Moderator:
dr. Ginova Nainggolan, SpPD, K-GH
PENDAHULUAN
PENGATUR: KERUSAKAN:
- Tekanan darah Zat yang di eksresikan
- Endokrine(Renin, kalsitriol) berukurang
- Asam Basa
2.
Principles Internal Medicine [. 20th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2145.
Bargman JM, Skore KL. Chronic kidney disease. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors. harrison’s
CKD st 4 & 5
Principles Internal Medicine. 20th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2157.
PENDAHULUAN(2)
1. hawla LS, Bellomo R, Bihorac A, Goldstein SL, Siew ED, Bagshaw SM, et al. Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: Consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol [Internet].
2017;13(4):241–57.
DEFINISI(2)
hawla LS, Bellomo R, Bihorac A, Goldstein SL, Siew ED, Bagshaw SM, et al. Acute kidney disease and renal recovery: Consensus
report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol [Internet]. 2017;13(4):241–57.
ETIOLOGI DAN FAKTOR RESIKO
GAGAL GINJAL
AKUT(AKI)
FAKTOR RESIKO
• Umur
• Operasi besar
• Terpapar zat Nefrotoksik
• Proteinuria
Waikar SS, Bonventre J V. Acute kidney Injury. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors. harrison’s Principles
Internal Medicine [Internet]. 20th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2145
ETIOLOGI DAN FAKTOR RESIKO(2)
GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK
FAKTOR RESIKO
• Childhood obesity
• Hipertensi
• Diabetes melitus Bargman JM, Skore KL. Chronic kidney disease. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors. harrison’s
Principles Internal Medicine [Internet]. 20th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2157
• Autoimmune disease
• Usia
• RPK: gangguan ginjal
• Ada riwayat AKI sebelumnya
PATOFISIOLOGI
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
A. Prerenal Azotemia
flitrasi
glomelular ↓
Waikar SS, Bonventre J V. Acute kidney Injury. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors. harrison’s Principles Internal Medicine [Internet]. 20th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2145
PATOFISIOLOGI(2)
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
A. Prerenal Azotemia
Waikar SS, Bonventre J V. Acute kidney Injury. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors. harrison’s Principles Internal Medicine [Internet]. 20th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2145
PATOFISIOLOGI(3)
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
B. INTRINSIC AKI
sepsis, iskemik ginjal, dan nefrotoxin
Kerusakan Ginjal
Waikar SS, Bonventre J V. Acute kidney Injury. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors. harrison’s Principles Internal Medicine [Internet]. 20th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2145
PATOFISIOLOGI(4)
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
C. POST RENAL
N: Tek.Filtrasi:
↑ tekanan tubuli 55 mmHg
silbernagl S, Lang F. Color Atlas of Pathophysiolgy. Color Atlas of Pathophysiology. New York: Thieme; 2000. 208–2012 p
PATOFISIOLOGI(5)
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
silbernagl S, Lang F. Color Atlas of Pathophysiolgy. Color Atlas of Pathophysiology. New York: Thieme; 2000. 208–2012 p
PATOFISIOLOGI(7)
GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK
Pada Nefropati
Diabetikum(contoh) : terjadi
penebalan membrane basalis
mengurangi ke-Negatif-an
membrane u/ menolak Albumin
silbernagl S, Lang F. Color Atlas of Pathophysiolgy. Color Atlas of Pathophysiology. New York: Thieme; 2000. 208–2012 p
DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
ANAMNESIS PEM.FISIK
• secara menyeluruh u/ diagnosis • Hipotensi ortostatik
banding penyebab • Takikardi
• Umur & factor Resiko
• Contoh : hipovelimia muntah,
• Tanda dehidrasi
diare,dll • Tanda CHF
• Penggunaan obat: Antihypertensi, • Gangguan Albumin( edema
NSAIDS tungkai, acites)
GFR
DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI(2)
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
A. Etiologi, tanda klinis, dan temuan labotarium pada AKI yang paling sering
Waikar SS, Bonventre J V. Acute kidney Injury. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors. harrison’s Principles Internal Medicine [Internet]. 20th ed.
