FINANCIAL ESSENTIALS

for
NON FINANCIAL
PROFESSIONALS
Facilitator:
Mr. S Yoga Thevan, MBA, CGMA, ACMA
Knowledge Facilitator / Chartered Global Management Accountant
 PROCES PEMBELAJARAN
1.
Impak

5. 2.
Penambah-baikan Contoh &
Pengetahuan Illustrasi

4.
3.
Pemahaman
dalam Aplikasi

“Start by realising that you have the power at any given moment to change anything and everything
in your entire life………simply by DECIDING TO.” - Anthony Robbins
 Pengenalan kepada
Penyata-Penyata
Kewangan

Analisa SCOPE Tunai

Kewangan OF adalah
CONTENT Segalanya!

Perancangan
Kewangan Korporat &
Kawalan Kewangan
 MEMAHAMI PENYATA KEWANGAN

Module 1

“Bilamasa munculnya topik wang, satu-satunya kemahiran yang diketahui ramai adalah
untuk bekerja keras. Anda hanya perlu belajar dan menguasai satu lagi kemahiran dan
pendapatan anda akan melonjak dengan berlipat ganda." – Robert Kiyosaki
KITARAN PENGURUSAN PERNIAGAAN

Tindak Rencana
(Act) (Plan)

Semak Pelaksanaan William Edwards Deming

(14 Oct 1900 – 20 Dec 1993 )
(Check) (Do) American statistician, professor,
author, lecturer, and consultant.
He is perhaps best known for
the "Plan-Do-Check-Act" cycle
popularly named after him.
AKAUN UNTUNG RUGI/PENYATA PENDAPATAN
Tunai
JUALAN Kredit xxx
Dibayar
Tolak: PERBELANJAAN Akan Dibayar
Peruntukan perbelanjaan elektrik x
Peruntukan hutang ragu x
Peruntukan waranti (jaminan) x
Peruntukan stok luput x
Peruntukan manfaat persaraan x
Peruntukan susut-nilai x
Peruntukan …… x
___
UNTUNG / RUGI xxx
 Jualan Tunai
ALIRAN TUNAI Pungutan dari Penghutang
Jualan Aset
Baki Permulaan
Jualan Skrap
Pendapatan Lain
+ Wang Masuk - Faedah, Sewa, Dividen
Pinjaman dari Bank

Belian Tunai
Bayaran kepada Pembekal
- Wang Keluar Bayaran Gaji, Upah dll
Pembelian Aset Tetap
Pelaburan
Pembayaran balik hutang + faedah
= Baki Akhir Cukai
= Penyata Bank Dividen
 LAPORAN JURUAUDIT BEBAS
LAPORAN MENGENAI PENYATA KEWANGAN
Kami telah mengaudit penyata kewangan Syarikat xxx yang merangkumi penyata kedudukan
kewangan pada 31 Disember 2012 bagi Kumpulan dan Syarikat, serta penyata pendapatan,
penyata pendapatan keseluruhan, perubahan ekuiti dan aliran tunai Kumpulan dan Syarikat
bagi tahun berakhir pada tarikh tersebut, dan ringkasan dasar-dasar perakaunan penting serta
nota-nota penjelasan lain.

Tanggungjawab Pengarah-pengarah terhadap Penyata Kewangan

Tanggungjawab Juruaudit
Tanggungjawab kami adalah memberi pendapat mengenai penyata kewangan ini berdasarkan
audit kami. Kami telah menjalankan audit kami menurut piawaian pengauditan yang diluluskan
di Malaysia. Piawaian ini menghendaki kami mematuhi keperluan-keperluan beretika serta
merancang dan menjalankan audit untuk mendapat jaminan munasabah bahawa penyata
kewangan ini adalah bebas daripada salah nyata penting.
Audit melibatkan pelaksanaan prosedur-prosedur untuk mendapatkan bukti audit mengenai
amaun dan pendedahan dalam penyata kewangan. Prosedur-prosedur yang dipilih adalah
berdasarkan pertimbangan kami, termasuk penilaian risiko salah nyata penting penyata
kewangan, sama ada disebabkan oleh penipuan atau kesilapan.
Dalam membuat penilaian risiko ini, kami mengambil kira kawalan dalaman yang
berkaitan dengan penyediaan penyata kewangan entiti yang memberikan
pandangan yang benar dan saksama untuk merancang prosedur-prosedur audit
yang sesuai dalam keadaan sedemikian, tetapi bukan untuk tujuan memberi suatu
pendapat mengenai keberkesanan kawalan dalaman entiti.
Audit juga termasuk penilaian kesesuaian dasar-dasar perakaunan yang digunakan
dan kemunasabahan anggaran perakaunan yang dibuat oleh Pengarah-
pengarah, serta penilaian pembentangan keseluruhan penyata kewangan ini. Kami
percaya bahawa bukti audit yang telah kami peroleh adalah mencukupi dan wajar
untuk memberi asas bagi pendapat audit kami.
Pendapat
Pada pendapat kami, penyata kewangan ini telah disediakan dengan sewajarnya
mengikut Piawaian Pelaporan Kewangan Malaysia, Piawaian Pelaporan Kewangan
Antarabangsa, dan Akta Syarikat, 1965 bagi memberi pandangan yang benar
dan saksama mengenai kedudukan kewangan Kumpulan dan Syarikat pada 31
Disember 2012 serta prestasi kewangan dan aliran tunainya bagi tahun berakhir
pada tarikh tersebut.

