KURSUS PENYELIAAN TAPAK BINAAN 1 / 47

SUPERVISING BRICKWORKS &

BLOCKWORKS
PENYELIAAN KERJA-KERJA BATA
11-12 November 2008
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CIRI-CIRI PEMBINAAN DINDING DAN TEMBOK

• Kestabilan

• Kekuatan

• Perlindungan Cuaca

• Rintangan Kebakaran

• Rintangan Bunyi
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APA ITU DINDING ?

• Struktur binaan yang biasanya menegak (vertical) dan

padu (solid)

• Menutup dan melindungi bangunan atau

memisahkan bangunan kepada ruang–ruang
tertentu
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ISTILAH BIASA DALAM KERJA DINDING :-

• Dinding Luaran (External Wall)

• Dinding Dalaman (Internal Wall / Partition)
• Loadbearing Wall
• Non Loadbearing wall
• Dinding Padu (Solid Wall)
• Dinding Berangka (Framed wall)
• Masonry wall
• Monolithic Wall
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BAHAN BINAAN DINDING YANG BIASA DIGUNAKAN

• Bahan Asli – Kulit Kayu / Buluh

• Batu bata / Batu blok
• Konkrit
• Kayu /Papan
• Logam (metal) – Besi Aluminium
• Kaca
• Bahan Komposit – Campuran bahan
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BAHAN BINAAN DINDING DI MALAYSIA

• Batu bata Tanah Liat

• Batu Bata Simen Pasir/ Blok
• Batu Konkrit bertetulang Pre-Fabricated
• Logam – Metal Decking / Steel Plate
• Kayu
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BATU BATA TANAH LIAT

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BATU BATA TANAH LIAT (CLAY BRICKS)

Jenis Biasa
keras dan selamat untuk menanggung beban biasa
kerja bata.
Jarang digunakan tanpa kemasan kerana agak kasar

Bata Muka

sama sifat dan kegunaan dengan bata biasa

mempunyai permukaan yang lebih cantik dan halus.

Bata Kejuruteraan
kombinasi bahan yang dirumus khas untuk bata yang
kuat.
Kegunaan untuk beban lebih tinggi dan kejuruteraan
kurang meresap air.
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BATU BATA TANAH LIAT

Bata Tanah Liat Berongga Bata Tanah Liat Biasa

Menjimatkan tanah liat
Lebih ringan
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BATU BATA TANAH LIAT (CLAY BRICKS)

Berdasarkan BS 3921

Ukuran Piawai
215mm x 102.5mm x 65mm ( 8 in x 4 in x 2.5 in )

Dengan Mortar 10mm

225mm x 112.5mm x 75mm
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BATU BATA TANAH LIAT (CLAY BRICKS)

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BATU BATA TANAH LIAT (CLAY BRICKS)

Kegunaan Ekstrem Bata Tanah Liat

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BATU BLOK / KONKRIT

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BATU BLOK / KONKRIT
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BATU BLOK / KONKRIT

Mengikut BS 2028 1364:1968 Precast Concrete

Blocks
3 jenis blok konkrit
JENIS A
Blok Konkrit agregat padat (kepadatan > 1500kg/m3)
Untuk Kegunaan umum dan bawah aras tanah

JENIS B
Blok Konkrit agregat ringan (kepadatan < 1500kg/m3)
Untuk kegunaan umum, bawah tanah dan juga dinding dalaman,
lapisan dalaman dinting dwi lapis (cavity wall)

JENIS C
Blok Konkrit agregat ringan dalaman (kepadatan <1500kg/m3)
Untuk dinding dalaman
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BATU BLOK / KONKRIT

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block / Lightweight Block

• Blok konkrit yang menggunakan agregat yang ringan untuk

mengurangkan kepadatan block

• Hanya sesuai untuk dinding dalaman

• Ringan dan mengurangkan keperluan struktur dan senang dibina, ringan

dan mudah dipotong
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BATU BLOK / KONKRIT

Terdapat dalam pelbagai saiz

panjang lebar tinggi

390 75 90
440 90 190
100 215
140
190
215
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JENIS DINDING BATU BATA

DINDING BATA SETENGAH

59 biji bata dalam 1 meter persegi

DINDING BATA SATU

118 biji bata dalam 1 meter persegi
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KELEBIHAN JENIS DINDING

