i
Edisi 1
Contoh Dokumentasi Asuhan
Keperawatan Keluarga Selama Masa
Social Distancing COVID-19
“Miracle is another
word of hard work”
ii
Cetakan Pertama, Juni 2020
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P
rolog
Tim Penyusun
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U capan Terimakasih
pembimbing dan rekan saya yang luar biasa dalam penyusunan buku
pertama ini. Gagasan yang paling saya hargai ini muncul dari diskusi dari
proses pelaksanaan profesi stase mata kuliah keperawatan keluarga. Saya
berterima kasih kepada editor dan peninjau seri ini atas bimbingannya
yang penuh pertimbangan. Akhirnya, kembali kata yang saya ucapkan
adalah rasa terima kasih kepada keluarga penulis, editor, pembimbing /
reviewer yang membuat saya dipenuhi dengan harapan untuk hari esok
yang lebih baik.
v
D aftar Isi
vi
T entang Penulis
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D aftar Gambar
viii
D aftar Tabel
ix
2
Gladding, 2016
2
3
R eview Kasus
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4
Gladding, 2016
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Genogram Keluarga:
7. Tipe keluarga:
Nuclear family yang terdiri dari istri, 2 orang anak: 1 laki-laki dan 1
perempuan, yang tinggal dalam 1 rumah. Tidak ada kendala atau
masalah yang terjadi dengan tipe keluarga Tn. S
8. Suku bangsa :
1. Tn. S dan keluarga berlatar belakang Jawa
2. Lingkungan tempat tinggal keluarga bersifat homogen dengan
mayoritas bersuku Madura
3. Anggota keluarga Tn. S aktif dalam kegiatan kemasyarakatan seperti
pengajian, slametan, dan arisan. Ny. S aktif menjadi ketua Dharma
Wanita
4. Tidak ada kebiasaan diet dalam keluarga dan busana yang digunakan
anggota sangat sopan seperti pada umumnya (Jika santai Tn.S
menggunakan kaos dan celana pendek, Ny. S menggunakan daster,
An. G menggunakan kaos dan celana pendek, dan An. Gt
menggunakan daster).
5. Struktur kekuasaan yang digunakan dipegang oleh Tn. S dengan
mengadakan musyawarah mufakat bersama
6. Anggota keluarga Tn. S menggunakan bahasa Jawa dan bahasa
Indonesia
7. Keluarga mempercayai mahasiswa profesi (anaknya) untuk
melakukan jasa kesehatan keluarga sebagai pemenuhan tugas
keperawatan keluarga profesinya
8. Bila ada keluhan kesehatan serius maka keluarga Tn. S langsung
membawanya ke RS Bina Sehat Jember
9. Agama
1. Semua anggota keluarga Tn. S beragama Islam
2. Tn. S dan Ny. S aktif dalam kegiatan keagamaan di lingkungan
rumah. Sedangkan An. G dan An. Gt juga aktif dalam kegiatan
keagamaan dan tentunya berkewajiban untuk melaksanakan solat
dan mengaji. Saat ini karena Covid-19 aktivitas pengajian dinon-
7
III. Lingkungan
16. Karakteristik rumah
a. Denah rumah
20 M
U
RT
GARASI
KT
Lt.2
GD
KM
KT
RC DP
MS
KT KT
KM RK
Keterangan:
: Hubungan/interaksi sedang
: Hubungan/interaksi kuat
: Hubungan/interaksi sangat kuat
tersebut. Apabila terjadi masalah biasanya lebih banyak Istri Tn.S yang
memberikan nasihat kepada anak-anaknya, namun yang mengambil
keputusan tetap dari Tn.S setelah rembug dengan Ny. S di dalam
keluarganya. Tn.S mengatakan tidak perlu mengekang kehendak dari
anaknya apapun yang mereka kehendaki asalkan benar, akan tetap
didukung. Saat Covid-19 kekuatan keluarga tetap pada Tn. S
dengan setiap permasalahan di diskusikan dengan anggota
keluarganya dengan prinsip kemanan dan kesehatan keluarga yang
terpenting saat ini
23. Struktur peran keluarga:
Di dalam keluarga Tn. S semua berperan dengan tahapan
perkembangannya masing-masing, bapak yang memimpin rumah tangga
dan memberi nafkah, istri yang mengurus rumah tangga, dan anaknya
yang masih menjalani masa studi dengan tingkatan masing. Namun, istri
Tn. S memiliki peran informal sebagai ketua darma wanita. Kedua anak
juga berperan sebagai pengumpul barang plastik siap jual untuk
ditanamkan sikap wirausaha sejak dini
24. Nilai dan norma budaya:
Keluarga Tn. S lebih mengedepankan nilai-nilai kemanusian, seperti
saling membantu, saling menghormati, menyayangi sesama, jujur, dsb.
Tidak lepas juga dari nilai-nilai dan kegiatan agama. Setiap sore di
rumah Tn. S wajib jendela dan pintu ditutup serta anaknya tetap di
dalam rumah sampai waktu isya selesai.
V. Fungsi Keluarga
25. Fungsi afeksi
1) Kebutuhan-kebutuhan keluarga, pola-pola respon
Keluarga Tn. S adalah keluarga yang harmonis dengan dikaruniai 2
orang anak di dalamnya. Kepekaan istri dari Tn. S di dalam keluarga
sangat besar. Hal tersebut membuat anak-anaknya lebih dekat
dengan istri Tn. S. Di dalam keluarga Tn. S juga selalu
memperbolehkan apa kebutuhan dan minat dari masing-masing
15
anggota keluarga
2) Pertalian hubungan (diagram kedekatan dalam keluarga)
Tn. S Ny. S
An. G An. Gt
Keterangan:
: hubungan lemah
: hubungan kuat
baik
Gaya bicara Stabil, tidak ada ketakutan Stabil, tidak ada ketakutan Stabil, tidak ada ketakutan Stabil, tidak ada
atau kegelisahan, tampak atau kegelisahan, tampak atau kegelisahan, tampak ketakutan atau
tenang, terdengar jelas, tenang, terdengar jelas, Tidak tenang, terdengar jelas, Tidak kegelisahan, tampak
Tidak ada patah-patah ada patah-patah dalam ada patah-patah dalam tenang, terdengar jelas,
dalam bicara, intonasi bicara, intonasi jelas, tidak bicara, intonasi jelas, tidak Tidak ada patah-patah
jelas, tidak bingung bingung bingung dalam bicara, intonasi
jelas, tidak bingung
PEMERIKSAAN
KULIT
Kuku Tampak sedikit panjang Tampak pendek bersih, Tampak pendek bersih, Tampak pendek bersih,
namun bersih, terawat, terawat, rata, CRT < 2 detik terawat, rata, CRT < 2 detik terawat, rata, CRT < 2
rata, CRT < 2 detik detik
PEMERIKSAAN
KEPALA
Rambut Keriting, pendek, lebat, Lurus, panjang, lebat, dan Lurus, panjang, lebat, dan Lurus, pendek, lebat,
dan tipis, nampak uban. tebal, nampak uban. Tidak tebal. Tidak ada Alopesia, dan tebal. Tidak ada
Alopesia bagian tengah, ada Alopesia, kulit kepala kulit kepala bersih dari Alopesia, kulit kepala
kulit kepala bersih dari bersih dari ketombe dan ketombe dan kutu, tidak bersih dari ketombe dan
ketombe dan kutu, tidak kutu, tidak mudah rontok mudah rontok kutu, tidak mudah
mudah rontok rontok
Mata I : tampak bersih, tidak I : tampak bersih, tidak ada I : tampak bersih, tidak ada I : tampak bersih, tidak
ada jejas dan luka, isokor, jejas dan luka, isokor, jejas dan luka, isokor, ada jejas dan luka,
simetris, konjungtiva tidak simetris, konjungtiva tidak simetris, konjungtiva tidak isokor, simetris,
anemis. Penglihatan masih anemis. Penglihatan masih anemis. Penglihatan masih konjungtiva tidak
baik Visus 6/6 reflek baik Visus 6/6 reflek cahaya baik Visus 6/6 reflek cahaya anemis. Penglihatan
cahaya +/+ dengan +/+ dengan midriasis +/+ dengan midriasis meiosis masih baik Visus 6/6
midriasis meiosis pupil meiosis pupil 2cm. pupil 2cm. Tidak ada reflek cahaya +/+
2cm. Memakai kacamata Memakai kacamata baca kelainan mata dengan midriasis
baca karena hipermetropi karena hipermetropi P: tidak ada nyeri tekan meiosis pupil 2cm.
