Pada mata emmetropia, kekuatan kornea(40 Dipotri) + lensa(20 Dioptri) digabungkan untuk
memfokuskan sinar sejajar dari obyek yg jauh pada satu titik focus di retina
Etiologi :
- diameter antero posterior yang panjang
- radius kurvatura kornea dan lensa lebih besar
- perubahan posisi lensa ke depan
- perubahan indeks bias refraksi
Manifestasi Klinis
- Penglihatan jauh yang kabur, kondisi seperti ini pada anak-anak kadang
terabaikan, kecenderungan untuk memicingkan mata saat melihat jauh
- Nyeri kepala, mata cepat lelah
Klasifikasi
- Miopia ringan : <-3.00 D
- Miopia sedang : -3.00 D s/d -6.00 D
- Miopia berat : >-6.00 D
Tatalaksana
- Koreksi miopia dengan pemberian kacamata, lensa kontak atau bedah
refraktif
- Kacamata yang diberikan adalah lensa sferis negatif (concave) atau
minus terkecil yang memberikan tajam penglihatan terbaik
Komplikasi
- Miopia tinggi bisa menyebabkan ablasio retina rhegmatogen
Macam Kelainan Refraksi
2. Hipermetropia (far-sightendess)
Berkas sinar yang berjalan sejajar masuk ke dalam mata dalam
keadaan istirahat tanpa adanya akomodasi, dibiaskan membentuk
bayangan di belakang retina.
Etiologi :
- diameter antero posterior yang pendek
- radius kurvatura kornea dan lensa yang kurang
- perubahan indeks bias refraksi (berkurang)
- Afakia
Manifestasi Klinis
- Kabur melihat dekat dan jauh
- sakit kepal
- penglihatan tidak nyaman dan perasaan mata lelah yang muncul setelah
bekerja lama,
- sensitivitas meningkat terhadap cahaya dan
- spasme akomodas
Klasifikasi
- Hipermetropia ringan : <+3.00 D
- Hipermetropia sedang : +3.00 D s/d +6.00 D
- Hipermetropia berat : >+6.00 D
Klasifikasi
- Hipermetropia Manifes : visus 6/6 dengan sferis positif terbesar tanpa
akomodasi
- Hipermetropia Absolut: visus 6/6 dengan sferis positif terkecil
- Hipermetripia Fakultatif : 6/6 tanpa lensa positif, dengan memicingkan
mata (dibantu akomodasi)
- Hipermetropia Total : 6/6 dengan siklopegik (manifes+laten)
Tatalaksana
- Koreksi hipermetropia dengan pemberian kacamata, lensa
kontakKacamata yang diberikan adalah lensa sferis positif (conveks)
atau plus terbesar yang memberikan tajam penglihatan terbaik
Macam Kelainan Refraksi
3. Astigmatisma
Pembiasaan pada lebih dari satu titik fokus berkas sinar yang
sejajar yang masuk ke dalam mata pada keadaan tanpa
akomodasi.
Etiologi :
Bentuk Astigmatisma
1. Astigmatisma Reguler
Meridian utama yang saling tegak lurus yang masing-masing memiliki
daya bias terkuat dan terlemah
Terdiri dari :
- Astigmat with the rule : pembiasan pada lengkung vertical lebih kuat
daripada horizontal
- Astigmatisma against the rule : pembiasan pada lengkung horizontal lebih
kuat daripada vertical
2. Astigmatisma irregular
Tidak mempunyai 2 meridian yang saling tegak lurus, lengsung kornea
berbeda pada meridian yang sama. Biasanya karna infeksi, trauma, dll
Etiologi
- Herediter
- Pasca operasi, pasca infeksi, pasca trauma
Klasifikasi
1. Astigmatisma miopic simpleks 3. Astigmatisma Hipermetrof simpleks
Tatalaksana
1. Astigmatisma regular : lensa silinder
2. Astigmatisma irregular : hard contact lens
4. Presbiopi
Bukan kelainan refraksi.
Etiologi :
- Peningkatan usia menyebabkan elastisitas kapsul lensa
menurun, massa lensa lebih padar dan keras.
- Kemampuan akomodasi yang menurun
Manifestasi Klinis
- Kabur melihat dekat
- Pusing
- Mata lelah
Tatalaksana
Addisi :
-40 THN: S + 1.00 D
-50 THN: S + 2.00 D
-≥60 THN: S + 3.00 D
-AFAKIA: S + 3.00
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