KELEBIHAN BATA TANAH LIAT KELEBIHAN BATA BLOK

1. Pemeluwapan pada tembok

1.Penebat haba dan bunyi
kurang
lebih baik
2. Kurang penggunaan mortar
pengikat
2.Dinding lebih kukuh tidak
3. Lebih besar dan
mudah rapuh
mempercepatkan kerja
pembinaan
3.Lebih cantik jika dibiarkan 4. Murah
tanpa lepaan
5. Permukaan senang dilepa
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JENIS MORTAR

MORTAR SIMEN
1 bahagian simen
3 atau 4 bahagian pasir
sesuai untuk semua keadaan

MORTAR KAPUR
1 bahagian kapur (lime)
4 bahagian pasir
sesuai untuk semua aras tanah sahaja

MORTAR KAPUR HIDRAULIK

1 bahagian kapur hidraulik (hydraulic lime)
4 bahagian pasir
sesuai untuk semua aras bawah tanah sahaja
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JENIS MORTAR
MORTAR KOMPO
1 bahagian simen
3 bahagian kapur
9 bahagian pasir

MORTAR KALIS AIR

ditambah lapisan kalis air

MORTAR TAHAN API

1 bahagian simen alumina
2 bahagian serbuk bata tahan api

PLASTICISER
Cecair khas – dibancuh dengan air - akan berbuih
Dicampur dengan simen dan pasir - membuatkan
mortar mudah dilepa. Pengganti kapur/lime
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NISBAH CAMPURAN MORTAR

Campuran mortar
JENIS DINDING
Bata Blok
Dinding dalam 1 : 3 : 10-12 1 : 3 : 10-12
Dinding luar atas LKL 1 : 2 : 8-9 1 : 2 : 8-9
Dinding luar bawah LKL 1 : 1 : 5-6 1 : 1 : 5-6
1:½:4-4
Dinding parapet 1 : 1 : 5-6
½
Sill,coping, dinding
1 : 0-¼ : 3 1 : ½ : 4 - 4 ½
penahan
Simen : Kapur :
Pasir
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PERALATAN LAIN SEMASA MEMBINA DINDING

EXMET (Expanded Metal) diperlukan untuk kekuatan dinding

Pengikat Dinding ( WALL TIE)

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JENIS-JENIS IKATAN BATU BATA

Ikatan English

Ikatan Flemish
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JENIS-JENIS IKATAN BATU BATA

Ikatan Stretcher

Ikatan Header

Ikatan Kombinasi Header & Stretcher

www.pavingexpert.com
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JENIS-JENIS IKATAN BATU BATA

Ikatan Monk

Ikatan Raking

Ikatan Herringbone
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JENIS-JENIS POINTING (bentuk mortar antara bata)

• Flush
• Weather Struck
• Recessed
• Tuck / Protruding
• Bucket handle
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JENIS-JENIS COPING
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KERJA MELEPA (PLASTERING)

Bahan diperlukan
Simen
Kapur
Pasir halus
Nisbah Bancuhan 1:1:6
Air secukupnya

Buat keying atau ketuk batu jika terlalu rata

sebelum kerja plaster – untuk melekatkan
plaster pada dinding
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING

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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING

Langkah 1 : Dapatkan Lukisan Senibina

Pastikan lukisan yang betul
Bincang dengan pihak lain mengenai butiran
lukisan

Langkah 2 : Bandingkan butiran pembinaan

dan aktiviti dalam lukisan dan di tapak
Arah, lokasi, penilaian lukisan, rujukan lukisan,
nota
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING

Rule of Thumb
1 m³ mortar boleh digunakan untuk 1800 biji bata (dinding bata setengah)
(1300- 2100 bergantung kepada keadaan) atau 1200 batu blok saiz
450x225x100mm.

1800 bata standard = 30 m² = 1m3

Setiap m³ mortar adalah seberat 2100 kg

Setiap meter persegi kerja bata satu lapis memerlukan anggaran 70 Kg mortar.

1000kg mortar kapur boleh digunakan untuk 1000 bata (700-1200) atau 600
batu blok @ 450x225x100mm

www.pavingexpert.com
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING

Mengoptimakan Kerja Bata

Rule of Thumb
Dinding Bata Satu 1 m.p. = 118 Biji
Jenis Dinding
Bata
Mortar Pengikat Mortar Simen 0.05m3 = 1 m.p. Bata

Nisbah Bancuhan 1 Simen : 3 Pasir

Air Secukupnya

Lapisan Kalis Air/Lembapan Axel – Tar DPC

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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING

Rule of Thumb
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING

Langkah 3 : Semak Binaan Dinding

Pastikan Jenis Dinding untuk dibina
Pastikan Bahan Untuk membina Dinding
• Bata
• Blok
• Rubble Stone
• Pasir
• Simen
• Exmet
• Mortar
• Air
Semak cara penyimpanan bahan di tapak
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MASALAH UMUM DALAM KERJA BATA

KESILAPAN / TINDAKAN PERLU

SEBAB
MASALAH DIAMBIL
Koordinasi dan
penyeliaan kurang, Arahkan kontraktor
Mencampurkan batu
Penjimatan kos menggantikan dinding
blok dan batu tanah liat
Pekerja tidak dengan betul
berpengalaman
Koordinasi dan
Tidak menggunakan Perlu pasang semula
penyeliaan kurang,
exmet dinding
Penjimatan kos
Koordinasi dan
Tiada lintol di bukaan
penyeliaan kurang, Lintol perlu dipasang
tingkap / pintu
Penjimatan kos
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MASALAH UMUM DALAM KERJA BATA

Mencampurkan batu blok dan batu tanah liat

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MASALAH UMUM DALAM KERJA BATA

KESILAPAN / TINDAKAN PERLU
SEBAB
MASALAH DIAMBIL
Stiffener perlu dibina
Tiada stiffener column / Kesilapan lukisan
kerana tembok akan
intermediate beam perunding
runtuh tanpanya

Ikatan Bata Tidak kemas Pekerja tidak Jika dinding dilepa,

/ Tidak rata berpengalaman pastikan lepaan kemas

Pengunaan pasir tidak

Kerja lepaan tidak berkualiti Perlu lepaan baru atau
kemas dan bercapok Pekerja tidak perlu dikemaskan
berpengalaman
Kecutan pada BATU Batu blok perlu
BLOK Kelembapan keluar dari dilindungi
Mengakibatkan blok di tapak dari hujan
keretakan Bata tanah liat tidak
dinding / lepaan mengalami kecutan
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MASALAH UMUM DALAM KERJA BATA

KESILAPAN / TINDAKAN PERLU
SEBAB
MASALAH DIAMBIL
Kekaratan wall tie atau
Kekaratan bahan exmet Perlu kerja lepaan yang
dalam tembok Atau komponen besi lebih baik
dalam kerja bata

Semak lukisan asas.

Asas tidak mencukupi
Retakan pada Jika pergerakan tanah,
dinding Pergerakan tanah
pastikan expansion joints
(settlement)
di bina antara dinding

Kerosakan pada simen

disebabkan terdedah
Serangan Sulfat kepada garam galian dari Semak lapisan kalis air
tanah berpunca dari air
atau baja dsbg.
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MASALAH UMUM DALAM KERJA BATA

Serangan Sulfat Retakan pada dinding

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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING (berdasarkan piawai JKR)

Bricks and Blocks

Samples

• Separate samples of each type of bricks and blocks taken at random from the load, shall
be submitted to the S.O. for approval before the bricks and blocks are used.
• All subsequent deliveries shall generally be up to the standard of the samples approved.
• No soft, broken, twisted or otherwise defective bricks and blocks will be permitted to be
used.

Clay Bricks

• All ordinary clay bricks shall be machine-made and wire cut complying with MS 76 and shall
be hard, well burnt, sound, square and clean.

Cement Sand Bricks and Hollow Blocks

• All cement sand bricks and hollow blocks shall comply with MS 27.

Size

• Cement sand bricks shall be of a nominal size as given below:

Length(mm) 225 ± 3.2
Width(mm) 113 ± 1.6
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING
Composition

• Cement sand bricks and hollow blocks shall consist of an intimate and uniform mixture of sand
and cement.

• The sand and cement shall be mixed in the ratio of six (6) parts of sand to one (1) part of
cement by volume in a mechanical mixer capable of taking one (1) bag of cement (50kg of
cement shall be taken as 0.035 cube).

• The sand used shall be as described hereinbefore and the maximum size shall pass through a
4.8mm mesh BS sieve. The cement used shall be Ordinary Portland Cement

Supply

• The Contractor shall only use cement sand bricks and hollow blocks supplied by approved
manufacturers.

Compressive Strength

• The minimum permissible average compressive strength shall be 5.2N/mm sq. for bricks and
2.8 N/mm sq. for hollow blocks per 10 samples taken at random from the Contractor’s stock pile
of 1000

• All rejected or condemned bricks shall be removed from the Site at the Contractor's expense.
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING

Brick Walling

• The Contractor may with approval of the S.O. construct all non load bearing
brickwork above damp proof course or ground floor level with cement sand
bricks

• Allowing the substitution of clay bricks with cement sand bricks, a deduction
shall be made from the Contract Sum for such substitution

• All clay bricks shall be soaked in a suitable tank or pit for at least half an
hour before being laid and shall be kept wet whilst being laid. The top of
walls left off shall be thoroughly wet before work is resumed.