P: tidak ada nyeri tekan P: tidak ada nyeri tekan Tidak ada kelainan
mata
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dan lembab. Lidah dapat fleksibel (N XII baik), dan XII baik), dan mampu Lidah dapat digerakan
digerakan fleksibel (N XII mampu mengecap 5 rasa mengecap 5 rasa (manis, fleksibel (N XII baik),
baik), dan mampu (manis, pahit, asam, pedas, pahit, asam, pedas, asin) dan mampu mengecap
mengecap 5 rasa (manis, asin) P: tidak ada nyeri tekan 5 rasa (manis, pahit,
pahit, asam, pedas, asin) P: tidak ada nyeri tekan asam, pedas, asin)
P: tidak ada nyeri tekan P: tidak ada nyeri tekan
Leher I: tidak ada luka jejas atau I: tidak ada luka jejas atau I: tidak ada luka jejas atau I: tidak ada luka jejas
memar, tidak ada memar, tidak ada memar, tidak ada atau memar, tidak ada
pembesaran tiroid, pembesaran tiroid, simetris. pembesaran tiroid, simetris. pembesaran tiroid,
simetris. Tidak ada Tidak ada gangguan Tidak ada gangguan simetris. Tidak ada
gangguan pergerakan, pergerakan, tidak ada pergerakan, tidak ada gangguan pergerakan,
tidak ada pembesaran JVP, pembesaran JVP, pembesaran JVP, tidak ada pembesaran
P: Respon menelan baik, P: Respon menelan baik, P: Respon menelan baik, JVP,
tidak ada nyeri tekan, atau tidak ada nyeri tekan, atau tidak ada nyeri tekan, atau P: Respon menelan
nyeri saat menelan (N X nyeri saat menelan (N X nyeri saat menelan (N X baik, tidak ada nyeri
baik) baik) baik) tekan, atau nyeri saat
menelan (N X baik)
Dada (Pernafasan) I: pergerakan dada I: pergerakan dada simetris, I: pergerakan dada simetris, I: pergerakan dada
simetris, tidak ada jejas, tidak ada jejas, tidak ada tidak ada jejas, tidak ada simetris, tidak ada jejas,
tidak ada retraksi dada, retraksi dada, RR: 17 x/m, retraksi dada, RR: 19 x/m, tidak ada retraksi dada,
bulu dada menyebar rata, ketika di tanya tidak ada ketika di tanya tidak ada RR: 17 x/m, ketika di
RR: 18 x/m keluhan kesehatan payudara keluhan kesehatan payudara tanya tidak ada keluhan
P: tidak ada nyeri tekan P: tidak ada nyeri tekan atau P: tidak ada nyeri tekan atau kesehatan payudara
atau benjolan, tactil benjolan, tactil fremitus benjolan, tactil fremitus P: tidak ada nyeri tekan
fremitus merata +/+, merata +/+, warna sama merata +/+, warna sama atau benjolan, tactil
warna sama dengan kulit dengan kulit dengan kulit fremitus merata +/+,
P: perkusi sonor +/+ P: perkusi sonor +/+ P: perkusi sonor +/+ warna sama dengan
A: vesikuler +/+ A: vesikuler +/+ A: vesikuler +/+ kulit
P: perkusi sonor +/+
A: vesikuler +/+
Dada (Cardiovascular) I: Tidak ada pembesaran I: Tidak terkaji I: Tidak terkaji I: Tidak ada
ictus cordis, tidak ada jejas P: Nadi 80 x/menit, tidak P: Nadi 88 x/menit, tidak ada pembesaran ictus
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P: tidak ada nyeri tekan ada deviasi arteri karotis, deviasi arteri karotis, respon cordis, tidak ada jejas
atau benjolan, Nadi 90 respon menelan baik menelan baik P: Nadi 82 x/menit,
x/menit, tidak ada deviasi P: Tidak terkaji P: Tidak terkaji tidak ada deviasi arteri
arteri karotis, respon A: suara jantung S1 S2 A: suara jantung S1 S2 karotis, respon menelan
menelan baik tunggal, tidak ada suara tunggal, tidak ada suara baik
P: Perkusi Pekak (batas jantung tambahan, TD: jantung tambahan, TD: P: Perkusi Pekak (batas
jantung normal), tidak ada 122/78 mmHg 117/80 mmHg jantung normmal), tidak
indikasi kardiomegali ada indikasi
A: suara jantung S1 S2 kardiomegali
tunggal, tidak ada suara A: suara jantung S1 S2
jantung tambahan, TD: tunggal, tidak ada suara
135/83 mmHg jantung tambahan, TD:
123/84 mmHg
PERUT I: Tidak jejas atau memar, I: Tidak jejas atau memar, I: Tidak jejas atau memar, I: Tidak jejas atau
tidak ada bekas luka atau tidak ada bekas luka atau tidak ada bekas luka atau memar, tidak ada bekas
jaitan, perut buncit, warna jaitan, perut buncit, warna jaitan, perut rata, warna kulit luka atau jaitan, perut
kulit sama merata, sedikit kulit sama merata, sedikit sama merata, sedikit sebaran rata, warna kulit sama
sebaran rambut sebaran rambut rambut merata, sedikit sebaran
A: Bising usus 8 x/mnt A: Bising usus 6 x/mnt A: Bising usus 7 x/mnt rambut
P: tidak ada nyeri tekan P: tidak ada nyeri tekan Mc P: tidak ada nyeri tekan Mc A: Bising usus 6 x/mnt
Mc Burney Point, tidak Burney Point, tidak teraba Burney Point, tidak teraba P: tidak ada nyeri tekan
teraba massa massa massa Mc Burney Point, tidak
P: suara timpani P: suara timpani P: suara timpani teraba massa
P: suara timpani
GENITALIA DAN Tidak terkaji, klien Tidak terkaji, klien Tidak terkaji, klien Tidak terkaji, klien
ANUS mengatakan tidak ada mengatakan tidak ada mengatakan tidak ada mengatakan tidak ada
keluhan keluhan keluhan keluhan
EKSTREMITAS
Ekstremitas Atas dan Bahu simetris, warna sama Bahu simetris, warna sama Bahu simetris, warna sama Bahu simetris, warna
Bawah dengan kulit, tidak dengan kulit, tidak terdapat dengan kulit, tidak terdapat sama dengan kulit,
terdapat tonjolan, dapat tonjolan, dapat mengangkat tonjolan, dapat mengangkat tidak terdapat tonjolan,
mengangkat beban dengan beban dengan baik, Reflek beban dengan baik, Reflek dapat mengangkat
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No Pernyataan Opsi
1. Adakah perhatian keluarga kepada √ Ya
anggotanya yang menderita sakit Tidak
2. Apabila ada anggota keluarga yang sakit Ya
akan mengganggu aktivitas sehari-hari √ Tidak
3. Apakah keluarga mengetahui masalah √ Ya
kesehatan yang dialami anggota dalam Tidak
keluarganya
4. Apakah keluarga mengetahui penyebab √ Ya
masalah kesehatan yang dialami Tidak
anggota dalam keluarganya
5. Apakah keluarga mengetahui tanda dan √ Ya
gejala masalah kesehatan yang dialami Tidak
anggota dalam keluarganya
6. Apakah keluarga mengetahui akibat √ Ya
masalah kesehatan yang dialami Tidak
anggota dalam keluarganya bila tidak
diobati/dirawat
7. Pada siapa keluarga biasa menggali Keluarga
informasi tentang masalah kesehatan Kader
yang dialami anggota keluarganya √ Tenaga kesehatan
8. Keyakinan keluarga tentang masalah Tidak perlu ditangani karena
kesehatan yang dialami anggota akan sembuh sendiri biasanya
keluarganya √ Perlu berobat ke fasilitas yankes
Tidak terpikir
9. Apakah keluarga melakukan upaya √ Ya
peningkatan kesehatan yang dialami Tidak, jelaskan
anggota keluarganya secara aktif:
(bagaimana bentuk tindakan upaya
peningkatan kesehatan)
11. Keluarga tampak tidak cuci tangan Ya
sebelum makan √ Tidak
12. Apakah keluarga mengetahui kebutuhan √ Ya
pengobatan masalah kesehatan yang Tidak
dialami yang dialami anggota
keluarganya
13. Apakah keluarga dapat melakukan cara √ Ya
merawat anggota keluarga dengan Tidak, jelaskan
masalah kesehatan yang dialaminya:
(bagaimana cara keluarga merawat
anggota keluarga yang sakit 21 KDM)
14. Apakah keluarga dapat melakukan √ Ya
pencegahan masalah kesehatan yang Tidak, jelaskan
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X. Kesejahteraan Keluarga
Keluarga Sejahtera adalah keluarga yang dibentuk berdasarkan atas
perkawinan yang sah, mampu memenuhi kebutuhan hidup spiritual dan materiil
yang layak, bertaqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, memiliki hubungan yang
serasi, selaras dan seimbang antar anggota dan antar keluarga dengan masyarakat
dan lingkungan (UU RI Nomor 52 Tahun 2009). Tingkat Kesejahteraan Keluarga
menurut Badan Koordinasi Keluarga Berencana Nasional (BKKBN)
dikelompokkan menjadi 5 (lima) tahapan, yaitu:
1. Tahapan Keluarga Pra Sejahtera (KPS)
Keluarga Pra Sejahtera yaitu keluarga yang tidak memenuhi salah satu dari 6
(enam) indikator Keluarga Sejahtera I (KS I) atau indikator ”kebutuhan dasar
keluarga” (basic needs).