LAPORAN MENGENAI KEPERLUAN UNDANG-UNDANG DAN PENGAWALSELIAAN YANG LAIN

TANGGUNGJAWAB PELAPORAN YANG LAIN
PERKARA-PERKARA LAIN
PENYATA KEWANGAN TERUTAMA
(Syarikat)

Penyata Pendapatan (Akaun Untung Rugi)

Penyata Kedudukan Kewangan (Kunci Kira-Kira /
Lembaran Imbangan)
Penyata Perubahan Ekuiti (Modal, termasuk
keuntungan terkumpul)
Penyata Aliran Tunai (Penyesuaian Keuntungan
kepada Tunai)
X Penyata Aliran Tunai (Penyata Penerimaan
dan Pembayaran)
TUGAS SURUHANJAYA SYARIKAT MALAYSIA

A. Business Registration
 Sole Proprietor
 Partnership

B. Company Registration
 Sendirian Berhad (Sdn Bhd)
 Berhad (Bhd)
 TUGAS SURUHANJAYA SYARIKAT MALAYSIA
C. Limited Liability Partnership Act 2012
 Limited Liability Partnership (L.L.P.)

D. Corporate Administration Management

 Company Limited By Guarantee (Berhad)
 Trustee Company

E. Insolvency
 Winding Up of Companies
Note:
A Limited Liability Partnership, L.L.P. combines the characteristics of a company and a conventional
partnership. There is no mandatory Auditing requirement and filing of Annual Returns for LLPs. However,
an LLP is required to lodge an Annual Declaration with the Registrar stating whether the LLP is able or
unable to pay its debts. There is also no requirement for an LLP to convene annual general meetings.
KENAPA KITA MEMERLUKAN PERAKAUNAN AKRUAN?
 Owners /
Shareholders /
Venture Capitalists

Government Investment Bankers /

Stockbrokers

USERS
Competitors OF Lenders
ACCOUNTS

Manager / Employee Suppliers

Customers / Clients
 ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS

 Business Entity Concept

 Money Concept
 Historical Cost Concept
 Going Concern Concept
 ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS

 Dual Aspect Concept

 Realization Concept
 Accrual/Matching Concept
ACCOUNTING CONVENTIONS

 Prudence
 Materiality
 Consistency
 Substance over form
 PENGIKTIRAFAN "HASIL"
 Konsep Realisasi Produk
dihantar Penyata
kepada akaun
Sumber Produk Pelanggan diterima
Pesanan bahan disiapkan [Invois & daripada
Belian diperolehi dan Perintah pelanggan Bayaran
(P/O) dan kerja disimpan Penghantaran (maklum balas tunai
diterima bermula di gudang (D/O) penerimaan diterima
dikeluarkan] barang)

Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun

Perakaunan Akruan mengiktiraf hasil di bulan _______

 PROSES PERAKAUNAN
PEMBELIAN

KOS PENGUBAHSUAIAN & LAIN-LAIN URUSNIAGA

JUALAN /
Direkodkan selaras dengan
Organisasi PERKHIDMATAN
peraturan perakaunan
yang diterima

DIRUMUSKAN
KLASIFIKASI

Akaun Untung-Rugi
KOD AKAUN

+
dan Imbangan
Kunci Kira-Kira Duga
PUSAT KOS
 TEMPOH MASA PERAKAUNAN

Tahunan

1 2
Setengah Tahun
1 2 3 4
Suku tahun

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Bulanan
 “BUKU-BUKU” AKAUN
Inbois
D/O, P/O, Resit
(Dokumen Asal)

Buku Lejar Buku

Jualan Am Belian

Lejar Imbangan Duga Lejar

Penghutang Pemiutang

Buku-buku Lain
Penyata - Lejar bahan
Daftar - Brgn dlm Transit
Kewangan
Aset Tetap (Akaun Untung Rugi, - Kump Peralatan
Kunci Kira-kira) kecil
 PERAKAUNAN ? SIMPAN-KIRA ?
PENYATA KEWANGAN !!!

Perakaunan
Pengurusan

Pengawalseliaan DALAMAN
Kewangan Syarikat ABC
Sekitaran Pengguna
Perakaunan LUARAN
Kewangan
 KATA KUNCI…….

