BASIC CONCEPT VOR

OLEH :
MUH WILDAN, S.T.,M.T.
Contact :
m_wildan@yahoo.com
Bimbingan Teknis Rating VOR/DME
Direktorat Navigasi Penerbangan
2017 2017
HP : 085288428850
Subdit Personel
Navigasi Penerbangan
 OUTLINE
 RNA Definition
 FUNGSI VOR
 TIPE VOR
 VOR Component Equipment
 How does the VOR works?
 VOR indicator
 Advantages and disadvantages
DVOR
 Why do we need it ?

For Navigation purposes, we need to know:-

Distance & Direction

Position & Time

Direction we get from a VOR

Distance we get from a DME
Approach Landing we get from ILS
Objectives of air navigation

Know aircraft position

Enroute separation
Approach to Airport
Avoiding protected airspace or
other air traffic
Holding at given position
Figuring ground speeds
 RADIO NAVIGATION

Radio navigation:
 signal gelombang Radio untuk memberikan tuntunan
atau petunjuk (guidance) pada pesawat terbang
selama perjalanan maupun proses pendaratan.

 posisi lokasi pesawat ditentukan dengan mengacu

pada instrumen seperti VOR, ADF, RMI, CDI atau
GPS.
RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS (RNA)
Prinsip utama dalam navigasi :

1. Direction / arah
Dengan membandingkan phase signal
guidance.

2. Distance / jarak
Dengan mengukur perjalanan waktu
signal radio.

3. Course Line dan Angle Slope

Dengan membandingkan perbedaan
kedalaman modulasi sinyal guidance
(DDM)
DATA INFORMASI NAVIGATION

Azimuth : posisi titik terhadap sumbu

koordinat yang diperhitungkan mulai titik 0
– 360, dengan arah utara searah jarum
jam ( CW)
Bearing/radial : lebar busur dalam radian
yang merupakan posisi variable
pergerakan a/c dari satu titik ke titik yang
lain dengan berpatokan ke arah mana
pesawat menghadap
7
Con’t
Distance : jarak pesawat terhadap ground
station ( bandara/chek point) yang dikur
secara slank range
Beacon : rambu rambu/tanda sebagai
penuntun jalan
– Lighting beacon : menggunakan lampu; rotating
beacon, lighting beacon
– Ident signal beacon: menggunakan kode morse
sebagai keyer yang dipancarkan melalui gel. Radio /
RF Carrier
– Mapping beacon : ada di peta udara/peta laut sbg
patokan 8
Dalam Pelayanannya Persyaratan yang
harus dipenuhi oleh peralatan NAVIGASI
adalah :
Memiliki akurasi yang tinggi
Mempunyai keandalan peralatan
(Avaibility) dan bekerja terus menerus
pada operating hours.
Mempunyai daya jangkau sesuai dengan
kelasnya
9
Indicator System in the Cockpit
Ground Equipment Nav-Aids

En-Route/Homing Landing
Navigation Navigation
VOR ILS

NDB

DME MLS
DME
BIG Question….. ???
• What is a VOR ?

• Why do we need it ?

• How does it work ?

 DEFINITION VOR
VOR, short for VHF Omni-directional Range, is
a type of radio navigation system for used
aircraft.
VOR provide MAGNETIC BEARING
information to and from the station.
“Omni-” means all and an Omni-directional
range means VOR station transmits signal in all
directions.
VOR function as marking for the BEGINNING,
CENTER-LINE and the END of airways.
 Con‟t
 VOR stations provide bearing information relative to the aircraft
position.

 All VORs radiate RF Carrier in the 108 – 118 MHz Band.

 A composite signal is transmitted.
This contains:
 Two 30Hz signals
 Voice data
 Morse ( Ident ) data

 One of the 30Hz signals is the Reference Signal, the

other is called the Variable signal.

 Aircraft must be able to receive useful signals from

either a CVOR or a DVOR
VOR Equipment

VOR antenna at vertical

tail of aircraft

VOR aircraft equipment

-VOR antenna at
vertical tail of aircraft
-VOR receiver & indicator
inside cockpit
VOR Ground Station (antenna)
 Fungsi VOR
 Sebagai Homing
Memandu pesawat dari satu tempat ke suatu
bandara dengan selamat
 Sebagai Checkpoint
Memandu pesawat ke titik tertentu .
 Sebagai En-Route
Rute lalu lintas udara
 Sebagai Holding
Pergerakan pesawat mengelilingi VOR untuk
mempertahankan posisi terhadap lokasi ground
station
 Sebagai Terminal Approach
Penuntun arah lokasi landasan 16
Types of VOR
The Conventional VOR ( CVOR )

