BIOLOGI LAUT - PLANKTON

Oleh:
QURROTA A’YUNIN S.Pi., MP., M.Sc.
Tim Dosen Biologi Laut
PERAN PLANKTON BAGI EKOSISTEM LAUT

 KEDUDUKAN ORGANISME LAUT DIGAMBARKAN SPT PADA PIRAMIDA

MAKANAN
 DASAR PIRAMIDA DITEMPATI OLEH PRODUSER/ORGANISME
AUTOTROF
 ORGANISME YG MAMPU MERUBAH BAHAN ANORGANIK MENJADI
ORGANIK DENGAN ENERGI MATAHARI
 BAHAN ORGANIK INI YG MENJADI ENERGI UNTUK TROFIK LEVEL YG
LEBIH TINGGI
 DI PERAIRAN LAUT ORGANISME INI ADALAH FITOPLANKTON
 PROSES YG DILAKUAN ADALAH FOTOSINTESIS
 MERUPAKAN SUMBER ENERGI SELURUH BIOTA LAUT
 UKURAN KECIL NAMUN JUMLAH YG TINGGI
KARAKTERISTIK LAUTAN

 EKOSISTEM BESAR YG DI DALAMNYA TERJADI

INTERAKSI BIOTIK DAN ABIOTIK YG SALING
MEMPENGARUHI
 SBG LINGKUNGAN TEMPAT HIDUP

 TERJADINYA DAUR ENERGI ANTAR ORGANISME

 TERJADI PROSES PRODUKSI MELALUI RANTAI

MAKANAN
KELOMPOK RANTAI MAKANAN
 GAZING FOOD CHAIN -GFC
 DETRITAL FOOD CHAIN - DFC
 KEDUANYA SALING MELENGKAPI DALAM SUATU SIKLUS
 GFC DIMULAI DARI TRANSFER MAKANAN OLEH
ORGANISME HERBIVORA MELALUI PROSES GRAZING
 MAKANAN PERTAMA ADALAH FITOLANKTON
 ORGANISME HERBIVORA PERTAMA ADALAH
ZOOPLANKTON
 MATA RANTAI PERTAMA FITOPLANKTN YG TERAKHIR
ADALAH KONSUMER TK TINGGI
RANTAI MAKANAN MENURUT
FUNGSINYA

 1.Rantai makanan merumput

 Semua kehidupan hewan tergantung pada
kemampuan tumbuhan hijau untuk
berfotosintesis
RANTAI MAKANAN DETRITUS

 Rantai makanan sisa (detritus food chain ).

SIKLUS Bahan mati mikroorganisme (YANG
MELIBATKAN detrivora = organisme pemakan
sisa) predator.
DFC
 TERBENTUK DARI ADANYA KEMATIAN
ORGANISME
 DILAKUKAN OLEH PENGURAI ATAU
DEKOMPOSER
 MENGHASILKAN BAHAN ANORGANIK DAN
ORGANIK
 B-ANO DIMANFAATKAN OLEH FITOLANKTON

 B-O DIMANFAATKAN OLEH ORNAISME

PEMAKAN DETRITUS (DETRITUS FEEDER)
3 MACAM RANTAI POKOK

 1. Rantai Pemangsa
 Rantai pemangsa landasan utamanya adalah tumbuhan hijau sebagai
produsen. Rantai pemangsa dimulai dari hewan yang bersifat herbivora
sebagai konsumen I, dilanjutkan dengan hewan karnivora yang memangsa
herbivora sebagai konsumen ke-2 dan berakhir pada hewan pemangsa
karnivora maupun omnivora sebagai konsumen ke-3.
 2. Rantai Parasit
 Rantai parasit dimulai dari organisme besar hingga organisme yang hidup
sebagai parasit. Contoh organisme parasit antara lain cacing, bakteri, dan
benalu.
 3. Rantai Saprofit
 Rantai saprofit dimulai dari organisme mati ke jasad pengurai.
 Misalnya jamur dan bakteri. Rantai-rantai di atas tidak berdiri sendiri tapi
saling berkaitan satu dengan lainnya sehingga membentuk jaring-jaring
makanan.
PENYUSUN KOMPONEN BIOTIK
 PROSES PRODUKSI
 PROSES KONSUMSI

