FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI

METABOLISME TUBUH
Sri Wahyuni
Bagian Biokimia
FK Unimal Lhokseumawe

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 Pendahuluan
• Tidak semua energi dalam makanan ditransfer
menjadi ATP, sebagian besar diubah jadi panas (35%).
• Semua pengeluaran energi oleh tubuh diubah
menjadi panas.
• Laju metabolisme :
– kecepatan pembebasan panas selama reaksi kimia
– Kecepatan penggunaan energi dalam satuan waktu tertentu
• Laju metabolisme basal : kecepatan pembebasan
panas selama reaksi kimia dalam keadaan basal
(istirahat tapi tidak tidur)
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 Keseimbangan Energi
• Energi masuk = energi keluar  BB ideal

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 Kecepatan Metabolisme Basal (BMR)

• Tingkat energi minimum yang diperlukan

untuk bertahan hidup,
• Mencakup 50 – 70% energi harian yang
dipakai oleh individu yang tidak aktif
(sedentary).
• Bervariasi pada tiap individu.

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 Metabolisme basal
• Energi minimum yang dikeluarkan untuk menjaga tubuh

• ~ 60-70% dari total kebutuhan energi

• Termasuk energi yang dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan

detak jantung, respirasi, suhu tubuh
• Jumlah energi yang dibutuhkan bervariasi antar individu

• Faktor yang mempengaruhi:

– Umur, gender, hormon, stres, penyakit, merokok,

kehamilan/menyusui
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 Komponen Penggunaan Energi
1. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
 energi minimal yg diperlukan dalam keadaan istirahat
baik fisik maupun mental, berbaring pada suhu 25 C
2. Spesific Dynamic Action (SDA)
 banyaknya energi yang diperlukan untuk proses
metabolisme makanan, rata-rata 10%
3. Aktivitas sehari-hari
 kegiatan rutin harian, termasuk berolah raga
4. Pertumbuhan
 anak-anak – 18 th perlu tambahan energi untuk proses
pertumbuhan

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Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi laju
metabolisme
1. Hormon tiroid
• Kecepatan metabolisme ↑ 50-100% di
atas normal.
• Apabila kehilangan total sekresi tiroid
→ kecepatan metabolik ↓ 40-60%
dari normal.

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 2. Hormon Testosteron
• Meningkatkan kecepatan metabolisme
basal 10—15%.
• Berkaitan dengan efek anabolik untuk
meningkatkan massa otot rangka.

3. Hormon Pertumbuhan
• Meningkatkan kecepatan metabolisme 15-
20%
• Akibat rangsangan langsung pada
metabolisme seluler.

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 4. Demam
• Meningkatkan metabolisme ± 120% untuk
setiap kenaikan suhu 10° C.

5. Tidur
• Kecepatan metabolisme turun 10-
15% di bawah normal selama tidur.
• Disebabkan oleh:
• Penurunan tonus otot rangka selama tidur
• Penurunan aktifitas sistem saraf simpatis

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 6. Malnutrisi
• Malnutrisi lama → ↓ kecepatan
metabolisme 20-30%.
• Disebabkan oleh tidak adanya zat
makanan yang dibutuhkan di dalam
sel.

7. Jenis Kelamin
• Lebih rendah pada wanita
• Wanita → persentase massa otot yang lebih
rendah dan persentase jar. Adiposa yang lebih
tinggi.

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Kecepatan metabolisme basal normal pd usia berbeda
menurut jenis kelamin

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 Energi yang digunakan untuk aktifitas fisik

• Latihan berat →100 kali jumlah panas saat

istirahat dalam beberapa detik.
• Latihan otot maksimal → meningkatkan
produksi panas tubuh 50 kali normal selama
beberapa detik.
• Pada individu yang sedentary → energi dalam
jumlah bermakna dipakai untuk aktifitas fisik
spontan utk mempertahankan tonus otot dan
postur tubuh.
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 KECEPATAN METABOLISME DAN
PENGUKURAN

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 BASAL METABOLISM
• The rate of energy production in an individual
by its over-all cellular metabolism is more or
less constant under some standard conditions
basal conditions and is known as basal
metabolism

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 The basal conditions are as follows:

1. Person should be awake but at complete rest—both

physical and mental
2. Person should be without food at least 12 to 18 hrs, i.e.
in the “postabsorptive state”.
Postabsorptive state: This period is allowed to pass for
avoiding:
• Effects of digestion and absorption
• The effects of SDA of foodstuffs, and
• Also to prevent any chance of starvation

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 3. Should be in recumbent/reclining position in bed.
(lying down and fully awake)
4. Person should remain in normal condition of
environment, i.e. at normal temperature, pressure
and humidity (environmental temperature of
between 20º to 25ºC)

Under above conditions, energy output of the individual

is to maintain respiration, circulation, muscle tone
(skeletal and smooth muscles), functions of visceras like
the kidney, liver and brain for the maintenance of the
body temperature.

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 DEFINITION OF BMR
• The BMR may be defined as the amount of
heat given out by a subject who though awake
is lying in a state of maximum physical and
mental rest under comfortable conditions of
temperature, pressure and
humidity, 12 to 18 hours (postabsorptive) after
meal.

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 DETERMINATION OF BMR
• Open-circuit system • Closed-circuit method
• In which both O2 • In clinical practice, the
consumption and CO2 BMR is estimated with
sufficient accuracy merely
output are measured
by measuring O2
• Tissot method and consumption of the patient
Douglas method are for 2 to 6 minutes period
both open-circuit under “basal” conditions
methods. • “Benedict-Roth
metabolism apparatus”

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 COMPARISON
“Benedict-Roth metabolism
Douglas method apparatus”

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 CALCULATION

• The average O2 consumption for the two periods

is multiplied by 10 to convert it to an hourly
basis, and then multiplied by 4.825 C, the heat
production represented by each litre of O2
consumed (C/hour)
• Since BMR is to be expressed
as C/sq. metre/hour, the energy output per hour
obtained above has to be divided by the surface
area of the individual.

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 Calculation

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• A BMR between –15 to +20% is considered
normal:
Normal BMR values: A healthy adult male has
a BMR of about 40 C/sqm/hr and adult female
about 37 C/sqm/
hr

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 Factors Influencing BMR

• Age
The BMR of children is much higher than the
adults.
• • At the age of 6, it is 57.5 C
• At 12, it is 50.4 C
• Between 20 and 30 yrs, it is 40 C and
• Between 40 and 70 yrs, it varies between 38.5 and 35.5 C
• In other words, with advancing age, BMR gradually
falls

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• Sex:
Women normally have a lower BMR than
men.
The BMR of females decline between the ages
of 5 and 17 more rapidly than those of males

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• Surface area:
Since much of the basal metabolism is for the
maintenance of body temperature and since
heat loss is proportional to the surface area of
the body, the BMR is directly proportional to
the body surface.

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• Climate
In colder climates, the BMR is high and in
tropical climates, the BMR is proportionally low
• Racial variations
BMR of adult Chinese are equal to or below the lower limit of
normal for occidentals (Westerners),
• BMR of oriental (Eastern countries) female students living in USA
is average 10 per cent below the standard BMR for American
women of the same age-groups.
• High values, 33 per cent above normal have been reported in
Eskimos

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• State of nutrition
BMR is lowered in conditions of malnutrition, starvation and
wasting diseases
Body temperature
• The BMR increases by about 12 per cent with the rise of 1oC
Habits:
Trained athletes and manual workers have a
slightly higher BMR than persons leading a sedentary
life

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• Drugs:
Caffeine, Benzedrine, Epinephrine, Nicotine,
Alcohol, etc. increase the BMR
Hormones:
Circulating levels of hormones secreted
by thyroid, adrenal medulla and anterior
pituitary increase BMR. One mg of thyroxine
increases BMR by about 1000 calories (1 C)

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• In thyrotoxicosis
BMR may increase by 50 to 100 per cent above normal
• In myxoedema:
BMR is diminished to 30 per cent or even 45 per cent below normal
Pregnancy: The BMR of pregnant mother after six
months of gestation rises. It may be noted in pregnancy, the BMR of
the mother is the sum total of:
• Her own metabolism as in her nonpregnant state
and
• Combined with that of the foetus
pregnancy exerts no specific effect upon BMR

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 TERIMA KASIH
SELAMAT BELAJAR…

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