Penyata Pendapatan Penyata Aliran Tunai

bagi tahun kewangan bagi tahun kewangan
berakhir berakhir 30.06.2014
30.06.2014

Penyata
Kedudukan Kewangan
pada 30.06.2014
 LAPORAN TAHUNAN
 PENYATA PENDAPATAN
 PENYATA KEDUDUKAN KEWANGAN
 PENYATA PERUBAHAN EKUITI
 PENYATA ALIRAN TUNAI
Laporan
Merangkumi Pengerusi Laporan
Akuan
Pengarah
Urusan Berkanun
Penyata Pengarah
Laporan
Akaun
Kewangan Jawatankuasa
Beraudit
Audit
Penyata
Urus-Tadbir
Lain-lain:
Korporat
Laporan Contoh - Sorotan
Audit Kewangan Penting
 PENYATA PENDAPATAN vs PENYATA KEDUDUKAN
Penyata Penyata
Kedudukan Kedudukan
Kewangan Kewangan
pada Penyata Pendapatan pada
01.01.2014 bagi tahun kewangan 31.12.2014
berakhir 31.12.2014

Kesihatan Kesihatan
Kewangan pada Prestasi Kewangan Kewangan pada
suatu ketika suatu ketika
tertentu tertentu
 KUNCI KIRA-KIRA
1. ASET TETAP 3. EKUITI
Tanah $10j Modal $20j
Bangunan Untung Terkumpul
Mesin Rizab2 Lain
Komputer
Kereta 4. LIABILITI JANGKA PANJANG
Pinjaman Bank $5j
2. ASET SEMASA
Stok
Penghutang 5. LIABILITI SEMASA
Tunai $5j + $10j Pemiutang
Apa Yang $25j Apa Yang $25j
Anda Anda
Dimiliki A=C+L Ditanggung
 AKAUN UNTUNG RUGI vs. KUNCI KIRA KIRA

URUSNIAGA
PERNIAGAAN

AKAUN UNTUNG-RUGI KUNCI KIRA-KIRA

PENDAPATAN PERBELANJAAN ASET LIABILITI EKUITI

Perdagangan Bahan Mentah Asset Tetap Liabiliti Jangka Panjang Modal Berbayar
Bukan Perdagangan Upah Asset Semasa Liabiliti Semasa Keuntungan
Susut Nilai Terkumpul
Kos Pentadbiran Lain-lain Rezab
Kos Jualan
Kos-kos lain
Cukai
 GROUP ACTIVITY
Chart of Accounts

• CARD GAME

Rules of the Game

1. Get into a group of 2-3 persons
2. Distribute the cards/paper to the group
3. Place the paper with the headers of Income, Expense, Assets, Liabilities and Equity; in the middle
4. The person on the right of the person who distributed the cards will begin
5. Read out aloud what is written on your card to your team-mates.
6. Put the card in the correct column.
7. Team-mates verify. Discuss if you don‟t agree. It arguments take more than a minute, put it aside
and come back to it later.
Note: This is a team game. You need to listen to the person who reads the card and correct him/her if they‟ve put it at the wrong place.
 ASAS AKRUAN vs ASAS TUNAI

 Asas Akruan X Asas Tunai

Hasil diiktiraf apabila Hasil diiktiraf apabila
diperolehi (diterima dan tunai diterima dan
akan diterima) dan perbelanjaan direkodkan
perbelanjaan diiktiraf apabila tunai dibayar
apabila digunakan dalam
proses memperolehi hasil
(dibayar atau akan
dibayar)

Dalam perakaunan akruan, suatu catatan pelaras direkodkan untuk

membawa baki akaun aset atau liabiliti kepada jumlah yang ‘betul’.
 "PELARASAN AKAUN" – Pembayaran

Pembayaran Wang

Sebelum Setelah
Perbelanjaan diiktiraf Perbelanjaan diiktiraf

Perbelanjaan Terdahulu
(Tertunda / Pra-Bayar) Perbelanjaan Terakru
[Termasuk Susut-nilai] [Termasuk Peruntukan]
 "PELARASAN AKAUN" - Penerimaan

Penerimaan Wang

Sebelum Setelah
hasil diiktiraf hasil diiktiraf

Hasil Terdahulu
(Tertunda / Pra-bayar) Hasil Terakru
PERBELANJAAN MODAL vs PERBELANJAAN HASIL
[ CAPEX vs OPEX ]
PERBELANJAAN SUSUTNILAI

"Kos menggunakan aset

tetap sesebuah organisasi"

Satu cara pengiraan yang meluas:

Kaedah Kos Asal - Nilai Lupus(Skrap)

Garisan =
Lurus Usia Guna Aset
 KAEDAH BIASA SUSUTNILAI
Nilai Buku
Bersih ($)
15000

10000

5000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Garis Lurus 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 1
Baki Berkurangan 10000 7000 4900 3430 2401 1681
Tahun
 BAGAIMANA UNTUNG DIKIRA ?

