Enteral Dan Parenteral PDF
Enteral Dan Parenteral PDF
▪ Nasogastric (NG)
▪ Nasojejunal (NJ)
▪ Percutaneous Endoscopic
Gastrostomy (PEG)
▪ Percutaneous Endoscopic
Jejunostomy (PEJ)
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Protokol Pemberian Makanan
Enteral Parenteral
Pasien
HEMODINAMIK Masuk
HARUS STABIL
Asesmen Obstruksi,
Gizi Peritonitis
Pankreatitis
GI Track Akut,
berfungsi ? muntah
Ya Tidak berlebihan,
short-bowel
Syndrom,
Parenteral
Ileus
Jangka Jangka Pendek Jangka Panjang , Jangka
Panjang restriksi cairan
Nasogastric Pendek
Gastrostomi Nasodoudenal Central PN
Jejunostomi Nasojejunal
Perifer PN
• Aspirasi
• Dehidrasi/Overhidrasi
• infeksi saluran nafas
• Infesksi nosokomial
• Refeeding syndrome
ASPRASI
73
Syarat makanan enteral
• Osmolaritas : 300-500mOsm/Kg
• Memiliki kepadatan kalori yang tinggi. minimal
1 kkal/ml cairan, untuk formula standar : 1,2-
2,0 kkal/ml
• Kandungan gizi yang seimbang
• Memiliki osmolaritas yang sama dengan
osmolaritas cairan tubuh
• Mudah serap
Tipe makanan enteral
❖ Produk Blenderized Products
❖ Polymeric / Standard Products
❖ Calorically Dense Products
❖ Elemental and Semi-Elemental Products
❖ Specialized / Disease-Specific Products
❖ Modular/ Incomplete Products
❖ Metabolic Products
Blenderized Products
▪ Blenderized formulas were developed
for individuals with intolerance to semi-
synthetic formulas.
▪ These formulas are made from liquefying
actual foods such as chicken, peas,
carrots, tomatoes and cranberry juice.
▪ Similar formulas can been made in the
home but “homemade” formulations
carry a risk of bacterial contamination.
Polymeric / Standard Products
▪ Elemental and semi-elemental enteral formulas are nutritionally complete but their
building blocks are broken down into smaller components.
▪ Elemental formulas contain individual amino acids, glucose polymers, and are low fat
with only about 2% to 3% of calories derived from long chain triglycerides (LCT).
▪ Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are the predominant fat source, and can be
absorbed directly across the small intestinal mucosa into the portal vein in the absence
of lipase or bile salts.
▪ Semielemental formulas contain peptides of varying chain length, simple sugars,
glucose polymers and fat, primarily as MCT.
▪ Examples: Crucial, Optimental, Peptamen, Peptamen 1.5, Vital HN, Vital 1.0Cal, Vital
1.5 Cal, Vivonex Plus, Vivonex RTF, Vivonex TEN and Tolerex
Specialized / Disease-Specific Products
▪ Specialized / disease-specific products are nutritionally complete
and are designed to meet the needs of individuals with specific
disease states, such as diabetes, renal dysfunction, liver
dysfunction, respiratory dysfunction, acute illness or wound
healing.
▪ Specialized formulas may contain biologically active substances or
nutrients such as glutamine, arginine, nucleotides or essential
fatty acids
▪ Examples: Diabetasol, Glucerna, Nutren Glytrol, Nepro with Carb
Steady, Novasource Renal, Nutrihep, Perative, Pulmocare, Nutren
Pulmonary, Impact, Impact 1.5, and Oxepa
Modular/ Incomplete Products
▪ Modular/ Incomplete products are used to deliver an additional
source of a specific nutrient.
▪ They are not designed to meet 100% of estimated nutritional
needs, but can provide additional calories, or protein or fat.
▪ They may be taken alone or in combination with other products.