Intepretasi:
Keluarga Tn. S berada pada tingkat Keluarga Sejahtera III Plus yaitu keluarga
yang mampu memenuhi keseluruhan dari 6 (enam) indikator tahapan KS I, 8
(delapan) indikator KS II, 5 (lima) indikator KS III, serta 2 (dua) indikator
tahapan KS III Plus
38
Tanggal 15 17 19 21 23 24 25 26 27
Keluarga Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun
Mandiri 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020
□ Kemandiri
an I : Jika
memenuhi
kriteria
1&2
□ Kemandiri
an II : jika
memenuhi
kriteria 1
s.d 5
□ Kemandiri
an III : jika
memenuhi
kriteria 1
s.d 6
□ Kemandiri
an IV :
Jika
memenuhi
kriteria 1
s.d 7
Tabel 5. Kemandirian Keluarga
Interpretasi:
B. ANALISIS DATA
C. PRIORITAS MASALAH
2. Diagnosa Keperawatan:
Kesiapan meningkatkan koping keluarga Tn. S khusunya untuk seluruh anggota
keluarga Tn. S (D. 0090)
Perhitungan
Kriteria (skor/angka Bobot Pembenaran
tertinggi * bobot)
Sifat Masalah: 1/3 *1 1 Tn. S, Ny. S, An. G memiliki riwayat
Keadaan penyakit pribadi dan dapat memanfaatkan
Sejahtera/ fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan untuk
Diagnosis Sehat membantu menanganinya, ditambah
ditengah wabah Covid-19 keluarga Tn. S
menyatakan ingin meningkatkan manajemen
koping akan kondisi tersebut
Kemungkinan 1/2 *2 2 Keadaan ini dapat ditingkatkan karena
masalah dapat mereka semua menyadari pentingnya
42
3. Diagnosa Keperawatan:
Kesiapan peningkatan pengetahuan keluarga Tn. S tentang Covid-19 khususnya untuk
seluruh anggota keluarga Tn.S (D.0113)
Perhitungan
Kriteria (skor/angka Bobot Pembenaran
tertinggi * bobot)
Sifat Masalah: 1/3 *1 1 Tn. S dan Ny. S memiliki frekuensi paparan
Keadaan dan memiliki pengetahuan cara untuk
Sejahtera / mengatur pola hidupnya dalam mencegah
Diagnosis Sehat Covid-19
Kemungkinan 1/2 *2 2 Masalah dapat diubah sebagaian karena Tn.
masalah dapat S dan Ny. S dapat mengatur pola hidupnya
diubah: dan terkait dengan pengetahuan memerlukan
Sebagian waktu dalam mengubahnya
Potensial masalah 2/3 *1 1 Masalah yang dialami oleh Tn. S dan Ny. S
dapat dicegah: dapat dicegah karena mereka menyadari
Cukup bagaimana cara mencegahnya
Menonjolnya 0/2 *1 1 Pengetahuan kesehatan yang dimiliki Tn. S
masalah: dan Ny. S telah baik dan tidak menimbulkan
Masalah tidak permasalahan kesehatan negatif, namun
dirasakan perlu ditingkatkan terkait Covid-19
Total 2 4 Prioritas Diagnosa ke Tiga
43
Keterangan:
Sifat Masalah
Aktual 3
Risiko 2
Keadaan Sejahtera / Diagnosis Sehat 1
Kemungkinan untuk Diubah
Mudah 2
Sebagian 1
Tidak Dapat 0
Potensial Dicegah
Tinggi 3
Cukup 2
Rendah 1
Menonjolnya Masalah
Masalah dirasakan dan Harus Segera Ditangani 2
Masalah dirasakan namun Tidak Harus Segera Ditangani 1
Masalah Tidak Dirasakan 0
44
D. PERENCANAAN KEPERAWATAN
Diagnosis
Tanggal Jam Implementasi Evaluasi Paraf Dokumentasi
Kep.
1 17-06-20 18.00 1. Memotivasi partisipasi S:
WIB keluarga dalam upaya 1. Seluruh anggota Tn. S
promosi kebersihan dalam menyatakan siap untuk
pencegahan COVID-19 menerima informasi baru
2. Mengidentifikasi seluruh tentang kesehatan
kebutuhan kesehatan 2. Tn. S mengatakan anggota
anggota keluarga sesuai keluarganya tidak ada yang
aspek latar belakang mengalami masalah
kesehatannya kesehatan, hanya saja
3. Menginformasikan terkait masalah osteomyeleitis pada
kesehatan yang dibutuhkan Ny. S
kelompok 3. Keluarga Tn. mengatakan
4. Memberikan edukasi terkait mempraktikkan perilaku
osteomyelitis dan pelatihan hidup bersih dan sehat dalam
psikomotor terapi aktifitas menghadapi pandemi
fisik COVID-19
5. Mengidentifikasi kondisi 4. Anggota keluarga Tn. S
umum pasien mengatakan bersedia untuk
6. Mengidentifikasi dilakukan pemeriksaan
kemandirian melakukan kesehatan setiap hari
upaya kebersihan diri dan
lingkungan O:
7. Mengidentifikasi 1. Tn. S, An. Gt tampak sehat
pengetahuan tentang dan tidak ada yang
pentingnya upaya kebersihan mengalami masalah
8. Memfasilitasi dalam kesehatan
melakukan upaya kebersihan 2. Anggota keluarga Tn. S
diri sesuai kebutuhan tampak siap untuk menerima
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A:
Kesiapan Meningkatkan
Manajemen kesehatan keluarga
Tn. S teratasi sebagian
P:
Lanjutkan intervensi
pendidikan kesehatan
pencegahan COVID-19 dan
latihan terapi aktivitas fisik
2 17-06-20 18.00 1. Mengidentifikasi respon S:
WIB emosional dan stressor 1. Tn. S mengatakan
terhadap kondisi saat ini menghadapi pandemi
2. Mengajarkan teknik COVID-19 dengan
mencegah / menurunkan mematuhi peraturan
stress pemerintah
3. Menganjurkan Latihan fisik 2. Ny. S mengatakan dengan
52
A:
Kesiapan meningkatkan koping
keluarga teratasi sebagian
P:
Lanjurkan intervensi : Lakukan
penilaian skala FAS
53
P:
Lanjutkan intervensi
pendidikan kesehatan
pencegahan COVID-19 dan
latihan terapi aktivitas fisik
untuk meningkatkan hasil
kuesioner psikomotor
55
A:
Kesiapan meningkatkan koping
keluarga teratasi sebagian
P:
Lanjurkan intervensi :
Pendidikan kesehatan tentang
perilaku memakai masker yang
benar, batuk efektif, dan cuci
56
A:
Kesiapan meningkatkan
pengetahuan keluarga Tn. S
teratasi sebagian
P:
Lanjutkan intervensi:
pendidikan kesehatan
pencegahan COVID-19
57
O:
1. Populasi skrining yaitu an
ggota keluarga Tn. S
2. Hasil kuesioner
psikomotor normal
3. Keluarga dapat
mempraktikkan terapi
aktivitas fisik, CPTS,
Etika batuk, mengenakan
masker dengan baik dan
benar
4. Hasil pemeriksaan
kesehatan (tekanan darah)
:
Tn. S : 125/80 mmHg
Ny. S : 110/83 mmHg
An. Gt : 120/80 mmHg
58
A:
Kesiapan Meningkatkan
Manajemen kesehatan keluarga
Tn. S teratasi seluruhnya
P:
Hentikan intervensi
2 24-06-20 18.00 1. Memfasilitasi memperoleh S:
WIB pengetahuan, keterampilan, 1. Tn. S mengatakan
dan peralatan yang menghadapi pandemi
diperlukan untuk COVID-19 dengan
mempertahankan perawatan mematuhi peraturan
pasien pemerintah
2. Mengidentifikasi
pemahaman keluarga O :
terhadap masalah 2. Tn. S dan seluruh anggota
keluarga selalu rutin mandi
dan merendam seragam
kerja setelah berpergian
3. An. Gt ketika keluar rumah
menggunakan masker
A:
Kesiapan meningkatkan koping
keluarga teratasi seluruhnya
P:
Hentikan Intervensi
59
P:
Hentikan intervensi.