Bahan Mentah
Buruh Langsung
JUALAN Buruh Tidak Langsung
Tolak: Kos Jualan* Kos Pengilangan
JUALAN Tidak Langsung
UNTUNG KASAR
Tolak: PERBELANJAAN
Tolak: Perbelanjaan Operasi Pentadbiran Am
UNTUNG BERSIH Perbelanjaan Jualan
KEUNTUNGAN DARI OPERASI R&D
Royalti
Tolak: Kos Bukan Operasi
UNTUNG BERSIH Faedah
Kerugian (atau Untung)
dari pelupusan aset tetap

*Kos Barangan Yang diJual = Kos Jualan

Bagi syarikat perdagangan jual-beli, ini adalah kos barangan yang dibeli dan telah dijual
 SUSUNATUR AKAUN UNTUNG-RUGI
Jualan 800,000
Tolak: Kos Jualan 680,000
Untung Kasar 120,000
Perbelanjaan Pentadbiran Am 40,000
Perbelanjaan Jualan 20,000
Royalti 10,000
Perbelanjaan Penyelidikan (R&D) 13,000
Keuntungan Operasi 37,000
Perbelanjaan Faedah 5,000
Perbelanjaan Luar Biasa (Kerugian penjualan asset tetap) 2,000
Keuntungan Sebelum Cukai 30,000
Cukai Korporat 10,000
Keuntungan Selepas Cukai 20,000
Dividen 10,000
Keuntungan Terkumpul 10,000
 CAPTURING THE COST FLOWS
Costs Balance Sheet Profit & Loss A/C
(Inventories) (Expenses)

Material Purchases Raw Materials

Direct Labor Work In Process

Manufacturing When
Overhead Sales Cost of Goods
Finished Goods Occur Sold

Selling and Period Selling and

Administrative Exp Costs Administrative Exp
 MENJALANKAN AKTIVITI

OUT IN
Perbelanjaan Modal Modal Saham
(Berbayar)

Modal Kerja Modal Pinjaman

Pelaburan Rizab
 PERSAMAAN PERAKAUNAN
(Tanpa Mengambil Kira Hasil dan Belanja)
A C+L
Aset = Ekuiti + Liabiliti

EQUITI
ASET
JANGKA
PANJANG LIABILITI
JANGKA PANJANG

ASET SEMASA LIABILITI

SEMASA
 KUNCI KIRA-KIRA  ASET

Aset Bukan Semasa Aset Tidak Ketara (Paten, Harta Intelek)

Hartanah, Loji dan Peralatan
(Aset Tetap) Pelaburan Jangka Panjang
[Aset yang dijangka tidak akan Lain-lain Aset
ditukar kepada wang tunai atau
diguna-pakai sepenuhnya dalam
tempoh dua belas bulan]

Inventori
Aset Semasa Penghutang
[Tunai dan aset yang akan digunakan Prabayaran
atau diubah kepada wang tunai Pelaburan Jangka Pendek
dalam tempoh dua belas bulan] Tunai & Kesetaraan Tunai
 KUNCI KIRA-KIRA  LIABILITI

Liabiliti Bukan Semasa Pinjaman Jangka Panjang

Cukai Tertunda
(Liabiliti Jangka Panjang)
[Liabiliti yang perlu ditanggung dan dibayar
selepas dua belas bulan akan datang]

Pemiutang
Liabiliti Semasa Lain-lain Pemiutang
[Liabiliti yang akan ditanggung dan kena Pinjaman Jangka Pendek
dibayar dalam tempoh dua belas bulan Overdraf Bank
 KUNCI KIRA-KIRA  MODAL

Dana Pemegang Saham Modal

(Ekuiti Pemilik) Keuntungan Terkumpul
Rizab-rizab Lain
[Semua wang yang dilaburkan oleh pemilik.
Termasuk keuntungan yang tidak diagihkan
(keuntungan terkumpul) dan lain-lain bentuk
keuntungan yang disimpan di dalam syarikat.
Juga menandakan nilai bersih organisasi]
 SUSUNATUR KUNCI KIRA-KIRA
ASET TETAP
Nilai Bersih Loji, Tanah dan Peralatan 350,000

ASET SEMASA
Inventori 150,000
Penghutang 100,000
Tunai & Kesetaraan Tunai 100,000 350,000

Jumlah Aset  700,000

Totak: LIABILITI SEMASA

Pemiutang Dagangan 120,000

Permiutang Lain 50,000 170,000

530,000

DIBIAYAI OLEH
Modal 300,000
Keuntungan Terkumpul 130,000

Dana Pemegang Saham  430,000

LIABILITI JANGKA PANJANG

Pinjaman Berjangka 100,000

530,000
 „OFF BALANCE SHEET‟ RISKS

OPERATING LEASE OBLIGATIONS

PERSONAL GUARANTEES

INSURANCE POLICIES

ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE

FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE

INTEREST RATE EXPOSURE

Module 2
CASH IS KING

People who trust wholly to the financial

acumen of others’ without diligence of their
own, will always be poor."
- S. Yoga Thevan
 PENGURUSAN TUNAI