United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2145
DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI(3)
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
Waikar SS, Bonventre J V. Acute kidney Injury. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors. harrison’s Principles Internal Medicine [Internet]. 20th ed.
United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2145
DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI(4)
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
Waikar SS, Bonventre J V. Acute kidney Injury. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors. harrison’s Principles Internal Medicine [Internet]. 20th ed.
United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2145
DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI(5)
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
D. Penyebab lain
AKI oleh
mekanisme
intrinsik3
Cruz DN, Ricci Z, Ronco C. Clinical review: RIFLE and AKIN – time for reappraisal. Crit Care [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2019 May 27];13(3):211
DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI(9)
GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK(CKD)
ANAMNESIS PEM.FISIK
• Riwayat AKI sebelum • Tekanan darah
• Riwayat obat-obatan jangka • Anemia
Panjang • Edema/overload cairan
• Diabetes dan hipertensi • GFR yang rendah
• Riwayat keluarga • Imaging: ukuran ginjal,
• Uremic syndrome: napsu makan, Polykistik
keram otot, hiccups, gatal
DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI(10)
GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK(CKD)
KDIGO. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. J Int Soc Nephrol. 2013;3(1)
DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI(11)
GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK(CKD)
UAE: Urine Albumin Excretion, AER : Albumin Excretion Rate , ACR : Albumin to creatinine Ratio, UAC: Urine Albumin Concentration
KDIGO. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. J Int Soc Nephrol. 2013;3(1)
DIAGNOSIS DAN KLASIFIKASI(12)
GAGAL GINJAL KRONIK(CKD)
MANIFESTASI DARI PENYAKIT CKD
A. SODIUM DAN KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN
tidak efektif kompensasi
sehingga akan menyebabkan peningkatan
NORMAL: hipertensi dan makin ektraselluler fluid
Sekresi Air dan Natrium memperburuk gangguan volume(ECFV)
ginjal peripheral edema.
B. METABOLIK ASIDOSIS
sering terjadi pada pasien CKD, dapat terjadi kurangnya membentukan buffer oleh ginjal,
dan dapat terjadi akibat hyperchloremic.
MANIFESTASI DARI PENYAKIT CKD(2)
Waikar SS, Bonventre J V. Acute kidney Injury. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors.
harrison’s Principles Internal Medicine [Internet]. 20th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p.
2145
MANIFESTASI DARI PENYAKIT CKD(5)
D. Cardiovaskular
kalsifikasi pada resiko terjadinya
hyperfostinemia
CKD stage 5 pembuluh darah penyakit jantung
dan hypercalcemia
jantung coroner
E. Anemia
Penurunan EPO
CKD stage 3 & hampir +
pada seluruh stage 4 resistensi erythropoitic-stimulating
agents (ESA)
*resistesi ESA biasanya memiliki prognosis
yang jelek
MANIFESTASI DARI PENYAKIT CKD(6)
F. Gangguan neuromuscular
calciphylaxis
G. Lain-lain
Kalsifikasi
Pembuluh iskemik dari
oklusi
darah jaringan
Waikar SS, Bonventre J V. Acute kidney Injury. In: Kasper, Fauci, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscalzo, editors. harrison’s Principles
Internal Medicine [Internet]. 20th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. p. 2145
MODALITAS PENATALAKSANAAN
GAGAL GINJAL AKUT(AKI)
TERAPI ETIOLOGI TERAPI SUPORTIF
berdasarkan kausa Nutrisi: AKI protein energy wasting starvation ketoasidosis dan
(prerenal, renal, postrenal) katabolisme protein.
o 30 Kal/kgBB ideal/hari pada GnGA tanpa komplikasi;,
o protein 0.8–1.0 g/kg per day non katabolik ,
Managemen cairan :
o Hipovolemia: rehidrasi sesuai kebutuhan
o perdarahan berikan transfusi darah dan cairan isotonik
o diare, muntah, atau asupan suplementasi
A Asidosis Refrakter
E Hyperkalemia