The Doppler VOR ( DVOR )

17
Con’t :
Conventional Very high frequency Omni Range(CVOR)
• Signal phase REF adalah 30 Hz FM yang di modulasikan
dengan 9960 Hz AM frekuensi sub-carrier
• Signal phase variable adalah 30 Hz AM.
• Putaran antena clockwise
Doppler Very high frequency Omni Range (DVOR)
• Signal phase REF adalah 30 Hz AM.
• Signal phase variable adalah 30 Hz FM yang di modulasikan
dengan 9960 Hz AM frekuensi sub-carrier.
• Putaran antena counterclockwise
• Bekerja berdasarkan asas efek doppler pada sistem
pancarannya 18
 CVOR

• The Reference Signal is FM Modulated.

• The Variable Signal is AM Modulated.
 CVOR Problems

Q: What main potential problem does the

CVOR have ?
Multi-pathing of the Variable Signal.
The Solution ….
The DVOR !
A The Doppler
Effect
B D Receiver

• AM Reference Signal

• FM Variable Signal ( Bearing Information) 21

 DVOR Antennas

• 49 Alford Loop Antennas

• 48 antennas around a 13.5m circle.
• One Antenna in the middle.
• All on a 30m diameter Counterpoise
22
A DVOR STATION
has ….
• An Amplitude Modulated Reference Signal
radiated from the central antenna.
• A Variable Signal – a 9960Hz sideband of
the carrier which rotates around the centre
at 30 rotations per second.
(Switching between the 48 antennas)

• The composite signal is “mixed” in the

air. 23
The Transmitted Signal
 DVOR Ground Antenna
Stationary
Antennas Rotating
Antennas

VOR station for broadcast the signal

 The Counterpoise
Ring of 48 Sideband Carrier Antenna in the is used for clean
Antennas center of the ring reflection of RF
pattern

The Transmitter is
located in the shelter

TYPICAL INSTALLATION OF DVOR STATION

DVOR ground antenna
• The VOR ground antenna is oriented to
magnetic north.
• Consists of :
– Single Stationary Antenna at the centre
– Rotating antennas
• It produces 360° radials/tracks at 1° spacing.
• These 360 bearings are known as RADIALS
• VOR ground installations are strategically
located along air routes and airport to ensure
continuity of guidance.
PRINCIPLE OPERATION
OF VOR
 How VOR works (1)
 VOR receiver in the cockpit is tuning to the specific
frequencies assigned for that VOR „s airport.
 It is VHF frequency which is between 108-117.95 MHz.
 After entering the frequency, the volume control should be
turned up in order to confirm that the three letter
identification code (Morse Code) is correct.
 For example, SU-TA airport has a VOR known as CGK
 The VOR station on the ground transmits two signals
at the same time; one signal is constant in all
directions, while the other signal is rotated about a point.
 One from stationary antenna, while the other from rotating
antenna.
 How VOR works (2)

• When aircraft receives these two signals, an

aircraft VOR receiver electronically measures the
phase angle different between these two
signals.
• This phase angle different is translated as the
MAGNETIC BEARING which tell the pilot the
aircraft angle direction to the VOR station.
• This bearing angle also known as RADIALS.
 RADIALS
360 Magnetic North
315 045

135º
270 090

135
225

180
VOR indicator
 TYPICAL ON-BOARD INDICATORS (1)
The “bug” turns the bearing ring to select the
direction the pilot wants to be traveling when he
arrives at the VOR.
VOR ONLY In this case the pilot wants to fly North
toward the VOR from the South. He
would be on radial 180.
If he is directly south of the VOR, then the
needle is centered.

Bearing
ring A flag shows that he is flying north “To”
the VOR. (The “From” flag would not
be visible in this case.)

“bug” After he passes over the VOR, the “To”

flag disappears and the “From” flag
appears.
 TYPICAL ON-BOARD INDICATORS (2)

VOR AND ILS

A VOR Deviation Indicator can be combined with an
ILS indicator. When the Localizer is selected, then
the vertical needle shows Localizer information
instead of VOR information.
 Advantages of VOR
• More accurate & precise flying:
– The accuracy of course alignment of the VOR
is excellent, being generally plus or minus 1
degree.
• Reliable:
– Can be used day and night.
• Multiple number of route :
– Provide multiple number of route „towards‟
or away from each station.
– These routes are like invisible highways ,
which the pilot can navigate to @ away from
any location.
 Disadvantages of VOR
• Signals can not be received at low altitudes
(below 1000ft)

• VORs are sensitive to the interference of

terrain. The nearest mountains and buildings
cause the VOR bearings to be stopped and
interrupted.

• Other disadvantages is VOR equipments are

costly to maintain.