60
LAMPIRAN
61
STANDARD OF PROCEDURE
Terapi Aktivitas Fisik (Physical Activity Therapy)
Orientasi
1. Berikan salam, panggil klien dengan nama
kesukaannya (Rasional: membina BHSP)
2. Perkenalkan nama dan tanggung jawab perawat
(Rasional: Otonomi perawat)
3. Jelaskan tujuan, prosedur, dan lamanya tindakan
pada klien dan keluarga (Rasional: Informed pada
klien terkait terapi yang akan dilakukan)
4. Berikan kesempatan kepada klien atau keluarga
untuk bertanya sebelum terapi dilakukan (Rasional:
kejelasan klien dan keluarga terkait terapi)
Kerja
Fase 1: Evaluasi Individual Respon & ASEPSIS Score
Lakukan proses interview / anamneseis pada klien
63
Kerja
Pendinginan
Evaluasi
67
Terminasi
1. Jelaskan pada klien bahwa terapi sudah selesai
dilakukan (Rasional: Informed kegiatan pada Klien)
2. Kaji respon klien setelah dilakukan terapi (Rasional:
Mengetahui status pasca terapi pada klien)
3. Berikan reinforcement positif kepada klien
(Rasional: Meningkatkan PHBS pada klien)
4. Akhiri terapi dengan baik (Rasional: Terminasi
kegiatan pada Klien).
9. HASIL NPRS
Skala nyeri mulai dari 0 (tidak terasa nyeri) s.d 10
(nyeri hebat)
MMT Score
0 : Paralisis total
1 : Minimum kontraksi otot
2 : Mampu bergeser; tidak mampu melawan gravitasi
3 : Mampu melawan gravitasi; tahanan ringan
4 : Mampu melawan gravitasi; tahanan sedang
5 : Mampu melawan gravitasi; tahanan penuh
ASEPSIS Score
68
Nursing. 25(1):13–36.
Eid AJ, Berbari EF. 2012 Osteomyelitis: a review of
pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities and
therapeutic options. J Med Liban. 2012;60(1):51-60.
Katharine et al, 2011. A narrative review of manual
muscle testing and implications for muscle testing
research
Lindquis R., Tracy M.F., Snyder M. 2018.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies in
Nursing. 8th Edition. New York, NY 10036: Springer
Publishing Company, LLC. ISBN: 978-0-8261-4433-
1 www.springerpub.com
Lowry, C. D., Joshua A. Cleland, dan K. Dylike. 2008.
Management of patients with patellofemoral pain
syndrome using a multimodal approach: a case
series. JOSPT. 38(11):691–702.
Pricillia, L., Karen M., Bauldoff., Gerene., Gubrud, &
Paula. 2017. Medical Surgical Nursing. Melbourne:
Pearson.
Smeltzer, S., & Bare. 2013. Keperawatan Medikal-
Bedah Brunner & Suddarth. Jakarta: EGC.
Walter G, Kemmerer M, Kappler C, Hoffmann R. 2012.
Treatment algorithms forchronic osteomyelitis.
Dtsch Arztebl Int.2012;109(14):257–64
70
Reference: Lowry, C. D., Joshua A. Cleland, dan K. Dylike. 2008. Management of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome using a multimodal approach: a case series. JOSPT. 38(11):691–702.
71
Jika traumatis:
a] adanya diagnosis alternatif termasuk
keseleo ligamen, robekan meniskus,
fraktur, dll.
b] adanya pembengkakan dan waktu untuk
pembengkakan
Keluhan utama (lokasi dan kualitas rasa sakit) = Nyeri post ORIF lokasi 1/3 femur superior sinistra, saat ini mereda, riwayat: nyeri skala 3 tajam
Faktor-faktor yang memperburuk Kerja rumah over load melebihi batas kepayahan
(misalnya, penurunan tangga, jongkok)? fisik, jongkok, mengangkat barang berat
Faktor-faktor yang meringankan Masase, agen non farmakologi analgesik
(misalnya, es, panas, istirahat, (balsem), kompres hangat, peregangan
peregangan)?
Apakah ada gejala lain?
Jika ya, ada cara memberi / tekuk, Tidak, ligamen tidak ada robekan, dan sendi
mengunci / mengklik / popping / crepitus, meniskus muncul keluhan patlofemoral pain
kekakuan? (PFP)
Riwayat medis masa lalu yang relevan Rontgen: Closed Fraktur Femur 1/3 Superior
(misalnya, cedera ekstremitas bawah Riwayat Penyakit Lain: -
sebelumnya, nyeri punggung sebelumnya Riwayat Nyeri Penggung: Tanpa radikulopati
dengan atau tanpa radikulopati) Lakukan pemantauan nyeri dan latih mobilisasi
dini
Jika ada riwayat nyeri punggung dan Sumber nyeri PFP: Suhu, cuaca, gerakan
menimbulkan gejala selama evaluasi lutut, overload
lakukan pemeriksaan radikulopati lumbal
dan spinal
Osteomyelitis Questionnare
Individu Result Evaluation
Sumber: Capin, dkk. (2019)
No. Indikator Evaluasi Catatan
1 Keparahan Nyeri yang Dilaporkan (NPRS)
NPRS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Anterior Knee Pain Scale*
(0-100)
3 Skala Fungsional Ekstremitas Bawah*
> 80
4 Global of Change *
-7 (jauh lebih buruk) s.d 7 (jauh lebih baik)
5 Manual Muscle Testing (MMT): ASA
0 = Tidak ada kekuatan otot
+1 = Kontraksi otot sangat lemah (denyutan otot)
+2 = Tidak mampu melawan pelaksanaan
+3 = Mampu menentang pemilihan
+4 = Tidak mampu
+5 = Kontraksi otot maksimal
6 Range of Motion (ROM) Lower Extermity
a. Fleksi-Ekstensi Ankle
b. Fleksi-Ekstensi Lutut
c. Fleksi-Ekstensi Pinggul
d. Abduksi-Adduksi Kaki
e. Pronasi-Supinasi
f. Ambulatory Minimum (Mika-Miki, Duduk, Berdiri)
g. Ambulatory Maximum (Berdiri, Berjalan 4-5 Langkah, Naik-turun tangga,
Duduk)
Skoring:
Intepretasi:
74
Skoring:
Intepretasi:
75
Skoring:
Intepretasi:
76
ASEPSIS Score
Sumber: Copanitsanou dkk. (2019)
Opsi
No. Item Iya Tidak
(1) (0)
1 Apakah luka dapat pulih tanpa menimbulkan masalah?
2 Apakah luka berwarna kemerahan?
3 Apakah luka mengeluarkan cairan kuning bening?
4 Apakah luka dikeluarkan nanah?
5 Apakah luka berupa robekan terbuka?
6 Apakah Anda mendapatkan antibiotik untuk penyembuhan
luka tersebut?
7 Apakah luka ini perlu dijahit ulang?
8 Apakah tenaga kesehatan dibuka / mengirigasi abses
(benjolan) tersebut?
9 Apakah Anda masuk rumah sakit yang sama untuk merawat
luka tersebut?
10 Apakah Anda pernah ke rumah sakit lain untuk merawat
luka tersebut?
11 Apakah luka tersebut telah terbuka dan tertutup di bawah
bius total di rumah sakit?
Total:
Penilaian dilakukan selama observasi 4 hari dengan metode total score yang
dikategorikan sebagai berikut:
0-10 = Penyembuhan maksimal
11-20 = Gangguan penyembuhan
21-30 = Infeksi minor
31-40 = Infeksi sedang
>41 = Infeksi berat
(Wilson et al., 2006).