 PROSES DEKOMPOSISI

PENYUSUN KOMPONEN ABIOTIK

 BAHAN ORGANIK

 PARAMETER SPT OKSIGEN, NUTRIEN DAN

FAKTOR FISIK LAINNYA
SEJARAH FITOPLANKTON

1. Fitoplankton diambil dari istilah Yunani,

Phyton atau“ tanaman ” dan “ planktos ”
berarti “ Pengembara”atau“ penghanyut”.
 Fitoplankton adalah komponen autotrof
plankton, Autotrof adalah organisme yang
mampu menyediakan/mensintesis makanan
sendiri yangberupa bahan organik dari bahan
anorganik dengan bantuan energi seperti
matahari dan bahan kimia lainnya
MARINE PLANKTON
• Definisi : plankton consist of any drifting
organisms (animals, plants, archaea, or
bacteria) that inhabit the pelagic zone of
oceans, seas, or bodies of marine water.
• Plankton are defined by their ecological
niche rather than their phylogenetic or
taxonomic classification.
 HORIZONTAL LIFE ZONES

 Littoral Zone – The shallow water area between

high and low tides.

 Neritic Zone – The area of the continental

margin between the low tide line and the edge
of the continental shelf.

 Oceanic Zone – The deep ocean beyond the

continental margin.
HORIZONTAL ZONES DIAGRAM
 VERTICAL ZONES
 Sunlit Zone – (epipelagic) Extends from the surface of
the ocean to a depth of 200 meters.
 Twilight Zone – (mesopelagic) the area of the ocean
between 200 meters and 1,000 meters.
 Bathyal Zone – (bathypelagic) extends from 1,000
meters to 4,000 meters.
 Abyssal Zone – (abyssalpelagic) the area of the ocean
that is deeper than 4,000 meters.
 V Z
E O

R N
T E
I S
C
A
L
VERTICAL ZONES, LIFE AND LIGHT

 Sunlight is the energy basis for nearly all

marine ecosystems and is therefore critical for
life.
 The Sunlit Zone receives large amounts of
sunlight. As a result many of the oceans
organisms thrive here. This the area most of
our seafood comes from.
VERTICAL ZONES, LIFE AND LIGHT

 Twilight Zone – an area of the ocean that

receives some light but is darker than the sunlit
zone. Some fish and other organisms live here.
 Bathyal and Abyssal Zones are in complete
darkness. Life forms in these zones contain
tube worms, lantern fish, angler fish, as well as
other forms of life.
 PLANKTON SIZE

ULTRA PLANKTON : less than 0.005 mm across

NANNO PLANKTON : 0.005 - 0.07 mm

MICRO PLANKTON : 0.07 – 1 mm

Also called net plankton as they’re often collected in

plankton net samples

But plankton can be extremely large…

Some jellyfish grow up to 15
m (50 feet long)
 PHYTOPLANKTON

Phytoplankton is self-feeding or AUTOTROPIC

constructing sugars etc via photosynthesis

Phytoplankton can be found as single cells or long

chains or FILAMENTS

The majority of phytoplankton is MICRO ALGAE

Although there are planktonic sea weeds

= MACRO ALGAE e.g. Sargassum spp.
 TYPES OF PHYTOPLANKTON

GOLDEN ALGAE (Phylum Chrysophyta)

Contain a yellow-golden pigment CAROTIN

Two main groups:

DIATOMS

COCCOLITHOPHORES
 DIATOMS

Algae that are contained in a cell wall or FRUSTULE

made of PECTIN (a jelly like substance)

The frustule contains a a weblike structure

(a microscopic shell) or TEST

The tests are made of silica (SiO2.nH2O)

When they die they form a SILICACEOUS OOZE or

DIATOMACEUS EARTH

Diatoms are the most productive group of marine

algae
Diatoms can have radial or bilateral (two sided) symmetry
 DIATOM REPRODUCTION

The two halves of a diatom’s frustule fit together - like a pill box

When the diatom grows to a certain size the halves of the

frustule separate

Each daughter cell grows a new frustule half

In high sunlight & nutrient conditions diatoms can reproduce every 12

– 24 hours

When so many have reproduced the sea water becomes discolored

= ALGAL BLOOM
 Spines can reduce the rate at which diatoms sink (increasing friction -
like parachutes)

Some also contain droplets of oil that make them less dense (& buoyant)
 COCCOLITHOPHORES

These are usually Nanno plankton or smaller

(and don’t get caught in plankton nets)

They are covered in circular plates

These plates are made of calcium carbonate

(CaCO3)

