Webinar Sipilpedia - Tipikal Perbaikan Tanah PDF

14/08/2020
TIPIKAL PERBAIKAN TANAH

SUDUT PANDANG PEMBICARA BERDASARKAN SNI 8460 : 2017
Geotech Efathama | www.geotech-indonesia.com

___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Tipikal Perbaikan Tanah | Geotech Efathama | Universitas Trisakti | 14.08.2020
Aksan Kawanda
An Ordinary Geotechnical Engineer
Bio Skills
Soil Mechanics
Lahir : Makasar, 13 Agustus 1979
Pendidikan : Doktor Geoteknik, Univ. Katolik Parahyangan Foundation
Magister Geoteknik, Univ. Katolik Parahyangan
Sarjana Teknik Sipil, Universitas Trisakti Slope Stability
Sertifikasi : Asesor Uji Kompetensi – BNSP – 2018 Retaining Walls

Ahli Geoteknik Utama – LPJK – HATTI – 2016
Certified International Pile Tester, Expert Level - 2014 Compaction
Asosiasi : Himpunan Ahli Teknik Tanah Indonesia
Soil Improvement
International Society of Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical
Akademis : Dosen KBK Geoteknik – Universitas Trisakti, Instrumentation
Pekerjaan : Direktur Teknik – PT. Geotech Efathama
Aksan Kawanda aksankawanda Aksan Kawanda 0811.851.613
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Pendahuluan Chemical Mechanical Drainage
Pemadatan tanah untuk meningkatkan

daya dukung tanah
(Abad 11, Chinese Building Standard)
Pemadatan tanah
menggunakan giant tamper
(2011)
• Soft clay area : east of Sumatera, north of Java, South of Kalimantan, south of Papua 
PVD with vacuum / soil preloading.
• Loose sand area : north and south of Sumatera, most of Sulawesi, NTT, NTB, Maluku 
Dynamic compaction, vibroflotation.
• High working load area  Deep cement mixing, Stone Column.
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• Soft clay area : east of Sumatera, north of Java, most of Kalimantan, south of Papua 
PVD with vacuum / soil preloading.
• Loose sand area : north and south of Sumatera, most of Sulawesi, NTT, NTB, Maluku 
Dynamic compaction, vibroflotation.
• High working load area  Deep cement mixing, Stone Column.
Kriteria geoteknik yang digunakan

untuk mengevaluasi suatu proyek:
1. Penurunan – Mengurangi kompresibilitas

2. Daya Dukung & Stabilitas – Meningkatkan kekuatan
3. Menahan Aliran Air – Kurangi permeabilitas
4. Drainase – Tingkatkan permeabilitas
5. Mengurangi dampak bencana likuifaksi
6. Masalah lingkungan
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Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan jenis perbaikan tanah:

Burland et al. (1976)
1. Tentukan perilaku tanah yang diperlukan sesuai kebutuhan

• Beban/deformasi
• Jenis tanah dan properties
Tanah: Peat, Lempung, Lanau, Pasir, Urugan
Ketebalan tanah yang diperbaiki
Karakter geoteknik : compression, shear strength, modulus
Posisi muka air
2. Identifikasi kekurangan dari perilaku tanah
3. Rancang dan implementasikan perbaikan yang sesuai untuk mengatasi kekurangan/kelemahan yang ada.
• Waktu
• Area dan kedalaman tanah yang akan diperbaiki
• Ketersediaan material
• Peralatan dan keahlian yang dimiliki
• Lingkungan
• Pengalaman dan kebiasaan lokal
• Kemungkinan pelaksanaan konstruksi
• Biaya
Lateral Deformation
Sliding due to lateral capacity failure at bridge abutment. The original soil is soft clay
without soil improvement to increase the lateral capacity and increase sliding resistant.
Case : South Sumatera
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Sliding
Sliding due to high backfill on untreated
soft soil.
Improved area
No improvement

Sliding
Sliding due to high backfill on untreated

soft soil.
Improved area
No improvement
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Settlement
Large Post
Road and infrastructure damage due to differential settlement.

