02/09/202
3
Gambaran Emboli Paru dan Trombosis Pembuluh Darah Kaki
Pasien COVID 19 dari Hasil Autopsi
02/09/202
3
Apakah COVID 19 terkait gangguan koagulasi ?
Bagaimana fungsi koagulasi pada Pasien COVID 19 ?
Triad Virchow : Mekanisme Trombosis
Rudolf Virchow
FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG BERPERAN TERJADINYA
TROMBOSIS
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Cancer Congenital
Pregnancy
thrombophilia
Age
Hipertension
THROMBOSIS
Smoking
Acute
A multifactorial
accident
infection
Diabetes
Hormones Hyperlipidaemia
Others
(Immobilization, drugs …)
`
• Lama pemberian antikoagulan
profilaksis adalah selama pasien
dirawat kondisi pasien
membaik, dapat mobilisasi aktif
dan penilaian ulang tidak
didapatkan risiko trombosis yang
tinggi antikoagulan
profilaksis dapat dihentikan.
Pedoman Tatalaksana COVID-19 PDPI, PERKI, PAPDI, PERDATIN, IDAI Edisi 2 Agustus 2020
Antithrombin (AT) Enhancers: Heparin, LMWH, Fondaparinux
• Antithrombin (AT) inhibits factor Xa
and thrombin (natural
anticoagulant)
• UFH, LMWH, and Fondaparinux
bind to AT, causing a
conformational change.
• Activated complex increases
Factor Xa inactivation by several
fold over endogenous AT
• Longer chain polysaccharides:AT
complexes irreversibly binds to an
inhibits the active site of thrombin
–UFH>>>LMH
–Fondaparinux does not bind
thrombin
Image
Sourc
Antithrombin (AT) Enhancers: Heparin, LMWH, Fondaparinux
Heparin LMWH (enoxaparin) Fondaparinux
Source Endogenous Derived from UFH Synthetic
Polysaccharide (small molecule)
(bovine and porcine
lung/intestine)
Chain Length ~45 saccharide units ~15 saccharide units 5 saccharide units
Route IV, Subcutaneous Subcutaneous, IV Subcutaneous, IV
Time to Cmax SC: 20-30 min SC: 3-4.5 hours SC: 2-3 hours
(erratic absorption) (predictable absorption) (predictable absorption)
Half Life 0.5 to 2 hours ~4 to 7 hours 15-17 hours
(Daily to BID dosing) (Daily SC dosing)
Dosing in Renal No adjustment needed; Adjust doses; Adjust doses;
Impairment Preferred agent for Not recommended for Contraindicated when
ESRD/dialysis patients dialysis patients CrCl<30 mL/min
• Pros:
– Does not require routine monitoring
– Subcutaneous administration and predictable dose response
allows for easier dosing and outpatient use
– Lower risk of HIT and osteoporosis than UFH
– Preferred agent for pregnancy, malignancy
• Cons:
– Prolonged half-life in patients with renal failure, challenging
dosing at extremes of body weight
– Generic availability challenging because of biologic status
– If monitoring is required, anti-factor Xa activity testing with a
rapid turnaround time may be less widely available
– No oral LMWH
Fondaparinux
• Pros:
– Synthetic small molecule
– Little to no risk of HIT (some use in history of HIT)
– Long duration of action Daily administration
– No routine monitoring, easy dosing
– No effect on thrombin or platelets
• Cons
– No reversal agent
– Limited to parenteral administration
– Significantly longer half-life in renal insufficiency
– Contraindicated with low body weight
Pembagian Dosis Terapi Antikoagulan di Pelayanan
1. Dosis Profilaktif : 1. Heparin 2 x 5000 – 7.500 unit SC
2. Enoxaparin 1 x 0.4 ml/40 mg SC
( 0.5 mg/kg BB / 24 jam)
3. Fondaparin 1 x 2.5 mg SC
2. Dosis Intermediate : 1. Heparin 3 x 7.500 SC ( critical ill)
(High dose Profilaksis) 2. Heparin drip 20.000 – 25.000 IU SC
( Double Profilasis) 3. Enoxaparin 2 x 0.4 ml / 40 mg SC
( 0.5 mg/kg BB/12 jam )
4. Fondaparin 1 x 5 mg SC panduan profesi ?
3. Dosis treatment : 1. Heparin bolus 80 unit/kg BB, drip 18 unit /jam
( Full Dose ) 2. Enoxaparin 2 x 0.6 / 60 mg ( 1 mg/kg BB/12 jam )
3. Fondaparin 1 x 5 mg SC panduan profesi ?
Terapi Antikoagulan :
Resiko perdarahan dan Trombosis
EFIKASI PENCEGAHAN TROMBOSIS BERBAGAI DOSIS ANTIKOAGULAN
RESIKO PERDARAHAN BERBAGAI TERAPI ANTIKOAGULAN
Hsu dan Liu ( Kanada ), Mathioli ( Italia ) membuktikan
pemberian antikoagulan intermediate / High dose profilaksis
lebih berpfotensi mencegah pembentukan thrombus dibanding
antikoagulan profilaksis.