/perwalian, kecelakaan kapal di laut maupun
di udara
 Pasal 38: Berkomunikasi dengan
otoritas/penguasa dari negara penerima
PERLINDUNGAN PEJABAT KONSULER
 Pasal 40:
“The receiving State shall treat consular officers with due
respect and shall take all appropriate steps to prevent any
attack on their person, freedom or dignity.”
LANJUTAN...
 Pasal 41: Personal inviolability
1. Consular officers shall not be liable to arrest or detention pending trial,
except in the case of a grave crime and pursuant to a decision by the
competent judicial authority.
2. Except in the case specified in paragraph 1 of this article, consular officers
shall not be committed to prison or be liable to any other form of
restriction on their personal freedom save in execution of a judicial
decision of final effect.
3. If criminal proceedings are instituted against a consular officer, he must
appear before the competent authorities. Nevertheless, the proceedings
shall be conducted with the respect due to him by reason of his official
position and, except in the case specified in paragraph 1 of this article, in a
manner which will hamper the exercise of consular functions as little as
possible. When, in the circumstances mentioned in paragraph 1 of this
article, it has become necessary to detain a consular officer, the
proceedings against him shall be instituted with the minimum of delay.
LANJUTAN...
 Pasal 42: Notification on arrest, detention or persecution
“In the event of the arrest or detention, pending trial, of a
member of the consular staff, or of criminal proceedings
being instituted against him, the receiving State shall
promptly notify the head of the consular post. Should the
latter be himself the object of any such measure, the
receiving State shall notify the sending State through the
diplomatic channel.”
LANJUTAN...
 Pasal 43: Immunity from Jurisdiction
1. Consular officers and consular employees shall not be
amenable to the jurisdiction of the judicial or administrative
authorities of the receiving State in respect of acts performed
in the exercise of consular functions.
2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this article shall not,
however, apply in respect of a civil action either:
a. arising out of a contract concluded by a consular officer or a
consular employee in which he did not contract expressly or
impliedly as an agent of the sending State; or
b. by a third party for damage arising from an accident in the receiving
State caused by a vehicle, vessel or aircraft.
LANJUTAN...
 Pasal 44: Liability to give evidence
1. Members of a consular post may be called upon to attend as
witnesses in the course of judicial or administrative proceedings. A
consular employee or a member of the service staff shall not,
except in the cases mentioned in paragraph 3 of this article, decline
to give evidence. If a consular officer should decline to do so, no
coercive measure or penalty may be applied to him.
2. The authority requiring the evidence of a consular officer shall
avoid interference with the performance of his functions. It may,
when possible, take such evidence at his residence or at the
consular post or accept a statement from him in writing.
3. Members of a consular post are under no obligation to give
evidence concerning matters connected with the exercise of their
functions or to produce official correspondence and documents
relating thereto. They are also entitled to decline to give evidence as
expert witnesses with regard to the law of the sending State.
PENANGGALAN HAK ISTIMEWAAN DAN
HAK IMUNITAS
 Pasal 45:
1. The sending State may waive, with regard to a member of the consular
post, any of the privileges and immunities provided for in articles 41, 43
and 44.
2. The waiver shall in all cases be express, except as provided in paragraph 3
of this article, and shall be communicated to the receiving State in writing.
3. The initiation of proceedings by a consular officer or a consular employee
in a matter where he might enjoy immunity from jurisdiction under
article 43 shall preclude him from invoking immunity from jurisdiction in
respect of any counterclaim directly connected with the principal claim.
4. The waiver of immunity from jurisdiction for the purposes of civil or
administrative proceedings shall not be deemed to imply the waiver of
immunity from the measures of execution resulting from the judicial
decision; in respect of such measures, a separate waiver shall be necessary.
KEWAJIBAN NEGARA KETIGA
 Pasal 54:
1. If a consular officer passes through or is in the territory of a third State, which has
granted him a visa if a visa was necessary, while proceeding to take up or return to his
post or when returning to the sending State, the third State shall accord to him all
immunities provided for by the other articles of the present Convention as may be
required to ensure his transit or return. The same shall apply in the case of any member
of his family forming part of his household enjoying such privileges and immunities
who are accompanying the consular officer or travelling separately to join him or to
return to the sending State.