Case : East Kalimantan

Negative Skin Friction
Negative skin friction pile failure cause by consolidation settlement process after
all construction on pile is finish.
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Liquefaction
Soil
Opsi alternatif saat ditemukan kondisi tanah yang butuh perbaikan:
• Hindari area tersebut
• Ganti tanah dasar
• Redesain untuk mengakomodir kondisi tanah dan lahan
• Perbaiki tanah dasar untuk meningkatkan properties nya
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TIPIKAL TEKNIK PERBAIKAN TANAH
Persentase Butir Berdasarkan Berat
Ukuran Butir (mm)
CHEMICAL MECHANICAL DRAINAGE
CMC Dynamic Compaction Dynamic Replacement Vertical Drains
Jet Grouting Vibroflotation Stone Columns Vacuum
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Settlement
Loose Flotation Dense

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Grouting
GROUTING
DCM
Tipikal dari TEKNIK
CFG
Grouting
Techniques
DCM
Range of Grouting
CFG
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Range of Grouting
Techniques Range of Grouting Techniques
(Jet Grouting) (Compaction Grouting)
Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
Chemical
Chemical
Mechanical
Mechanical
Drainage
Drainage
CFG DCM Grouting CFG DCM Grouting
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Grouting
Techniques
(Jet Grouting)
DCM
Range of Grouting
Monitoring
CFG
Tekanan, volume dan lokasi diamati real-time
(meningkatkan efisiensi dan kualitas) untuk
review. Pengamatan campuran grouting juga
dilakukan periodik terhadap viskositas (Marsh
Funnel Test), berat jenis (Baroid Mud Balance),
kohesi dan parameter lainnya (API, 1990)
Pendahuluan CHEMICAL Mechanical Drainage
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Grouting
DCM Equipment
DCM
CFG
1- host ; 2 - rack ; 3- mortar mixing machine ; 4- hopper ; 5- mortar pump ; 6- storage tank ;7- cooling water
pump ; 8- rail ; 9- guide tube ; 10- cable ; 11- lose slurry pipe ; 12- pipes

Typical Work Sequence
Grouting
DCM
CFG
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Workflow process
Deep Soil Mixing
Grouting
DCM
CFG
Positioning Equipment Positioning Auger Tools Soil Mixing Drawing While Continue Complete Result
Mixing
The columns installed by the dry method are typically circular and about 0.6–1.0 m in diameter, while the
columns installed by the wet method can be of different shape and up to about 2.5m in equivalent diameter.
Grouting
DCM
CFG
Project Reference :
Sarulla Geothermal Power Plant
North Sumatera
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Grouting
Site Plan
DCM
CFG
Grouting
Soil Stratigraphy
DCM
CFG
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Foundation System
Grouting
DCM
CFG
Cement Mixing Test
Grouting
DCM
CFG
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Grouting
Site Activity
DCM
CFG
Grouting
DCM
DCM Post-test
CFG
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CFG Pile
Grouting
Cement-Flyash-Gravel(CFG)
DCM
CFG
Cement-Flyash-Gravel(CFG) pile was developed based on stone column.
When the stone column is applied in soft soil condition, stone column is not reliable due to the confine resistance
is relatively low. Cement and Flyash is mixed with gravel to work as binder therefore CFG column is a rigid
column. Due the CFG column is rigid column, this method could be applied in most of soil conditions.
CFG Pile
Grouting
Perkenalan Metode CFG
CFG Advantages
• Could applied in most soil, such as peat soil, soft clay, fat clay,
sandy soil, complicated layered soil or hard soil conditions.
• Could use a lot of material combination, such as cement-flyash-

gravel, cement-lime-gravel, cement-sand.
DCM
• This method could form a column from low stiffness column