▪ Examples: Duocal, Polycose, Benecalorie, Promod, Beneprotein,
MCT oil, Microlipid, Juven, and other glutamine containing
products
Metabolic Products
▪ Metabolic products are used to in the dietary
management of inborn errors metabolism such as
phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease and
tyrosinemia.
▪ Examples:Milupa MSUD2, MSUD Aid, Periflex Advance,
Ketonex 2, KETOCAL
Cara pemberian ENTERAL
1. Bolus
✓ 250-400 mL of formula every 4-6 hours
✓ Bolus feeding risk : aspiration
2. Intermittent feeding
300-400mL every 3-6 hours, 30-60 min infusion using gravity
drip or feeding pump infusion and feeding bag
3. Continuous infusion
✓ slow rate infusion pump over 16-24 hours
4. Cyclic feedings
✓ infused over 8-16 hours, night time feeding preferred for ambulatory
patients
Continuous
✓ Pemberian formula (25-125 ml / jam) selama periode
12-24 jam biasanya menggunakan pompa feeding
✓ Dapat menurunkan risiko distensi abdomen dan
aspirasi
✓ sangat dianjurkan untuk NJT
✓ metode yang dianjurkan untuk pasien yang sakit
kritis, lemah dan / atau mengalami gangguan fungsi
pencernaan
✓ Apabila menggunakan pompa feeding : tetesnya
konstan
Bolus
✓ Pemberian formula dalam jumlah besar
(200 - 500 mL) dalam waktu singkat
(biasanya kurang dari 15 menit)
✓ Resiko intoleransi GI dan peningkatan
risiko aspirasi.
Specialized Nutrients in Critical Care
• Include supplemental branched chain amino acids, glutamine,
arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, RNA, others
• Most studies used more than one nutrient, making
assessment of efficacy of specific supplements impossible
• Immune-enhancing formulas may reduce infectious
complications in critically ill pts but not alter mortality
• Mortality may actually be increased in some subgroups
(septic patients)
Toleransi Enteral :
1. Residu : cek volume residu lambung
2. Gastro: periksa adanya mual, emesis, kembung dan nyeri.
3. Usus : frekuensi, volume dan konsistensi tinja.
tidak adanya bising usus bukan merupakan kontraindikasi untuk
pemberian melalui NGT, namun ketika bising usus ada dan kemudian
hilang, intoleransi pemberian NGT dapat terjadi (mis. Distensi
abdomen, peningkatan volume residu).
Masalah yang biasa terjadi pada pemberian
Nutrisi enteral
Kasus Rekomendasi
Alergi Lactosa - Pilih Formula Enteral Low Lactose atau free
lactose
•ASPEN, 2012
INDIKASI
Indikasi penggunaan PN adalah ketika kondisi Saluran
gastrointestinal :
▪ Tidak berfungsi atau kerusakan secara anatomy (misalnya
penyumbatan, ileus, fistula, dismotilitas)
▪ Tidak dapat diakses (misalnya muntah yang sulit diatasi disertai
kesulitan pemberian makan via jejunum dan rute lain)
▪ Asupan oral atau enteral tidak adekuat (mis.Pada keadaan
malabsorpsi seperti short bowel syndrome, enteritis atau
Ketidakmampuan untuk menerima makanan enteral secara
penuh)
Indikasi
Gastrointestinal Critical Illness w/poor
Incompetency
tolerance accessibility
• Severe acut pancreatitis • Multiorgan System Failure
• Severe inflamatory bowel • Major trauma or burns
disease • Bone marrow transplantation
• Acute respiratory failure with
• Small bowel ischemia ventilator dependency aand
• Intestinal atresia gastrointestinal malfunction
• Severe liver failure • Severe wasting in renal
failure with dialysis
• Mayor gastrointestinal
• Small bowel transplantation,
surgery immediate postoperatively
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PROTOKOL PEMBERIAN
MAKANAN
PARENTERAL
GI Track berfungsi ?
Tidak Ya
Ya Tidak Tidak Ya