ASET EQUITI
TETAP

LIABILITI
JANGKA PANJANG

ASET
LIABILITI
SEMASA
JANGKA PENDEK
EDARAN KEUNTUNGAN  Dividen Tunai

Distribution of Net Profit

(Before Tax)
Cukai
Koporat
Untung

Dividen
 ALIRAN TUNAI & ALIRAN PERNIAGAAN

Barangan &
Perkhidmatan

SUPPLIER BUSINESS CUSTOMER

Tunai

SUPPLIER BUSINESS CUSTOMER

 Barang Siap

Pengudangan,
Barang dalam proces Penghantaran
& Inbois
KITARAN
OPERASI
Bahan Mentah Pelanggan

Tunai
SUPPLIERS
 KITARAN TUNAI

+ Receivables Conversion Period (Trade Debtor Days) 31

+ Inventory Conversion Period (Stock Holding Days) 49

= Operating Cycle 80

- Payables Deferral Period (Trade Creditor Days) 56

= Cash Conversion Cycle 24

Cash Flow Forecast - (Mingguan) Tahun 20XX
Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4 Month1
Receipts
Cash sales 20,000 30,000 40,000 90,000 180,000
Collections from credit sales 5,000 2,500 3,000 4,000 14,500
New equity inflow 10,000 0 0 0 10,000
Loans received 16,700 8,350 8,350 8,350 41,750
Total Receipts 51,700 40,850 51,350 102,350 246,250
Payments
Cash purchases 800 1,000 500 500 2,800
Payments to creditors 2,700 1,700 2,000 1,900 8,300
Salaries and wages 9,000 8,500 8,000 7,800 33,300
Utilities 3,000 1,500 2,000 1,800 8,300
Repairs and maintenance 2,000 1,000 1,200 1,500 5,700
Travel 3,000 2,000 1,500 2,200 8,700
Advert, Mktg Promo 15,000 12,000 15,000 12,000 54,000
Tax payments 10,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 55,000
Capex 10,000 0 30,000 0 40,000
Total Payments 55,500 37,700 75,200 47,700 216,100
Cashflow Surplus/Deficit (-) (3,800) 3,150 (23,850) 54,650 30,150
Opening Cash Balance 20,000 16,200 19,350 (4,500) 50,150
Closing Cash Balance 16,200 19,350 (4,500) 50,150 80,300
 UNTUNG vs. TUNAI
Profit $
Sales = 2500 x $0.30 = 750
Less Cost of Sales = 2500 x $0.20 = 500
Operating Profit 250
Cash $
Opening Cash 500
Payments 500
Cash Available 0
Receipts 750
Closing Cash 750
Cashflow Generated 250
 TUNAI =
/ UNTUNG
Untung Tunai
HASIL Pendapatan RECEIPTS FROM:
INVESTORS
Less
Direct Material Wang Masuk LOAN PROVIDERS
Direct Labour CUSTOMERS
Indirect Labor
Other Mfg Ovhd
R&D Perbelanjaan PAYMENTS TO:
Royalty SUPPLIERS
EMPLOYEES
Gen Admin
Selling Wang Keluar BANKERS
Interest INVESTORS
GOVERNMENT
NET PROFIT

Konsep Akrual Aliran Duit

 FREE CASH FLOW

Operating Activities Investing Activities Financing Activities

Cash receipts Sale of Property, Plant & Equipment Issuance of Equity Securities
(revenues) Sale of Debt/Equity of other entities Issuance of Debt (Bond &
Collection of Loans to other entities Notes)

Inflow Inflow
Cash Pool
Outflow Outflow

Operating Activities Investing Activities Financing Activities

Cash expenditures Purchase of Property, Plant & Equipment Payment of Dividends
(expenses) Purchase of Debt/Equity of other entities Redemption of Debt
Loans to other entities Reacquisition of Shares
FINANCIAL ESSENTIALS
for
NON FINANCIAL
PROFESSIONALS
Facilitator:
Mr. S Yoga Thevan, MBA, CGMA, ACMA
Knowledge Facilitator / Chartered Global Management Accountant
 REKONSILASI UNTUNG DAN TUNAI
UNTUNG Operating Profit XX
Example:
Add Back: Depreciation
Non Cash Expenses X Bad Debt Provisions
Gains/(Losses) on Sale of Assets
Income Statement
items & Changes in Increase/Decrease in
Current Assets and Adjust For:
Stock
Current Liabilities Operating Activities X Debtors
Creditors
Balance Sheet: Adjust For: Capital Expenditure
Changes in
Non-Current Investment Activities X Purchase/Sale of Assets
Assets Dividends from Investments

Balance Sheet:
Adjust For: Interest Paid
Changes in
Non-Current Financing Activities X Dividend Paid
Liabilities & Equity ___ Loans Repaid
Inc/Dec in Cash X
Cash at Beginning _X_
TUNAI DITANGAN Cash at End _X_ Balance as per Bank Account
 PELARASAN UNTUK AKTIVITI TUNAI
Item Add (+) Deduct (-)
Operating Inventory Decrease Increase
Activities Accounts Receivable Decrease Increase
Accounts Payable Increase Decrease
Investing Fixed Assets Sales Purchase
 Land, Building, Equipment
Activities Intangible Assets Proceeds from sale of Purchase of intangible
intangible assets assets
Investments in the Equity of Proceeds from the sale Purchase of shares
other companies
Investments in Debt Securities Proceeds from the sale Purchase of bonds or
of other companies debentures
Loans to others Receipt of principal Payments
(Directors/Employees/Others) repayments
Financing Equity Proceeds from IPO*/Rights Repurchase of own shares,
issue of own shares Payment of Dividends