(similar as DCM column) until high stiffness column (similar as
spun pile) which means the bearing capacity of CFG composite
foundation could be designed in quite a big range to fit the
project requirement.
• This CFG pile construction is quite fast and in some cases will
be more cost saving compare to other piles.
CFG
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Grouting
Inclusions
DCM
CFG Pile as Rigid
CFG
Tipikal Alat
CFG Vibrating Machine
Grouting
DCM
CFG
Top Mounted Vibrating Machine Long Auger CFG Machine
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Grouting
CFG PILE Project Reference
DCM
CFG
Grouting
DCM
CFG
Typical cross section
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Cutting CFG pile on top
Grouting
DCM
CFG
Construct the CFG pile cap
Grouting
DCM
CFG
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CFG pile cap + Cushion Layer
Grouting
DCM
CFG
Static Load Test on CFG Pile
Grouting
DCM
CFG
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V-Flotation V-Replacement D-Compaction

Vibro Flotation

AN INTRODUCTION
Pressing a cylindrical vibrator inside with an eccentric iron into soil, meanwhile jetting
pressure water into soil, and force the saturated sand liquefied under the vibration
strength and rearrange sand become more dense.
• Natural deposits and or reclaimed sands can be compacted to a depth of up to 70 m.
• The intensity of compaction can be varied to meet bearing capacity criteria.
• Other improvement effects such as reduction of settlements are achieved.
• The risk of liquefaction in an earthquake prone area is also drastically reduced.
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Working Method
Loose
Press to
Location design
level

Working Method
Loose Flotation
Press to Vibrate
Location design 20–30
level seconds
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Working Method
Loose Flotation
Press to Vibrate Lift and vibrate

Location design 20–30 again. Lift
level seconds height no more
than 0.5 m

Settlement

Working Method
Loose Flotation Dense
Press to Vibrate Lift and vibrate Finish

Location design 20–30 again. Lift
level seconds height no more
than 0.5 m
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Vibration frequency, amplitude and vibration retaining time
Effect
The sand will be more dense with increase of vibration force and amplitude.
Based on the experiment on site, the optimal vibration retaining time will be 20–60
seconds.
Factor to Influence The
Clay content
It is difficult to get a good effect if the clay content is beyond 20%.
Water content
For dry sand or saturated sand, vibroflotation can get a good effect, if the water
content is between the two situation above, the effect is not good.
Project Reference :
Pantai Maju – PIK
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Site activity

Site activity
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Improvement result

West Apron Ngurah Rai International Airport

West Apron, Ngurah Rai International Airport
Location : Bali, Indonesia
Method : Vibro-flotation
Construction start :May 2018
The extension of west apron at Ngurah Rai

International Airport is done to
accommodate International guest for IMF
meeting 2018 in Bali. Due to tight
schedules and work conducted next to
fully operational airport, Vibro-flotation
method is chosen as a solution for Ngurah
Rai west apron extension.
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Stone Columns (Wet Method)
Vibro Replacement is a
combination of vibroflotation
with a gravel backfill resulting
in stone columns; not only
increases the amount of
densification, but provides a
degree of reinforcement and
a potentially effective means
of drainage
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Advantages: 1. Reduction of Settlement
The graph shows the settlement reduction with different percentages of soil
being replaced by stone columns (after Priebes, 1993)

Advantages: 2. Increase in Slope Stability
Stone columns have a threefold effect in soil :
 Compaction of compatible layers.

Layers of clean sand and gravel and slightly silty
sand (up to 20 % fines content) are compacted
during the process of stone column installation.
 Reinforcement of the soil.