Skoring:
Intepretasi:
77
Kuesioner Psikomotorik
Nama NPRS MMT ROM GES ASEPSIS Score Persepsi Kepuasan Jumlah Intepretasi
0-10 0 S.D +5 1-6 0-5 0- >41 0-130
15 Juni 2020
Tn. S 0 +5 Upper Lower 6 0 Tidak Ada Gangguan 112 - Belum optimal
Ny. S 4 +3 Lower Ekstermity Sinistra 4 +2 19 (Gangguan Penyembuhan) 110 - Belum optimal
Nn. Gt 0 +5 Upper Lower 6 0 Tidak Ada Gangguan 122 - Belum optimal
20 Juni 2020
Tn. S 0 +5 Upper Lower 6 0 Tidak Ada Gangguan 114 - Belum optimal
Ny. S 3 +3 Lower Ekstermity Sinistra 4 +1 12 (Gangguan Penyembuhan) 120 - Belum optimal
Nn. Gt 0 +5 Upper Lower 6 0 Tidak Ada Gangguan 125 - Belum optimal
22 Juni 2020
Tn. S 0 +5 Upper Lower 6 0 Tidak Ada Gangguan 120 - Belum optimal
Ny. S 3 +4 Lower Ekstermity Sinistra 5 Jejak 10 (Penyembuhan Optimal) 125 - Belum optimal
Nn. Gt 0 +5 Upper Lower 6 0 Tidak Ada Gangguan 127 - Belum optimal
27 Juni 2020
Tn. S 0 +5 Upper Lower 6 0 Tidak Ada Gangguan 130 - Optimal
Ny. S 1 +4 Lower Ekstermity Sinistra 5 0 3 (Penyembuhan Optimal) 130 - Optimal
Nn. Gt 0 +5 Upper Lower 6 0 Tidak Ada Gangguan 130 - Optimal
Referensi Video:
http://youtube.com/watch?v=oXv2NGSwaM0
http://youtube.com/watch?time_continue=247&v=QyY2Xmrp_UQ&feature=emb_logo
http://youtube.com/watch?v=HoDyiQI2U9c
http://youtube.com/watch?v=P9gO6sCzcnc
84
4 Mengidentifikasi 3 metode
pencegahan coronavirus
dengan benar
Perilaku terkait
Tidak
Banyak Beberapa Sedikit
semuanya
1 Berapa coronavirus
mengubah rutinitas harian
Anda?
Iya Tidak Saya tidak tahu
2 Apakah Anda mengubah
rencana yang Anda buat
karena coronavirus?
Kesiapan
Sangat Agak Tidak Tidak
percaya percaya terlalu percaya diri
diri diri percaya diri sama sekali
1 Seberapa yakin Anda bahwa
pemerintah federal dapat
mencegah berjangkitnya
virus corona secara nasional?
2 Seberapa siap Anda menurut
Anda jika ada coronavirus
yang tersebar luas
wabah?
Skoring:
Intepretasi:
86
Knowledge and Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Among US Residents During the Early Days
of the Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Online Questionnaire
Sumber: Taghrir, dkk. (2020)
Opsi
Tingkat Pengetahuan Terkait COVID-19
Benar Salah
COVID-19 adalah infeksi pernapasan disebabkan spesies baru coronavirus. (T)
Kasus pertama COVID-19 didiagnosis di Wuhan, Cina. (T)
Asal usul COVID-19 tidak jelas tetapi tampaknya telah ditularkan ke manusia
melalui makanan laut, ular atau kelelawar. (T)
Gejala umumnya adalah demam, batuk dan sesak napas, tetapi mual dan diare
jarang dilaporkan. (T)
Masa inkubasinya hingga 14 hari dengan rata-rata 5 hari. (T)
Covid-19 dapat didiagnosis dengan tes PCR pada sampel yakni: droplet
nasofaring, orofaringal,dan bronkus. (T)
COVID-19 ditularkan melalui droplet pernapasan seperti batuk dan bersin. (T)
Ini ditularkan melalui kontak dekat dengan klien yang terinfeksi (terutama di
keluarga, tempat-tempat ramai, dan pusat kesehatan). (T)
Penyakit ini dapat dicegah melalui cuci tangan dan personal hygiene. (T)
Masker medis berguna untuk mencegah penyebaran droplet pernapasan selama
batuk. (T)
Penyakit ini dapat dicegah melalui tidak kontak langsung seperti jabat tangan,
ciuman, tidak menghadiri pertemuan, dan sering desinfeksi tangan. (T)
Semua orang di masyarakat harus memakai topeng. (F)
Selama intubasi, suction, bronkoskopi, dan resusitasi kardiopulmoner, wajib
mengenakan masker N95. (T)
Penyakit ini dapat diobati dengan obat antivirus biasa. (F)
Jika gejala muncul dalam waktu 14 hari sejak kontak langsung dengan pasien
yang dicurigai, orang tersebut harus bertanya di pusat kesehatan masyarakat
terdekat. (T)
Total
Opsi
Praktik Perilaku Pencegahan
Iya Tidak
Saya membatalkan atau menunda pertemuan dengan teman-teman, acara makan
dan acara olahraga.
Saya mengurangi penggunaan transportasi umum.
Saya jarang berbelanja di pasar.
Saya mengurangi penggunaan keramaian: perpustakaan, teater, & bioskop.
Saya menghindari batuk di kerumunan.
Saya menghindari tempat-tempat di mana sejumlah besar orang berkumpul.
Saya meningkatkan frekuensi pembersihan dan desinfeksi item yang dapat
dengan mudah disentuh dengan tangan (yaitu gagang pintu dan permukaan).
Saya mencuci tangan lebih sering dari biasanya.
Saya mendiskusikan pencegahan COVID-19 dengan keluarga dan teman saya.
Total
Persepsi Risiko COVID-19 1 2 3 4
Saya mungkin terinfeksi COVID-19 lebih mudah daripada yang lain.
Saya takut terinfeksi COVID-19
Total
87
Skoring:
Pengetahuan
Jawaban yang benar diberikan 1 poin dan jawaban yang salah atau 'Saya tidak tahu' diberikan
0 poin. Skor total diubah menjadi persentil. Skor ≥ 75% ditetapkan sebagai tinggi, 50% −75%
sebagai tingkat sedang dan ≤50% sebagai tingkat pengetahuan yang rendah.
Tingkah laku
1 poin untuk setiap perilaku yang sesuai dan 0 poin untuk perilaku yang salah. Skor total
berkisar antara 0 hingga 9 dan dikonversi menjadi persentil. > 75% ditetapkan sebagai kinerja
tinggi dalam perilaku pencegahan dan <75% sebagai kinerja rendah.
Persepsi
Respons diberikan menggunakan skala tipe-Likert 4-poin (1 = tidak sama sekali, 4 = benar-
benar ya). Skor kumulatif total berkisar antara 2 hingga 8. Skor antara 2 hingga 3 ditetapkan
sebagai rendah, 4 hingga 5 sebagai sedang, dan 6 hingga 8 sebagai persepsi risiko tinggi.
Skoring:
Intepretasi:
88
Kuesioner Physical health status, Contact history, Knowledge, Precautionary, & Health
information about COVID-19 during the epidemic
Sumber: Wang, dkk. (2019)
No. Item (Pernyataan / Pertanyaan) Opsi
I. Status kesehatan fisik dalam 14 hari terakhir
Iya Tidak
1 Demam persisten (> 38℃ setidaknya 1 hari)
2 Panas dingin
3 Sakit kepala
4 Myalgia (Nyeri Otot)
5 Batuk
6 Sesak Nafas
7 Pusing
8 Malaise
9 Sakit tenggorokan
10 Demam dan batuk terus-menerus
11 Konsultasi dengan dokter di klinik dalam 14 hari terakhir
12 Rawat inap baru-baru ini dalam 14 hari terakhir
13 Uji Rapid Test COVID-19 dalam 14 hari terakhir
14 Karantina dalam 14 hari terakhir
15 Penyakit kronis
16 Memiliki asuransi kesehatan
Buruk / Bagus /
Rata-rata
Sangat buruk sangat bagus
Penilaian diri sendiri terhadap status
17
kesehatan saat ini
II. Riwayat kontak dalam 14 hari terakhir
Iya Tidak
1 Tidak kontak dengan pasien positif COVID-19
2 Kontak tidak langsung dengan pasien positif COVID-19
3 Kontak dengan orang yang dicurigai positif COVID-19
III. Pengetahuan dan kekhawatiran tentang penyakit COVID-19
Pengetahuan tentang COVID-19 Tidak
Setuju Tidak tahu
Rute penularan setuju
1 Droplet
2 Kontak dengan benda terkontaminasi
3 Udara
Tidak
Dengar
mendengar
4 Pernahkah Anda mendengar bahwa jumlah orang yang
terinfeksi COVID-19 telah meningkat?