2. In circumstances similar to those specified in paragraph 1 of this article, third States
shall not hinder the transit through their territory of other members of the consular
post or of members of their families forming part of their households.
3. Third States shall accord to official correspondence and to other official
communications in transit, including messages in code or cipher, the same freedom and
protection as the receiving State is bound to accord under the present Convention.
They shall accord to consular couriers who have been granted a visa, if a visa was
necessary, and to consular bags in transit, the same inviolability and protection as the
receiving State is bound to accord under the present Convention.
4. The obligations of third States under paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this article shall also
apply to the persons mentioned respectively in those paragraphs, and to official
communications and to consular bags, whose presence in the territory of the third
State is due to force majeure.
MENGHORMATI PERATURAN HUKUM
NEGARA PENERIMA
 Pasal 55:
1. Without prejudice to their privileges and immunities, it is the duty
of all persons enjoying such privileges and immunities to respect
the laws and regulations of the receiving State. They also have a duty
not to interfere in the internal affairs of the State.
2. The consular premises shall not be used in any manner
incompatible with the exercise of consular functions.
3. The provisions of paragraph 2 of this article shall not exclude the
possibility of offices of other institutions or agencies being installed
in part of the building in which the consular premises are situated,
provided that the premises assigned to them are separate from
those used by the consular post. In that event, the said offices shall
not, for the purposes of the present Convention, be considered to
form part of the consular premises.
PERSIDANGAN PIDANA
 Pasal 63:
“If criminal proceedings are instituted against an honorary
consular officer, he must appear before the competent
authorities. Nevertheless, the proceedings shall be conducted
with the respect due to him by reason of his official position
and, except when he is under arrest or detention, in a
manner which will hamper the exercise of consular functions
as little as possible. When it has become necessary to detain
an honorary consular officer, the proceedings against him
shall be instituted with the minimum of delay.”
FUNGSI KONSULER DILAKSANAKAN
OLEH MISI DIPLOMATIK
 Pasal 70:
1. The provisions of the present Convention apply also, so far as the context
permits, to the exercise of consular functions by a diplomatic mission.
2. The names of members of a diplomatic mission assigned to the consular
section or otherwise charged with the exercise of the consular functions of
the mission shall be notified to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the
receiving State or to the authority designated by that Ministry.
3. In the exercise of consular functions a diplomatic mission may address:
a. the local authorities of the consular district;
b. the central authorities of the receiving State if this is allowed by the laws,
regulations and usages of the receiving State or by relevant international
agreements.
4. The privileges and immunities of the members of a diplomatic mission
referred to in paragraph 2 of this article shall continue to be governed by
the rules of international law concerning diplomatic relations.
FINAL PROVISIONS
 Pasal 74: Tandatangan
 Pasal 75: Ratifikasi
 Pasal 76: Aksesi
 Pasal 77: Keberlakuan (entry into force)
KONVENSI NEW YORK 1969
TENTANG MISI KHUSUS
MISI KHUSUS
 Pasal 1 (a): “A temporary mission representing the State
which is sent by one State to another State with the consent
of the latter for the purpose of dealing with it on specific
question or of performing in relation to it a specific task”
SEJARAH MISI KHUSUS
 Misi khusus juga sering disebut dengan “ad hoc diplomatic”
 Konvensi Misi Khusus ini disetujui melalui Resolusi MU PBB
Nomor 2530 (XXIV) pada tanggal 8 Desember 1969
 Konvensi ini dibuat untuk melengkapi Konvensi Wina 1961
dan 1963
 Tugas dan fungsi misi khusus adalah “membicarakan isu-isu
yang telah ditentukan oleh kedua negara atau lebih, di
sampaing mempercayakannya kepada perwakilan yang
bersifat permanen, seperti perwakilan diplomatik dan
konsuler di negara penerima.”