The screenshot (finite elements software: plaxis®) shows
Column and soil form a reinforced matrix with possible slope failure without stone columns.Safety factor
instantly increased shear resistance and stiffness against slope failure:F = 1.06
modulus. The high friction angle of the column

material gives an immediate overall increase in
shear strength to the composite of soil and
column.
 Drainage.
The columns accelerate drainage (consolidation) of
the cohesive soil, i.e. the columns work as vertical
drains and thereby accelerate reduction of harmful
excess pore pressures
After slope stabilisation with stone columns: F = 1.60
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Advantages: 3. Mitigation of Soil Liquefaction

Advantages: 3. Mitigation of Soil Liquefaction
Liquefaction at pavement surface Liquefaction at building foundation
Settlement
Mass Mass Water
Mass flow
Impermeable soil layer Impermeable soil layer
Impermeable soil layer Impermeable soil layer Impermeable soil layer
Loose Earthquake Dense
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Project Reference :
Tarahan Expansion Port, Lampung

Site activity
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Site activity

Site activity
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• Reduction of settlement :
• Requirement < 20 cm (previous
phase reach 2 m post settlement).
Improvement result
• Increase of slope stability :

• Protect the jetty from land side
sliding.
• Mitigation of Soil Liquefaction :

• Compaction of compressible layer
 average site settle 1 m.
• Reinforcement of the soil
 stone column provide
bearing capacity 25 tons /point.
• Drainage
 provide drainage path for
excess pore water dissipation
during earthquake.

EQUIPMENT
Stone Columns :
Dry Method
STONE COLUMN UNIT EXCAVATOR DUMP TRUCK
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STONE COLUMN UNIT
Stone Columns :
Dry Method
SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW

Stone Columns :
Dry Method
1. Put machine at position 3. Filling the stone follows the 4. Pull up the tube while vibrate.
2. Push the tube to the design depth designed volume Every 1.5 m lifting pull down the
tube by 0.8 m and keep vibrate for
certain duration
5. Doing step 4 until reach the top.
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Pendahuluan Chemical Vibration Drainage

(Soekarno Hatta Airport)
Dry Method site construction
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Dynamic Compaction Introduction
Dynamic compaction method was used for

ground treatment to improve the strength
of the soil and to reduce the
compressibility of ground soil.
Main advantages are simple equipment,
convenient construction and saving
materials.
The method was widely used in sand and
gravelly soil. The effective reinforcement
depth was the main design basis of the
dynamic compaction method.
In this method, a heavy ponder is dropped on
soil surface from various heights with free
drop within a grid-wise manner and hence
subsoil is compacted by means of the
energy delivered to the soil surface.
Project Reference :
Pantai Maju – PIK; NYIA – Yogyakarta; Dubai
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Site activity & improvement result

– New Yogyakarta Airport
Site activity
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DC &DR works for Hassyan Clean Coal Power Plant Phase 1, Jabel Ali, Dubai 2017

PROJECT PROFILE
Location: Jabel Ali, Dubai
Client: Harbin Electrical International Company LTD
Areas: 197,800m²

Ground Improvement Works for GRACE FCC Catalyst Plant in Kizad, Dubai
Client：Grace FCC Catalysts Middle East LLC

Consultant：Amar Golden Design (AMGD)
Improvement area: 23,389m²
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RAPID IMPULSE COMPACTION

Efek Metode Pemadatan Dinamik
STATIC / DYNAMIC ROLLERS RAPID IMPULSE DEEP DYNAMIC DEEP VIBRO COMPACTION
COMPACTION COMPACTION
0.2 m 0.4
0.5 m 1.0 m
m
6m
Depth effect: 10 m
normal range
possible 7.5 - 9.0 m 15 m
range
14 m 25
m
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S S
Pola pemadatan dikalkulasi berdasarkan:

1. Kondisi tanah (Dibutuhkan Analisa geoteknik)
2. Beban rencana (Dibutuhkan Target Desain)
Pola Pemadatan

Soft and peat soil:
Pola Pemadatan
Picture: Display of different

layers for Rapid impulse
compaction
Mencapai:
Pemadatan standar 20% organic content
dengan stone column maks. 5m tanah gambut
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Preloading + PVD
PRELOADING PRINCIPLE
Vacuum Preloading + PVD