Activities Loans Receipt of Borrowings Repayment of Debt

Payment of Interest
 CONTOH ALIRAN TUNAI (Kaedah Tidak Langsung)
Cash flow from Operating activities
Profit before Tax 64,760
Adj: +Depreciation 44,413
+Provision for Bad Debts 681
-(Gains)/+Losses on disposal of Fixed Assets (497)
Changes in Working Capital
- Increase in Debtors (5,455)
- Decrease in Creditors (8,937)
+Decrease in Stocks 19,592
Cash generated from operations  114,557 Reconciliation
Taxation Paid (12,430) Between
Net Cash provided by operating activities  102,127
Profit and
Cash flow from Investing activities
+Proceeds from the sale of Fixed Assets 791
Cash Balance
-Purchase of Fixed Assets (34,490)
+Dividends from Investments 16,176
Net Cash from/(Used In) Investing Activities  (19,523)
Cash Flow From Financing Activities
-Dividends Paid (8,379)
-Repayment of Hire Purchase Facilities (5,000)
Net Cash from/(Used In) Financing Activities  (13,379)
Net Increase/(Decrease) in cash 69,225
Cash at the Beginning of the Year 405,062
Total Cash at the End of the Year  474,287 = Bank Balance in B/S
 QUICK TEST!
1. “Jika saham syarikat naik, ia mempunyai lebih banyak wang
tunai”
2. “Kunci kira-kira memberitahu kita Nilai Perniagaan”
3. “Akauntan menyimbangi Kunci Kira-Kira dengan
memasukkan untung sebagai balancing figure”
4. “Pada penghujung tahun, jika untung syarikat tidak didalam
bank, maka ia mestilah disorok disuatu tempat; jangan-
jangan, didalam laci akauntan”
5. “Bila-masa membandingkan 2 perniagaan, syarikat yang
mendapat untung yang lebih tinggi, adalah syarikat yang
lebih berjaya”
6. “Bila kita membandingkan 2 perniagaan untuk aliran tunai,
syarikat yang telah menjanakan lebih banyak tunai adalah
syarikat yang lebih berjaya”
 PROFIT VS PROFITABILITY

Anda diberi peluang menyertai suatu projek. Is it Worth it?

Untung adalah RM10,000. Adakah anda akan
melabur? Apakah perkara lain yang perlu
dipertimbangkan?

Profit Investment Rate of Return

$ $ %
Project 1 10,000 10,000 %

Project 2 10,000 100,000 %

Project 3 10,000 1,000,000 %

 Perancangan Kewangan Korporat &
Kawalan Kewangan

Module 3
 PERANCANGAN KEWANGAN KORPORAT

10-20 Tahun
VISI

STRATEGI
3-5 Tahun
PERANCANGAN KORPORAT
A
C
T PELAN PERNIAGAAN (Bajet)
I 1 Tahun
O
N PELAN PELBAGAI BAHAGIAN
S
 Schneider Electric‟s Mission, Vision & Core Values
Our values
We foster a strong culture to drive innovation

Our values define our company, our customer approach and our
business methods. They are the very same values we look for in
the people we recruit.

 Passionate
Passion for Customers, Passion for People, Positive
We are passionate and positive about our business, customers and people. We strive to create a true sense of partnership with customers,
making it easy for them to do business with us. We develop talent pools, coaching people to reach their potential.

 Open
Curious, Collaborative, Cultivates Diversity
We think “outside the box” and encourage others to do the same. We leverage the rich diversity of our company, promoting the sharing of
expertise and learning. We show our willingness to collaborate to get things done.

 Straightforward
Walk the Talk, Integrity, Talk Straight
We believe people value directness and simplicity. We behave in line with expressed commitments and show consistency between words
and actions. We treat people with respect and fairness and give clear, motivating and constructive feedback.

