NURDIANA
LAB. FARMAKOLOGI
FK UNIBRAW MALANG
INSULIN
PANKREAS 1 juta pulau langerhans
memproduksi hormon (lihat tabel)
SEL B PANKREAS SINTESIS oleh DNA ATAU RNA
INSULIN BM : 5808
2 RANTAI : RANTAI A
RANTAI B lihat gambar
RANTAI DISULFIDA
PROINSULIN RANTAI TUNGGAL, PANJANG
DIPROSES DALAM GOLGI APPARATUS MENJADI INSULIN (HIDROLISA),
SEGMEN SISANYA C-PEPTIDA
FARMAKOKINETIK INSULIN
hati
otot
Jar.lemak
Fluktuasi kadar glukosa dalam serum dipengaruhi faktor-faktor :
1. Glkogenolisis/glukoneogenesis
2. Penggunaan glukosa oleh sel perifer
3. Jumlah reseptor insulin pada sel
4. Kadar antibodi insulin
5. Hormon yg mempengaruhi metab. Glukosa : insulin, glucagon, cortison,
epinefrin dan GH
Insulin, vit C, chromium me metab glukosa. Exercise me penggn glukosa
KONDISI PATOLOGIS
Ggn sekresi insulin : meningkat : reactive hypoglycemia, insulinoma
menurun : defisiensi insulin DM
DM bisa disebabkan antibodi yg menghalangi kerja insulin atau kurangnya
reseptor insulin, kemampuan jar menggunakan glukosa (obesitas)
Sifat preparat insulin
A. Tipe dan lama kerja
1. Ultra short acting,
very rapid onset,
short duration
2. Short acting, rapid
onset of action
3. Intermediate-acting
4. Long – acting, slow
onset of action
tabel
Degradasi insulin
- dilakukan oleh hati dan ginjal, membersihkan insulin dari sirkulasi
-Cara hidrolisis ikatan disulfid antara rantai A dan B melalui kerja insulinase
(glutathione insulin transhidrogenase) proteolysis
Insulin endogen hati : 60 %
ginjal 35-40 %
Insulin eksogen, sebaliknya
Circulating insulin half life 3-5’
Pengukuran insulin
RIA picomolar, berdasarkan reaksi dg antibodi
bisa mengukur insulin sapi, babi dan manusia
basal insulin value, 5 – 15 U/ml (30-90 mol/L)pada manusia, kadar puncak
60-90 U/ml (360-540 mol/L), pada saat makan.
TERAPI INSULIN
DIABETES TIPE 1 INSULIN DEPENDENT GROUP
DIABETES TIPE 2TDK BTH INSULIN UTK SURVIVAL, TP
UTK OPTIMAL HEALTH
“GLYCEMIC CONTROL” PADA DM
DM TIPE 1 COMPREHENSIVE SELF-MANAGEMENT TRAINING,
DIMULAI SESUDAH PUBERTAS
UMUR 7 TH , TDK BOLEH KONTROL KETAT, KARENA
HIPOGLIKEMI DPTBRAIN DAMAGE
Insulin resistance
Hyperinsulinaemia
Increasing insulin
+ -cell failure
resistance
Type 2 diabetes
Adapted from: Reaven GM. Diabetes 1988;37:1595–1607 and Beck-Nielsen H, Groop LC. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1714–1721
OAD (oral anti diabetic)
Insulin resistance
Blood glucose
4 Liver: hepatic
glucose output
Insulin
resistance
3 Pancreas: insulin secretion
Sulfonylureas
insulin secretion
DeFronzo RA. Diabetes. 1988;37:667-687.
Lebovitz HE. In Joslin's Diabetes Mellitus. 1994:508-529
C
Meglitinides: Mechanism of Action
Insulin resistance
Blood glucose
4 Liver: hepatic
glucose output
Insulin
resistance
Insulin resistance
Blood glucose
4 Liver: hepatic
glucose output
Metformin HGO
Insulin
resistance
3 Pancreas: insulin secretion
Blood glucose
4 Liver: hepatic
glucose output
Insulin
resistance
3 Pancreas: insulin secretion
Amatruda JM. In: Diabetes Mellitus. 1996.
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose
•monotherapy or adjunct
•Inhibits intestinal enzyme, specific activity on
sucrase, delaying digestion of starch and sucrose
into absorbable monosaccharides such as glucose
•Safe
•Weight neutral
Side effects:
– GI intolerance
– flatulence, diarrhoea, abdominal distension
& pain
Thiazolidinediones: Mechanism of Action
• ? Alternative to insulin
• Side effects:
• oedema, weight gain, GI disturbances,
headache, dizziness
Penghambat DPP-IV
(Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV)
Adapted from Sonnenberg and Kotchen Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998;7(5):551-555.
EFEK SAMPING
Health education
Diet, exercise, weight control
Insulin
Stepwise management of type 2 diabetes
Oral combination
Oral monotherapy