The principle : If the temporary load exceeds
the final construction load, the excess refers to
as surcharge load.
Preloading + PVD
Vertical Drain PRINCIPLE
Clay  Low Permeability  Consolidation settlement of soft clays takes a long time to complete.
To shorten the consolidation time vertical drains are installed  reduces the length of the drainage
path  accelerates the consolidation process  allows the clay to gain rapid strength increase.
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Preloading + PVD
SOIL PRELOADING PRINCIPLE

Preloading + PVD
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Preloading + PVD
Vertical Drain Type

CORRUGATED CORE TYPE FISHBONE CORE TYPE
Corrugated core has a better drainage capacity under large lateral pressure.
Fishbone core has a better drainage capacity under bending or folding condition.
Preloading + PVD
VERTICAL DRAIN INSTALLATION
The square pattern is more convenient to lay out and to control in the field. However, a
triangular pattern is usually preferred since it provides a more uniform consolidation
between drains than the square pattern (Holtz et al., 1991).
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Preloading + PVD

Preloading + PVD
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Preloading + PVD
INSTALLATION

HORIZONTAL DRAIN
Preloading + PVD
VERTICAL DRAIN DISCHARGE CAPACITY ISSUE
The purpose of using prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) is to release the excess pore water
pressure in soil and or to discharge water.
Once the water has entered the drain, it is still possible for the flow in the drain itself to be
reduced for a number of reasons (Bergado et al., 1996):
• By increasing lateral pressure, the filter passes into the core and subsequently decreases the
discharge capacity due to a reduction of the cross-sectional area available for flow (1).
• During consolidation, the ground will be subjected to large settlement. Thus, the drains tend to
settle together with the ground which will result in bending of folding of the drain (2).
• In the initial filtering process of flow from the soil through the drain filter, the displaced water
will contain a small portion of fine particles. These may be deposited with the core channels
and may lead to clogging of the drain (3)
• The discharge capacity may be reduced due to aging in the soil after installation, possibly due
to biological and chemical activities.
• The measured discharge capacity varies with different hydraulic gradients and is smaller when
a higher hydraulic gradient is used. This might be due to the loss of flow energy as a result of
turbulent flow at a high hydraulic gradient.
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Preloading + PVD
VERTICAL DRAIN DISCHARGE CAPACITY ISSUE
1. reduction of
discharge area
3. Clogging

2. Bending or Folding
• Typically if the strain > 15%, bending / folding may influence the drainage capacity.
Lab test is done at 20%-25% strain or under 15 - 30 degree kinked condition.
• If the soil is extra soft in “colloid state” where soil particle may flow with the water
during consolidation process, clogging is highly possible to happen.
Preloading + PVD
SOIL PRELOADING – THINGS TO BE CONCERN
1. Critical initial backfill height. The original soft soil a low shear strength. Due to this
condition the 1st backfill, typically as working platform, cannot be too high. Slope
stability calculation should perform to estimate the critical initial backfill height for
working platform.
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Preloading + PVD
SOIL PRELOADING – THINGS TO BE CONCERN
2. Staging construction. When backfilling, excess pore pressure increase and lead to
lower stability safety factor. The dissipation process (and the consolidation settlement)
will takes some time. After excess pore water dissipate, the soil strength will increase
and the next stage of backfill can proceed.  monitor use piezometer.
3. PVD pull out or broken due to lateral spreading.  monitor use inclinometer.

4. Settlement due to vertical compression vs lateral spreading.  monitor use
extensometer.
Preloading + PVD
VACUUM PRELOADING + PVD

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Preloading + PVD
OBSTACLE OF SOIL PRELOAD SYSTEM
Surcharge Sand / drainage

Vertical layer
drain

Oftentimes it is not feasible to use a soil preload because :
• The soft soil is too weak and even a low soil embankment can
cause a stability problem
• Good material for soil embankment is hard to find
Preloading + PVD
Vacuum + PVD - Characteristics:
Vacuum Load equivalent to Compressible Saturated