 Effective
High Performance, Pragmatic, Fast
We want to perform and get things done, not just talk about getting things done. We are pragmatic, not fancy. We manage and reach
ambitious operational goals, taking appropriate risks. We respond with flexibility to shifting priorities and rapid change.
KAWALAN PENGURUSAN KORPORAT

Planning

Reporting

Reviewing Executing
 ANALISA & PELAN TINDAKAN

THE PLANNING GAP

Tahun 1 Tahun 2 Tahun 3 Tahun 4 Tahun 5

ASPIRASI

THE GAP
Hala Tuju anda terkini

JANGKAAN
 People

Aset Tetap Teknologi

Maklumat

Analisa
Sumber

Pengedaran Kewangan
 MODEL KEWANGAN

SHARE CAPITAL LOAN CAPITAL RETAINED PROFITS

SOURCE OF FUNDS
KUNCI
KIRA
KIRA
USE OF FUNDS
FACILITIES / PROCESSES PRODUCTS / SERVICES
FIXED ASSETS WORKING CAPITAL

Depreciation
ALIRAN AKAUN
Sales
TUNAI Less: Expenses. UNTUNG
Profit .
RUGI
TAX RETAINED
DIVIDEND PROFITS
 INPUT

• Persatuan Industri
• Rakan Teknologi
• Repot Environment
• Laporan dan Maklumat Pasaran
(Industry Based Marketing Intelligence
Information)
 KAEDAH ALIRAN BAJET

Pelan Hasil

Pelan Pengeluaran

Pelan Direct Indirect Perbelanjaan Pelan Pelan

Bahan Labour Manpower Bahagian Kilang Bhgn Belanja
(Manufacturing
Mentah Plan Plan Overhead Exp Plan)
Admin Jualan
& Edaran
Master Budget

REPOT PENGURUSAN REPOT KEWANGAN

Departmental Trend & Ratio

Policy & Analysis, Profit BP P+L BP B/S BP Cash Flow
Targets Table by model
 MASTER BUDGET BREAKDOWN Sales Budget

Inventory Purchases
Budget Budget

Selling, General &

Operating Admin exp Budget COGS Budget
Budget
R & D Budget
Operating Exp.
Budget
Marketing Budget

Budgeted
Income statement
Capital Budget
Financial Budgeted
Budget Balance Sheet
Cash Budget
There are 2 major parts of a master budget : Budgeted
1.Operating Budget - Focuses on Income statement & other schedules
Cashflow Statement
2.Financial Budget - Focuses on capital, cash and budgeted balance sheet
 CAPEX BUDGET

LINK TO CASH BUDGET

LINK TO OPERATING BUDGET

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE REVENUE EXPENDITURE

Buildings Rates, electricity, maintenance,
depreciation
Machinery Power, labor, maintenance,
depreciation
Vehicles Road tax, insurance, fuel,
depreciation
 CASH FLOW PLANNING Payroll
Inventory Budget
Budget

Overhead
Expenses
Purchases CA$H Budget
Budget BUDGET
Capex
Budget
Trade Trade
Creditors Debtors Sales
Budget Budget Budget
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS & THEIR LINK

PROFIT
BALANCE AND
SHEET LOSS
ACCOUNT
CASH
FLOW
STATEMENT
(Reconciliation)

CASH FLOW
STATEMENT
(Budget/Plan)
 ANALISA KEWANGAN
Untuk Mengembangkan Keutuhan Pengurusan Prestasi Syarikat

“Understanding
basic ratios
can help you in
gaining
Financial
Freedom.”
- Robert Kiyosaki

MODULE 4
 TUGAS KERJA
MANAGING DIRECTOR

FINANCE MARKETING
DIRECTOR DIRECTOR

PRODUCTION DIRECTOR
 BAHAGIAN PERAKAUNAN

FINANCE SECTION MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SECTION

– Banking & Treasury – Purchases
– Payments – Raw Materials
– Petty Cash – Materials in Line & WIP
– Sales & A/R – Finished Goods Inventory
– Accrued Expenses – Transportation
– Provisions – Product Costing
– Balance Sheet – Profitability Reports
– Quick P&L – Insurance
– Monthly P&L – Fixed Assets
– 3 Mth Forecast P+L
 FINANCIAL vs. MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Accounting System

Pengguna Dalaman Pengguna Luaran

Management Accounting Financial Accounting

memberikan informasi kepada
pengurus yang bekerja didalam
syarikat; membantu mereka
menjalankan dan mengawal operasi
perniagaan
Memberi informasi kepada
pemegang saham,
pemiutang, penganalisa dan
mereka yang terutamanya
diluar syarikat
 TUGAS YANG BERUBAH…

The global challenges facing accountants are numerous and what is

certain is that accountants have to change their
traditional roles as book-keepers or bean counters.
We no longer need bean-counters as we have
computerised accounting systems to perform such
mundane jobs. Businesses want their accountants
to plan, make forecasts and strategise on the
way forward so that they can stay ahead of
their competitors.”
- Datuk Siti Masalamah Osman, FCMA
Former Accountant General of Malaysia
At CIMA-UiTM Students Conference 26th July 2003
 MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

PLANNING DECISION MAKING

-Strategic Plans
-Cost Volume Profit Analysis
-Business Plans
-Pricing Decisions
-Cash flow
-Investment Appraisal
-Critical Path
-Linear Programming
CONTROL
-Standard Costing PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
-Variance Analysis
-Responsibility Accounting
-Inventory Control
-Vertical and Horizontal Analysis
-Critical Path Analysis
-Ratio Analysis
ANALISA & INTERPRETASI AKAUN