5 Pernahkah Anda mendengar bahwa jumlah kematian
COVID-19 meningkat?
6 Pernahkah Anda mendengar bahwa jumlah orang yang telah
pulih dari infeksi COVID-19 telah meningkat?
Anggota Sumber
Internet Televisi Radio
keluarga lain
7 Sumber utama
89
informasi kesehatan
Tidak
Sangat Sedikit Tidak Tidak
terlalu
Puas Puas puas tahu
puas
8 Kepuasan dengan
paparan informasi
tentang COVID-19
Tidak
Kekhawatiran Sangat Agak Tidak Yakin
terlalu
tentang COVID-19 khawatir cemas khawatir aman
khawatir
9 Percaya pada tenaga
kesehatan
10 Kemungkinan tertular
COVID-19 selama
wabah saat ini
11 Kemungkinan
bertahan hidup jika
terinfeksi COVID-19
12 Kekhawatiran tentang
anggota keluarga
lainnya yang
mendapatkan COVID-
19 infeksi
13 Kekhawatiran usia <
16 tahun risiko tinggi
terinfeksi COVID-19
IV. Tindakan pencegahan dalam 14 hari terakhir
Tidak
Selalu Sering Jarang Kadang
pernah
1 Menutupi mulut saat
batuk dan bersin
2 Menghindari berbagi
peralatan (misalnya,
sendok) selama makan
3 Cuci tangan dengan
sabun dan air
mengalir
4 Cuci tangan segera
setelah batuk, gosok
hidung, atau bersin
5 Mengenakan masker
terlepas dari ada atau
tidak adanya gejala
6 Mencuci tangan
setelah menyentuh
benda yang
terkontaminasi
7 Merasa bahwa terlalu
banyak kekhawatiran
90
Skoring:
Skoring:
Intepretasi:
91
Kuesioner Kognitif
Nama Pengetahuan COVID-19 (Wolf, 2020) Pengetahuan COVID-19 (Taghrir, 2020) PHS-Q (Wang, dkk., 2019) Jumlah Intepretasi
0-14 0-26 0-53
15 Juni 2020
Tn. S 10 20 49 79 Belum optimal
Ny. S 9 22 48 79 Belum optimal
Nn. Gt 8 18 40 66 Belum optimal
20 Juni 2020
Tn. S 11 21 51 84 Belum optimal
Ny. S 12 25 50 87 Belum optimal
Nn. Gt 10 24 45 89 Belum optimal
22 Juni 2020
Tn. S 13 24 52 89 Belum optimal
Ny. S 13 25 52 90 Belum optimal
Nn. Gt 12 24 51 87 Belum optimal
27 Juni 2020
Tn. S 14 26 53 93 Optimal
Ny. S 14 26 53 93 Optimal
Nn. Gt 14 26 53 93 Optimal
Skoring:
Intepretasi:
93
Skoring:
Intepretasi:
94
Skoring:
Intepretasi:
95
Kuesioner Attitude
Nama KAS-Q FAS IPQR Jumlah Intepretasi
0-38 0-120 0-80
15 Juni 2020
Tn. S 29 10 23 53 Belum optimal
Ny. S 28 9 21 58 Belum optimal
Nn. Gt 23 10 22 55 Belum optimal
20 Juni 2020
Tn. S 28 8 22 48 Belum optimal
Ny. S 29 8 19 56 Belum optimal
Nn. Gt 35 6 18 59 Belum optimal
22 Juni 2020
Tn. S 36 6 16 48 Belum optimal
Ny. S 34 6 15 45 Belum optimal
Nn. Gt 32 4 12 48 Belum optimal
27 Juni 2020
Tn. S 38 2 0 40 Optimal
Ny. S 38 0 0 40 Optimal
Nn. Gt 38 3 0 40 Optimal
Kesan:
Linearis (+)
Intepretasi:
Seluruh variabel pada Tn. S baik dan normal
97
Kesan:
Linearis (+)
Intepretasi:
Seluruh variabel pada Ny. S baik dan normal
98
Kesan:
Linearis (+)
Intepretasi:
Seluruh variabel pada An. Gt baik dan normal
99
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Iran. 23(4):249–254.
Wang, C., R. Pan, X. Wan, Y. Tan, L. Xu, C. S. Ho, dan R. C. Ho. 2019.
Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the
initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (covid-19) epidemic among
the general population in china. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health.
17(1729):1–12.
Wolf, M. S., M. Serper, L. Opsasnick, R. M. O. Conor, dan L. M. Curtis. 2020.
Awareness , attitudes , and actions related to covid-19 among adults with
chronic conditions at the onset of the u . s . outbreak. Annals of Internal
Medicine. 7(32):19–29.
101
Background: The evolving outbreak of coronavirus disease to get the virus, and 21.9% reported that COVID-19 had little or
2019 (COVID-19) is requiring social distancing and other mea- no effect on their daily routine. One in 10 respondents was very
sures to protect public health. However, messaging has been confident that the federal government could prevent a nation-
inconsistent and unclear. wide outbreak. In multivariable analyses, participants who were
black, were living below the poverty level, and had low health
Objective: To determine COVID-19 awareness, knowledge, at- literacy were more likely to be less worried about COVID-19, to
titudes, and related behaviors among U.S. adults who are more not believe that they would become infected, and to feel less
vulnerable to complications of infection because of age and co- prepared for an outbreak. Those with low health literacy had
morbid conditions. greater confidence in the federal government response.
Design: Cross-sectional survey linked to 3 active clinical trials Limitation: Cross-sectional study of adults with underlying
and 1 cohort study. health conditions in 1 city during the initial week of the
Setting: 5 academic internal medicine practices and 2 federally COVID-19 U.S. outbreak.
qualified health centers. Conclusion: Many adults with comorbid conditions lacked crit-
Patients: 630 adults aged 23 to 88 years living with 1 or more ical knowledge about COVID-19 and, despite concern, were not
chronic conditions. changing routines or plans. Noted disparities suggest that
greater public health efforts may be needed to mobilize the
Measurements: Self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and be- most vulnerable communities.
haviors related to COVID-19.
Primary Funding Source: National Institutes of Health.
Results: A fourth (24.6%) of participants were “very worried”
about getting the coronavirus. Nearly a third could not correctly Ann Intern Med. doi:10.7326/M20-1239 Annals.org
identify symptoms (28.3%) or ways to prevent infection (30.2%). For author affiliations, see end of text.
One in 4 adults (24.6%) believed that they were “not at all likely” This article was published at Annals.org on 9 April 2020.
Table 1. Eligible Sample and Associated NIH Parent Studies in the C3 Survey*
health services, are sponsored by the National Insti- cations (7–9). In brief, recruitment procedures included
tutes of Health, and are taking place among 7 primary identifying potentially eligible participants via elec-
care sites (5 academic internal medicine clinics and 2 tronic health record queries; sending them a letter de-
federally qualified health centers) across the greater scribing the study; then telephoning any patients who
Chicago area (Table 1). did not opt out of being contacted to introduce the
Health Literacy and Cognitive Function Among study, screen for eligibility, and schedule an in-person
Older Adults (R01AG030611) is a cohort study examin- baseline interview. Common exclusion criteria for all
ing cognitive and psychosocial factors associated with studies include the presence of a severe and uncorrect-
self-management and outcomes of chronic disease over able cognitive, visual, or hearing impairment that would
time among predominately older adults. Three random- preclude a participant's ability to complete interviews.
ized controlled trials—EHR-Based Universal Medication For this survey, we targeted participants whose last in-
Schedule to Improve Adherence to Complex Regimens terview was done between 2018 and the present. This
(R01NR015444), A Universal Medication Schedule to time frame was selected to ensure that previously col-
Promote Adherence to Complex Drug Regimens lected data from each parent study—which were merged
(R01AG046352), and Transplant Regimen Adherence with data from this survey—were most current; participants
for Kidney Recipients by Engaging Information Tech- with the most recently collected prior data were priori-
nologies: The TAKE IT Trial (R01DK110172)— evaluate tized for recruitment.