4m of surcharge Clay, Silt, Peat
Isotropic load Low permeability
Time and Cost savings

Water table close to

compared to piles surface
Foundation on slab and No or few sand contents

footings or pockets ( air and water
leakage )
No risk of slope failure : Light to medium loads
high embankments built
up in reduced period on BEFORE AFTER
soft soils
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
• Know-how and skilled technicians required
• Difficult and care-needing technique
• Large site, important turn-over and duration exceeding 12 to 24 months
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Preloading + PVD
VACUUM PRELOADING APPLICATION
Concerned problem What will happen without ground improvement

Bearing capacity Low , before backfill cannot run any heavy equipments.
not suitable for permanent shallow foundation sturctures
Settlement Large, both total and differential settlement, foundation, slab and road may crack
Piling work Large negative friction, reduced pile effective bearing capacity, resulting cost increase etc.
Excavation Stability risky

BEFORE AFTER
Preloading + PVD
Soil
preload
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Preloading + PVD
VACUUM PRELOADING PRINCIPLE
Vacuum

Vacuum boundary
Preloading + PVD
Vacuum
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Preloading + PVD
VACUUM + SOIL PRELOADING
Sealing Layer
(Geomembrane)
VACUUM PUMP Atmospheric Pressure (1Atm) VACUUM PUMP

SAND BLANKET
Atmospheric Atmospheric
Pressure Negative Pressure Pressure
(1Atm) (Min. 80kPa) (1Atm)
SOFT SOIL WATER SOFT SOIL
Kjellman first introduce a vacuum preloading to accelerate consolidation in

1952 and a small field test was perform.
In this method the soil load is replace by atmospheric pressure.
Preloading + PVD
VACUUM PRELOAD Monitoring Equipment
Surface Settlement Plate

Piezometer
Vacuum Gauge
GEOMEMBRANE
GEOTEXTILE
Extensometer
PHS
SAND BLANKET
- 80kPa
Inclinometer
SOFT SOIL
WATER
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Preloading + PVD
VACUUM + SOIL PRELOADING
Sealing Layer
(Geomembrane)
Atmospheric Pressure (1Atm) +

VACUUM PUMP VACUUM PUMP
Soil for Leveling or extra Preloading

SAND BLANKET
Atmospheric Atmospheric
Pressure Negative Pressure Pressure
(1Atm) (Min. 80kPa) (1Atm)
SOFT SOIL WATER SOFT SOIL
If 80 kPa from vacuum load is not enough, additional load could be applied
during improvement such as soil load.
Preloading + PVD
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Preloading + PVD

Preloading + PVD
Comparison: Soil Preloading and Vacuum Preloading
Soil Preloading Vacuum Preloading

ROW ROW
Surcharge
Surcharge Surcharge
Surcharge
Pavement
SandBlanket
Sand Blanket Berm
Berm Berm
Berm
Vertical
Vertical Vertical
Vertical
Drain
Drain Drain
Drain
Soft
SoftClay
Clay Soft
SoftClay
Clay
• Wide area • Narrow area

• High soil surcharge • Lower or no soil surcharge
• Need thick horizontal drain • Relatively thin horizontal drain
• Lower Stability • Better Control of Stability
• Greater Lateral Movement • Lesser Lateral Movement
• Longer Construction Time • Shorter Construction Time
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Preloading + PVD
VACUUM PRELOADING
CONSTRUCTION METHOD

CASE : PALEMBANG – INDRALAYA
TOLL ROAD
Preloading + PVD
Panjang : 21,93 km
Kecepatan Rencana : 100 km/jam
Konstruksi : At grade dgn perbaikan tanah