When they die they form a calcareous sediment –

e.g. CALCAREOUS OOZE
 DINOFLAGELLATES

DINOFLAGELLATES (Phylum Pyrrophyta)

Have two whip-like FLAGELLA

These lash back and forth within grooves or the

organisms’ surface - spinning the dinoflagellates

The tests or coatings of dinoflagellates are made of

the carbohydrate CELLULOSE
These decompose quickly and easily so their
remains do not form sediments
 DINOFLAGELLATES

They contain red or green pigments

RED TIDES = blooms of red dinoflagellates

They can be AUTOTROPHIC and HETEROTROPHIC

(feed on other organisms)

This means that they can supplement and sustain

themselves in lower light conditions that other algae

They are the second most productive group of

phytoplankton
 OTHER PHYTOPLANKTON

Green algae

Silicoflagellates

Chrysomonads

Cryptomonads

Cyanobacteria
(or blue green algae)
 BACTERIA
There are an estimated
100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
bacteria in the marine environment
One third occur in the upper ocean (planktonic) and
two-thirds in deep water (mostly benthic)
CYANOBACTERIA (or blue green algae)
photosynthesize and are a component of
phytoplankton

They are an important food source for protozoan

zooplankton
Also important in decomposing dead marine
organisms
Dissolved
Organic
Materials
 ZOOPLANKTON

= planktonic animals
Either herbivores (feeding on phytoplankton)

Or carnivores (feeding on other zooplankton)

Although most zooplankton have the ability to swim,

this motion is usually short-distance to avoid
predators or vertical movement

Some species move daily from depth to surface

waters – maintaining light levels or following prey
BUT they rely on currents for large scale movement
(drifting) hence planktonic
 ZOOPLANKTON

The most common members of the zooplankton

= CRUSTACEANS (Phylum Arthropoda; Class Crustacea)

Especially COPEOPODS (e.g. Calanus or Oithona)

or the larger EUPHAUSIIDS (shrimp-like crustaceans)

Both are herbivores (1ary CONSUMERS)

(although euphausiids can be carnivores as well- 2ary CONSUMERS)

The dominant euphausiids in the polar regions = KRILL

(e.g. Euphausia superba)
Euphausia superba = Antarctic krill
Importance of krill
in Antarctic food
web
Arrow worms = a zooplankton
carnivore
 FORMINIFERNS & RADIOLARIANS

Amoeba-like protozoans (Phylum Sarcodina)

Forminiferans are are covered with a calcareous

(CaCO3) shell

Radiolarians are covered in a silicaceous test

covered with spines

Both are live in warmer waters and feed on diatoms and

small protozoa

Their shells and tests form oozes after death

 RADIOLARIANS

TINTINNID
A bell-shaped
protozoan that is
propelled by hair-
like CILIA

FORMINIFERAN
 Undulations of their wing-
like muscular foot help
them to swim

(x 2)

PTEROPODS
Phylum Mollusca – related to snails

May or may not have a calcareous shell

 CTENOPHORES (comb-jellies)
Bands of cilia help to propel
these translucent carnivores

TUNICATES (sea squirts)

Filter feeders

Usually tunicates are sessile benthic creatures

- but can be free swimming
Phylum COELENTERATA

or CNIDARIA

= jellyfish
Some jellyfish spend their entire lives as
carnivorous/herbivorous plankton

Others spend part of their lives as plankton before

settling down to become sessile and benthic
(like sea anemones)

Some exist as colonial organisms

(a collection of individual organisms working together)
e.g. the Portugese man-o-war (Physalia)
Plankton that spend their entire lives as plankton

= HOLOPLANKTON

Organisms that only spend part of their life cycle as

plankton

= MEROPLANKTON
Meroplankton tend to be larval
forms of other marine species
WHEN PLANKTON GOES BAD !
In previous lectures the problems of nutrient
pollution and algal blooms have been discussed

Algal blooms can use up dissolved oxygen when

respiring making waters ANOXIC
In addition they can produce toxins that poison
marine life

= HABs or HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS

One of the most infamous types of HABs

= RED TIDES
WHEN PLANKTON GOES BAD !
6% of phytoplankton species can cause HABs

The toxins are produced to protect the

phytoplankton from predators

Humans can be effected by these toxins if eating

seafood that has been contaminated

Especially shellfish
(in which the toxins bio-accumulate)
The economic impacts of HABs in the US
= $40 million a year
SELAMAT BELAJAR