• All constructed walling must be left wet and properly protected from the
direct sunlight during the following day.

• Cement sand bricks shall not be soaked but dipped in water before being
laid

• All constructed brickwork shall be protected from direct sunlight for 2 days
minimum.
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING

Brick Walling
• All bricks shall be properly bedded in mortar and all joints shall be thoroughly flushed up and
raked out to a depth of 13mm as the work proceeds.

• No joint shall exceed 10mm in thickness.

• Brickwork shall be carried up perfectly true and plumb in a uniform manner.

• No one portion being raised more than 1m above another at one time.

• No overhand work shall be permitted and scaffolding shall be carried up as the work proceeds.

• The vertical points of every alternate course shall be kept perpendicular over one another, and all
perpends, quoins, etc. shall be kept strictly true and square.

• All intersections and angles of walls shall be properly bonded together, and all walls and piers of
lengths and widths not multiples of brick sizes shall be cut and bonded in the best approved
manner.

• No broken bricks shall be used except where required to form bonds.

• All half brick (113mm) walls and partitions shall be reinforced at every fourth course with
approved brick reinforcement commencing two courses above floor level.
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING
Hollow Block Walling

• The cement sand block wall shall be laid in the manner specified for brickwall.

• The hollow block shall not be soaked but dipped in water before laying.

• The hollow block wall shall be reinforced at every second course with reinforcement commencing
one course above floor level.

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Walling

• the Contractor may use autoclaved aerated concrete blocks for non load bearing walls and
partitions.

• The autoclaved aerated concrete block work shall be constructed strictly in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. Any extra cost in connection therewith shall be borne by the
Contractor.

• The autoclaved aerated concrete block work shall be installed using an approved thin layer of
adhesive mortar to all horizontals and perpends.

• The first course must be made true and level using a normal layer of mortar with thin layer of
adhesive to fully seal the perpends. The thin layer of adhesive shall be applied using a notched
trowel to obtain an even distribution of adhesive to achieve joint thickness of 2-3mm.

• A damp-proof course slip-joint membrane shall be laid on top of floor slab or beams before
receiving the mortar bedding to allow for differential movement between the blocks and the
supporting structure.
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Walling

• The block work shall be laid in a manner that the vertical joint of the lower course
shall be staggered at least 100mm relative to the vertical joint of the overlaying
course.

• Unless otherwise directed and/or shown, where concrete block walls abut concrete
faces, the face shall be flushed.

• Control joints should be built into walls at spacing not greater than 8.0 meter centres

• keep the walls clean, strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation.

• Excess adhesive must be removed progressively.

• In lieu of cement sand plastering, the wall surfaces may be finished with suitable
surface coating that has the dual properties of being waterproof and water vapour
permeable and shall be applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendation.
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING

Bond

• All half brick walls shall be built in Stretcher Bond.

• All other brickwork shall be built in English Bond or as shown in the

Drawings.

Damp Proof Course

• Unless otherwise shown in the Drawings, bituminous sheet damp proof

courses shall comply with BS 8215 laid in brickwork on a level bed of
cement mortar (1:1) and coated on the upper surface with hot bitumen
and lapped at least 150mm at angles and joints.

• In all cases of doubt as to the exact location of the damp-proof course

the Contractor shall refer to the S.O. before laying the damp-proof
course.
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PENYELIAAN KERJA DINDING
Building in Cramps

• Cramps for frames, metal windows and precast units shall be built in at 1m centres
on the vertical side of the frame.

• One end of the cramp shall be turned up and screwed to back of the frame and the
other end shall be split and fish-tailed for building in.

• Cramps which are to be fixed to concrete shall be embedded in concrete and built
into brickwork as the work proceeds.

Scaffolding

• All scaffolding shall be carried up as the work proceeds and shall be safe for use.

Facing Brickwork

• All facing brickwork shall be executed in first quality approved facing bricks in
Stretcher or Flemish Bond as shown in the Drawings, properly bonded into any
backing walls, piers, etc.

• Joints shall be raked out to a depth of 13mm and point up in coloured cement
mortar to approved tints, finished with a neat struck weathered joint.

• Facing brickwork shall be kept perfectly clean and no rubbing down of brickwork will
be allowed.
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TERIMA KASIH