GENERAL LAYOUT
Jumlah lajur awal : 2x2

Jumlah lajur akhir : 2x3
Lebar jalur lalulintas : 3,6 m

Lebar bahu dalam : 1,5 m
Lebar bahu luar : 3m
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Preloading + PVD
Depth
BH-01 BH-02 BH-03 BH-04 BH-05 BH-06 BH-07 BH-08 BH-09 BH-10 BH-11 BH-12 BH-13 BH-14
ORIGINAL SOIL CONDITION
(m)
STA 1+000 1+850 3+650 5+900 7+125 8+050 9+625 12+000 14+100 16+100 17+650 19+000 20+050 21+400
1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 19 1 5 0 18
3.0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 8 0 13 0 7 2 16
4.5 1 1 2 2 0 1 0 9 2 16 0 8 6 16
(Toll road references)
6.0 3 1 0 5 1 5 0 12 2 18 0 7 13 13
7.5 0 1 2 9 1 5 6 9 3 20 4 8 19 14
9.0 0 2 4 17 5 5 6 7 10 17 3 6 31 18
10.5 1 3 7 13 5 2 8 1 7 19 2 11 36 15
12.0 2 4 9 4 7 3 0 1 8 53 2 14 40 18

13.5 6 4 12 9 7 10 2 2 3 56 18 14 40 21
15.0 14 12 14 9 15 11 2 3 10 58 13 32 32 15
16.5 8 13 35 9 20 19 4 8 15 36 14 25 35 16
18.0 10 14 50 23 20 18 5 17 24 41 10 26 38 17
19.5 23 16 50 22 20 25 6 15 24 40 14 27 40 21
21.0 24 18 8 26 50 27 13 16 30 34 15 23 41 20
22.5 28 22 43 29 50 40 31 15 27 49 11 21 39 34
24.0 25 24 27 20 50 62 35 17 36 41 50 21 40 39
No CONSISTENCY SPT (N)

1 Very soft <2
STA 0+000 sd 7+000
2 Soft 2-4
3 Medium Stiff 4-8
4 Stiff 8 - 15
Preloading + PVD
(Toll road references)
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Preloading + PVD

Preloading + PVD
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1. Typical initial site condition 1. Typical initial site condition
(toll road references) (toll road references)
Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
Chemical
Chemical
Mechanical
Mechanical
Tol Kapal Betung

Drainage
Drainage
Vacuum Preloading + PVD Preloading + PVD Vacuum Preloading + PVD Preloading + PVD
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Preloading + PVD
1. Typical initial site condition
(toll road references)

Preloading + PVD
2. Site preparation
Tol Kapal Betung
Stripping work - Geotextile spreading - Access road
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Preloading + PVD
Stripping work
Geotextile spreading
2. Site preparation
(with) settlement plate

Access road

Geotextile as separator:
1. To separate backfill
material and original
soft clay
2. To avoid any dispute
about backfill
material calculation.
Preloading + PVD
2. Site preparation
Stripping work - Geotextile spreading - Access road
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3. Construct working platform
Typically working platform use all sand or soil with top 0.5 m sand as drainage layer
(sand permeability > 5 x 10-3 cm/sec).
Under certain condition, sand is really difficult to get or very expensive. Here soil can
use as platform with modification on horizontal drainage system.
Cannot use organic soil, expansive soil or other problematic soil type.
Preloading + PVD
3. Construct working platform
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Preloading + PVD
4. Install PVD on sand platform

Aware of soil type below the PVD
Preloading + PVD
5. Install PHD on sand platform
Aware of sharp material

on ground
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Preloading + PVD
5. Install PHD on sand platform

Aware of sharp material
on ground
Preloading + PVD
6. Geotextile installation (1st layer)
Aware of connection
between geotextile
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Preloading + PVD
7. Geomembrane installation

Aware of broken membrane
Preloading + PVD
7. Geomembrane installation
Aware of broken membrane
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67
Preloading + PVD Vacuum Preloading + PVD
Preloading + PVD Vacuum Preloading + PVD Preloading + PVD Vacuum Preloading + PVD
Drainage
Drainage
Mechanical
Mechanical
Chemical
Chemical
Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
7. Geomembrane installation 7. Geomembrane installation
14/08/2020
Preloading + PVD
8. Geomembrane lock at perimeter