health system strategies that leverage electronic health
records and available consumer technologies to im- Procedure
prove patient adherence and safe use of complex drug Trained research interviewers contacted partici-
regimens. These studies were selected because they pants outside their normally scheduled research inter-
enroll mostly middle-aged or older adults (range, 23 to views to invite them to answer a short set of questions
88 years) with 1 or more chronic conditions who there- pertaining to COVID-19 by telephone. Participant re-
fore would be at greater risk for COVID-19. The studies sponses were recorded by interviewers using REDCap
use common assessments, allowing for uniform mea- web-based survey software. On average, surveys took
surement of many patient characteristics. The North- less than 10 minutes, and participants who completed
western University Institutional Review Board approved the survey were told that they would be mailed a $10
study procedures, and all patients included in this tele- gift certificate for their time. In total, 2010 adults were
phone survey had provided prior consent to be con- enrolled in the parent studies and were eligible for the
tacted for future research opportunities. Data were col- survey; 733 were contacted during the week under in-
lected from 13 through 20 March 2020. vestigation. Of these, 27 declined participation and 76
could not be reached or asked to be contacted at a
Sample later date. In all, 630 completed the study, for an overall
Inclusion criteria varied across studies by age, pres- cooperation rate of 85.9%.
ence of specific chronic conditions, having been pre-
scribed complex regimens (≥5 medications), and being Measurement
an active patient at specified primary care sites; Table 1 Across all 4 studies, there was prior, uniform collec-
provides study-specific eligibility criteria. Methods of tion of patient demographics (age, sex, race, and eth-
these studies have also been described in prior publi- nicity), socioeconomic status (household income, num-
2 Annals of Internal Medicine Annals.org
Awareness, Attitudes, and Actions Related to COVID-19 ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Table 2. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-reported Behaviors Toward COVID-19 in Overall Sample*
Item Summary
Value
COVID-19 awareness and concern
Mean response (SD) to: “On a scale of 1 to 10, how serious of a public health threat 9.0 (1.7)
do you think the coronavirus is or might become? (1 being no threat at all, 10
being a very serious public health threat)”
How worried are you about getting the coronavirus?
Very worried 24.6
Somewhat worried 39.1
A little worried 23.4
Not worried at all 12.9
How worried are you about getting the flu?
Very worried 10.8
Somewhat worried 26.8
A little worried 26.5
Not worried at all 35.9
Did you get a flu shot this past year?
Yes 79.5
No 20.3
I don't know 0.2
Do you think that you will get sick from the coronavirus?
I definitely will 1.3
I probably will 8.2
It's possible 65.9
Not at all 24.6
How likely do you think it is that you or someone you know may get sick from the
coronavirus this year?
Very likely 20.3
Somewhat likely 45.4
Not that likely 23.6
Not at all likely 10.7
COVID-19 knowledge
Mean response (SD) to: “What percentage of people who get the coronavirus do 14.2 (19.2)
you think will die as a result?Ӡ
Mean response (SD) to: “What percentage of people who get the coronavirus do 53.6 (27.1)
you think will have only mild symptoms?”‡
Correctly identified 3 symptoms of the coronavirus
Yes 71.7
No 28.3
Correctly identified 3 prevention methods of the coronavirus
Yes 69.8
No 30.2
Related behaviors
How much has the coronavirus changed your daily routine?
A lot 58.6
Some 19.5
A little 14.6
Not at all 7.3
Are you changing any plans that you have made because of the coronavirus?
Yes 78.1
No 21.9
I don't know 0.0
Preparedness
How confident are you that the federal government can prevent a nationwide
outbreak of the coronavirus?
Very confident 10.2
Somewhat confident 34.1
Not very confident 26.6
Not confident at all 29.1
How prepared do you think you are if there were to be a widespread coronavirus
outbreak?
Very prepared 20.8
Somewhat prepared 50.1
A little prepared 22.3
Not prepared at all 6.8
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
* Values are percentages unless otherwise stated.
† 42 participants did not respond to this item.
‡ 31 participants did not respond to this item.
Table 4. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-reported Behaviors Toward COVID-19 Across Sample Characteristics (n = 630)*
Variable Awareness and Concern Knowledge Reported Behavior Preparedness
Mean Not Not Likely to Symptoms, % Prevention, % Changed Daily Changed Confidence in Not
Seriousness Worried, % Get Sick, % Routine, % Plans, % Government, % Prepared, %
of Threat
on 1–10
Scale (SD)
Age group
<60 y 8.7 (1.7)† 33.1 23.7 76.6† 71.5‡ 54.5 77.9 46.0 28.9
60–69 y 8.9 (1.9)† 41.4 24.4 74.2† 73.8‡ 62.2 77.8 45.7 30.8
≥70 y 9.3 (1.4)† 34.3 26.1 61.8† 62.4‡ 59.4 78.8 40.2 27.1
Sex
Female 9.2 (1.5)§ 38.4 27.9‡ 72.3 70.5 58.2 81.4‡ 45.2 30.3
Male 8.6 (1.9)§ 33.2 19.7‡ 70.9 68.9 59.1 73.2‡ 43.1 27.3
Race円円
Black 9.0 (1.8) 45.9† 36.1§ 62.2§ 68.9 49.5† 72.5 42.6 39.8§
White 8.9 (1.7) 32.0† 17.5§ 78.3§ 70.8 62.9† 80.4 44.5 22.9§
Other 9.2 (1.6) 35.3† 29.4§ 50.0§ 73.5 58.8† 85.3 52.9 23.5§
Hispanic
Yes 8.9 (1.8) 32.1 32.8‡ 71.9 79.3† 55.6 77.8 57.8§ 40.7§
No 9.0 (1.7) 37.5 22.3‡ 71.7 67.2† 59.5 78.3 40.5§ 25.8§
LEP
Yes 8.9 (1.8) 35.2 35.2‡ 81.7‡ 84.5† 45.1‡ 74.7 66.2§ 43.7†
No 9.0 (1.7) 36.5 23.2‡ 70.5‡ 68.0† 60.3‡ 78.5 41.6§ 27.2†
Below poverty
level¶
Yes 8.8 (1.8) 42.1 36.5§ 68.5 77.7† 47.8§ 73.4 55.2§ 36.4†
No 9.0 (1.6) 34.2 19.6§ 73.1 66.4† 62.8§ 80.1 40.1§ 26.0†
Married**
Yes 8.8 (1.6) 31.9 20.4‡ 78.7† 68.7 64.4‡ 83.9† 41.2 20.4§
No 9.0 (1.7) 38.8 28.5‡ 67.8† 69.3 55.9‡ 74.5† 47.1 35.5§
Employed
Yes 8.9 (1.8) 33.6 22.8 78.5† 70.7 66.4§ 82.0‡ 36.5§ 28.2
No 9.0 (1.6) 38.2 25.8 67.1† 69.3 53.2§ 75.4‡ 49.7§ 29.7
Health literacy
Low 9.1 (1.6) 39.2 39.6§ 58.2§ 73.2 47.1§ 68.6§ 59.5§ 45.1§
Marginal 9.0 (1.8) 35.8 29.0§ 70.2§ 66.8 57.6§ 75.5§ 43.3§ 30.5§
Adequate 8.8 (1.8) 35.2 15.6§ 78.8§ 69.6 64.4§ 83.7§ 37.7§ 20.9§
Health activation
Low 8.9 (1.8) 36.1 20.8‡ 72.5 69.2 61.9‡ 81.8 42.3 33.6‡
Moderate 9.0 (1.6) 36.9 26.1‡ 70.8 70.0 58.1‡ 75.3 45.9 25.8‡
Adequate 9.1 (1.5) 35.0 36.7‡ 72.1 72.1 44.3‡ 72.1 47.5 21.3‡
Number of
chronic conditions
1–2 9.2 (1.4)‡ 35.3 22.9 74.4 66.8 63.5 84.8† 41.0 30.5
≥3 8.8 (1.8)‡ 36.9 25.4 70.4 71.4 56.1 74.7† 46.0 28.4
Self-reported
health
Good to excellent 9.0 (1.6) 34.2‡ 24.8 73.6‡ 68.4 60.0 78.5 42.9 26.0§
Fair to poor 8.9 (1.9) 43.8‡ 23.9 65.0‡ 75.2 53.3 76.6 49.6 40.4§
Table 5. Multivariable Models Examining Patient Characteristics and COVID-19 Awareness, Knowledge, Behavior, and
Preparedness (n = 599)*
Sex
Female 9.12 (8.87–9.38)† 1.06 (0.79–1.42) 1.18 (0.82–1.72) 1.09 (0.90–1.34) 1.04 (0.85–1.28)
Male 8.58 (8.29–8.86) 1.00 (reference) — — —
Race
Black 8.69 (8.43–8.96) 1.45 (1.07–1.98)‡ 1.99 (1.35–2.93)† 0.86 (0.69–1.09) 1.02 (0.81–1.28)
White 8.78 (8.56–8.99) 1.00 (reference) — — —
Other 9.08 (8.52–9.64) 0.98 (0.53–1.80) 1.43 (0.72–2.86) 0.70 (0.43–1.15) 1.12 (0.73–1.70)
Health literacy
Low 9.06 (8.74–9.39) 0.87 (0.61–1.26) 1.89 (1.20–2.97)§ 0.79 (0.60–1.04) 1.00 (0.77–1.30)
Marginal 8.76 (8.44–9.08) 0.89 (0.62–1.26) 1.53 (0.98–2.39) 0.94 (0.74–1.20) 0.94 (0.73–1.21)
Adequate 8.73 (8.43–9.02) 1.00 (reference) — — —
Day of survey
1 8.19 (7.65–8.74) 1.00 (reference) — — —
2 8.75 (8.38–9.12) 0.75 (0.43–1.31) 0.58 (0.28–1.21) 0.96 (0.62–1.47) 1.07 (0.70–1.64)
3 9.02 (8.68–9.36)§ 0.55 (0.32–0.95)‡ 0.71 (0.36–1.38) 0.95 (0.63–1.41) 0.92 (0.61–1.39)
4 8.85 (8.50–9.20)‡ 0.82 (0.48–1.42) 0.72 (0.36–1.45) 1.06 (0.70–1.62) 0.96 (0.63–1.48)
5 9.1 (8.71–9.48)§ 0.53 (0.30–0.96)‡ 0.54 (0.26–1.13) 1.06 (0.69–1.61) 1.09 (0.71–1.67)
6 9.18 (8.82–9.54)† 0.70 (0.41–1.21) 0.61 (0.30–1.24) 0.97 (0.64–1.47) 0.91 (0.59–1.40)
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
* Model was adjusted for variables in table and study site. Values are risk ratios (95% CIs) unless otherwise stated. Statistically significant values are
shown in bold.