 Analisa Mendatar
 Analisa Menegak
 Analisa Perubahan (Trend)
 Analisa Nisbah
 ANALISA MENDATAR

2011 2012 %
RM‟000‟ RM‟000‟
Sales 925 1,025 +10.8
Less Cost of Sales 615 690 +12.2

Gross Profit 310 335 +8.1

Other Expenses 112 122 +8.9
Interest Cost 87 95 +9.2
Net Profit 111 118 +6.3
 ANALISA MENEGAK

2011 2012
RM‟000 % RM‟000 %
Sales 925 100.0 1,025 100.0
Cost of Sales 615 66.5 690 67.3

Gross Profit 310 33.5 335 32.7

Other Expenses 112 12.1 122 11.9
Interest 87 9.4 95 9.3
Net Profit 111 12.0 118 11.5
 ANALISA PERUBAHAN (TREND)

Amt in RM‟000‟ 2010 2011 2012

Consumer Price Index 100% 108% 115%
Sales 925 1,025 1,132
Trend - Monetary 111% 122%
- Real 103% 106%

Gross Profit 313 335 387

Trend - Monetary 107% 124%
- Real 99% 108%
 ANALISA NISBAH (Ratio Analysis)

 Types of Ratios
1. Performance Ratios
2. Liquidity Ratios
3. Efficiency Ratios
4. Solvency Ratios
5. Stock Market Ratios

“No other financial principle with which I am acquainted serves better

than the rate of return as an objective aid to business judgment.”
- Alfred Sloan, Former Chairman of General Motors
 FINANCIAL AND OPERATING
PERFORMANCE RATIOS

 Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit x 100

Sales
 Net Profit Margin = Profit After Tax x 100
Sales
 Return on Assets = Profit After Tax x 100
Total Assets

 Return on Equity = Profit After Tax x 100

Equity Capital
 LIQUIDITY RATIOS

 Current Ratio = Current assets

Current Liabilities

 Acid Test Ratio Current Assets - Stock

=
(Quick Ratio) Current Liabilities
 EFFICIENCY RATIOS

 Inventory
(Stock Cover)
Days = Year End Inventory x 365
Cost of Sales

 Debtor Days = Year End Trade Debtors x 365

(Trade Debtor Collection Period)
Credit Sales

 Creditor Days = Year End Trade Creditors x 365

(Trade Creditor Payment Period)
Trade Purchase

 Fixed Asset = Sales .

Turnover Fixed Assets

 SOLVENCY RATIOS

 Gearing Ratio 1 = Debt (Borrowings)

Equity

 Gearing Ratio 2 = Debt (Borrowings)

Debt + Equity

EBIT
 Interest Cover Ratio =
Interest
 STOCK MARKET RATIOS

 NTA Per Share = Net Tangible Assets

Number of Ordinary Shares

 EPS = Net Profit After Tax

Number of Ordinary Shares

 PE Ratio = Market Price Per Share

EPS
 Dividend Yield = Dividend Per Share x 100
Market Price Per Share

 Dividend Cover = EPS

DPS
 FINANCIAL RATIO PYRAMID

Primary Ratio Net Profit

Total Assets
Secondary Net Profit Sales
Ratios Sales Total Assets
Prod Costs Sell Costs Admin Cost Sales Sales
Sales Sales Sales Fixed Assets Curr Assets

Mat C Lab C Other Prod C Sales Sales Sales

Sales Sales Sales Property Plant Vehicles

Raw Mat WIP FG

Sales Sales Sales
Sales Sales Sales
Stock Debtors Cash
 FINANCIAL ANALYST‟ JARGON

EBIT

GEARING NTA, PE,

DY

PATAMI
EBITDA
 CONTINUUM OF CREATIVE ACCOUNTING

1 No flexibility permitted. Accounting standards eliminate

No scope for creative choice in accounting policies
accounting
2 Flexibility to give a true Work within regulatory framework
and fair view to ensure the interest of
stakeholders
3 Flexibility used to give a Working within the regulatory
creative view framework but this time to serve
the interest of managers in
preparing the accounts
4 Flexibility used to give a Outside the regulatory framework;
fraudulent view illegal
 WINDOW DRESSING
• Sale and Leaseback
• Short Term Borrowing
• Chasing Debtors
• Bringing Sales forward
• Including Intangible Assets
• Timing of Purchase / Payments
• Classification of „extraordinary items‟
• Revising methods of depreciation or
varying the residual values
• Changing stock valuation policy
• Reviewing Provisions

Note: Not Illegal and not intended to deliberately deceive

 WHAT‟S THE NEXT LOGICAL STEP……

EFFECTIVE
FINANCIAL
ANALYSIS
INTERPRETING
FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS
EFFECTIVE
COST MANAGEMENT
You cannot teach a man anything, you can
& CONTROL only help him find it for himself”
- Ian Fleming
 Finances
Friends

Career / Health
Business

Spirituality
Fun

Home Growth
& &
Family Learning

Always have a Balanced-Life whilst you develop your Financial & Emotional Intelligence. – S. Yoga Thevan