Preloading + PVD
Aware of leakage from

the ditch
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Preloading + PVD

Preloading + PVD
Aware of non-uniform
mixture or gap between
slurry pile. Permeability < 1 x 10-5 cm/sec
69
9. Install instrumentation 8. Geomembrane lock at perimeter
Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
Chemical
Chemical
Mechanical
Mechanical
Drainage
Drainage
Vacuum Preloading + PVD Preloading + PVD
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14/08/2020
Preloading + PVD
9. Install instrumentation

Settlement plate Extensometer
Piezometer reader
extensometer Vacuum
Inclinometer Vacuum Gauge
degree
Piezometer Piezometer reading
Preloading + PVD
9. Install instrumentation
Settlement but no pore pressure dissipation?
71
9. Install instrumentation 9. Install instrumentation
Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
Chemical
Chemical
Mechanical
Mechanical
Drainage
Drainage
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10. Install and start vacuum process 10. Install and start vacuum process
Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
Chemical
Chemical
Mechanical
Mechanical
Drainage
Drainage
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10. Install and start vacuum process
11. Backfill during vacuum process (toll road references)
Pendahuluan
Pendahuluan
Chemical
Chemical
Mechanical
Mechanical
Drainage
Drainage
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Preloading + PVD
11. Backfill during vacuum process

Preloading + PVD
Aware of backfill quality, both material

and compaction techniques.
CONTROL THE OPTIMUM WATER

CONTENT is the most important but very
difficult.
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Preloading + PVD

Preloading + PVD
Aware of backfill method  may

broken the membrane.
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Preloading + PVD
Before and After Vacuum Preloading
(Power Plant references)

Preloading + PVD
(Sinarmas Pulp and Paper Factory, South Sumatera)
 Before Vacuum
Preloading
After Vacuum Preloading 
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Preloading + PVD
(Industrial Estate references)

Preloading + PVD
Toll road monitoring
TOTAL SETTLEMENT (MM) VS TIME (DATE)

0 10
-200 0
-400 -10
(references only)
-600 -20
-800 -30
No.1
-1000 -40
No.2
-1200 -50
No.3
-1400 -60
-1600 No.4 -70
-1800 No.5 -80
-2000 -90
Left : Consolidation settlement at Palindra

Toll Road, South Sumatera.
Right : Consolidation settlement at Ho Chi

Minh - Long Thanh - Dau Giay
Expressway, Vietnam
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Preloading + PVD
(references only)

Pore Water Pressure and Time in Zone 5.
Relationship between Load vs Settlement Lateral displacement curves near zone 5
Distributions of Layered Settlement in Zone 5 (STA 4+925)
Preloading + PVD
(references only)
Compared CPT Results between before and after

Vacuum in Zone 5 (Sta 4+925)
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Preloading + PVD
Preloading + PVD
Degree of Consolidation
(references only)

Preloading + PVD
Degree of Consolidation
(references only)
Asaoka method to predict the total consolidation settlement

and calculate the degree of consolidation.
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Penutup
(6) Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pemilihan Metode Perbaikan
Jenis Tanah Ketersediaan Material

Butir halus atau butir kasar
Lokasi, material, biaya.
Area, Kedalaman, Lokasi

Self explanation
Ketersediaan SDM
terutama pada metode baru dan
‘unproven’.
Lingkungan Ekonomi
Penggunaan material & dampak
Biaya.
pekerjaan terhadap lingkungan.
Aksan KAWANDA
0811.851.613 aksan.geotech@gmail.com aksankawanda
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TIPIKAL PERBAIKAN TANAH

Geotech Efathama | www.geotech-indonesia.com

Sertifikasi : Asesor Uji Kompetensi – BNSP – 2018 Retaining Walls

Pekerjaan : Direktur Teknik – PT. Geotech Efathama

Aksan Kawanda aksankawanda Aksan Kawanda 0811.851.613

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