† P < 0.001.
‡ P < 0.05.
§ P < 0.01.
Table 5—Continued
— — — —
1.04 (0.79, 1.37) 0.99 (0.78–1.26) 0.95 (0.70–1.30) 0.96 (0.65–1.41)
0.92 (0.66–1.29) 0.98 (0.73–1.30) 0.89 (0.60–1.31) 0.94 (0.59–1.50)
— — — —
2.63 (1.23–5.59)‡ 0.99 (0.63–1.54) 1.14 (0.64–2.05) 1.03 (0.49–2.16)
3.06 (1.48–6.33)§ 1.08 (0.71–1.63) 1.04 (0.60–1.81) 1.01 (0.50–2.03)
3.38 (1.61–7.09)§ 1.16 (0.75–1.78) 1.25 (0.71–2.20) 1.17 (0.57–2.41)
3.58 (1.71–7.49)§ 1.23 (0.80–1.89) 1.05 (0.58–1.89) 1.25 (0.61–2.57)
3.36 (1.61–7.02)§ 1.15 (0.75–1.76) 1.19 (0.67–2.11) 1.10 (0.53–2.28)
interview, with higher ratings at the end of the survey Related Behaviors
period than at the beginning. Blacks were more likely More than half of patients (58.6%) reported that the
than whites to be only “a little worried” or “not worried coronavirus had caused them to change their daily rou-
at all” about getting the coronavirus, and black race, tine “a lot,” whereas 78.1% said that they had changed
living below the poverty level, and low health literacy existing plans as a result (Table 2). Men; black persons;
all remained independently associated with partici- those with LEP, lower health literacy, or 3 or more
pants' belief that it was “not at all likely” that they would chronic conditions; those living below the poverty lev-
get sick with COVID-19. el; and persons who were unmarried, unemployed, or
retired were less likely to makes changes because of
COVID-19 Knowledge
the coronavirus (Table 4). After multivariable adjust-
On average, respondents estimated that more than
ment, these patient factors were no longer associated
half (53.6%) of infected persons will have only mild
with changes to either daily routine or existing plans. In
symptoms and 14.2% will die of COVID-19 (Table 2).
contrast, respondents who were interviewed later in the
Most participants correctly identified 3 symptoms (71.7%)
1-week survey period were more likely to report that
and 3 ways to prevent infection (69.8%). Women esti-
their daily routine had changed “a lot” (Table 5).
mated fewer mild cases and more deaths than men (Ta-
ble 4). This was also true for blacks relative to whites, for Preparedness for a COVID-19 Outbreak
those living below the poverty level, and for those with One in 5 respondents (20.8%) reported that they
lower health literacy. Participants who were older, black, were “very prepared” for a widespread outbreak.
unmarried, unemployed, or retired; had poorer health; or Nearly a third (29.1%) had no confidence that the fed-
had lower health literacy showed poorer knowledge of eral government could prevent a nationwide outbreak;
COVID-19 (Table 4). Those who identified as being His- 10.2% were very confident (Table 2). Black and His-
panic and having LEP demonstrated greater COVID-19 panic adults; those with LEP, lower health literacy,
knowledge. After multivariable adjustment, patient char- lower health activation, or poorer health; those living
acteristics were no longer associated with knowledge of below the poverty level; and those who were unmar-
COVID-19 symptoms or means of prevention (Table 5). ried, unemployed, or retired were more likely to con-
Annals.org Annals of Internal Medicine 7
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Awareness, Attitudes, and Actions Related to COVID-19
sider themselves either “a little prepared” or “not pre- also felt less prepared for an outbreak than white
pared at all” (Table 4). In multivariable analyses, black adults, and individuals with low health literacy reported
race and low health literacy were both independently not only being less prepared but also having more con-
associated with a greater likelihood of feeling only “a fidence in the federal government response.
little prepared” or “not prepared at all” (Table 5). Although the reasons for these findings are not
Hispanic persons, those with LEP, those living be- clear, similar results were reported during the H1N1
low the poverty level, and those with lower health liter- influenza pandemic in 2009 (14). Trust in public health
acy were also more likely to be “somewhat” or “very” officials, information-seeking behaviors, sources of in-
confident in the federal government. In multivariable formation, frequency of media exposure, knowledge,
analyses, only low health literacy remained associated and worry related to the outbreak were all highlighted
with feeling “somewhat” or “very” confident in the fed- determinants of documented disparities in uptake of
eral government's ability to prevent a nationwide out- recommended behaviors. In our study, disparities by
break (Table 5). race, socioeconomic status, and health literacy were
not reflected in ratings of the seriousness of the
COVID-19 threat, demonstrated knowledge of its
DISCUSSION symptom presentation or general means to prevent it,
In a survey of more than 600 sociodemographically or reported changes to daily routines and plans. Prior
diverse adults with chronic health conditions living in research has documented racial differences pertaining
Chicago, we found that most respondents perceived to trust in the health care system (15–17). For those who
the threat of a COVID-19 outbreak to be serious, al- are living below the poverty level or have low health
though the level of worry varied; half equated the literacy, perceptions of personal risk and the ability to
threat with that of influenza, and only a few reported prevent infection may be limited. This may be due to
being more worried about getting influenza than feeling less able to change one's social circumstance,
COVID-19. Nearly one third could not identify symp- or lack of public health communications that are ex-
toms or proper measures to prevent infection. Most re- plicit and actionable and provide clear, efficacious mes-
spondents reported that the virus was affecting their saging pertaining to recommended protective behav-
daily routine and leading to changes in already made iors (18, 19). A previous report found socioeconomic
plans, yet 1 in 5 adults believed that it had little or no and literacy disparities in mortality associated with the
effect on their lives or plans. Nearly 1 in 3 participants 1918 influenza pandemic; likewise, our findings should
believed that they were only a little or not at all pre-
raise caution (20). Although the current public health
pared for a COVID-19 outbreak, whereas just 1 in 5
infrastructure is different, existing efforts may not be
believed that they were very prepared. Only 1 in 10
adequately reaching these vulnerable populations.
respondents was very confident that the federal gov-
Our study, working to quickly capture the opportu-
ernment could prevent a nationwide outbreak of this
nity to understand how the most vulnerable are pro-
virus.
cessing current events, clearly has limitations. First, this
At the time of writing, Illinois ranks seventh in the
survey was done among a selected group of patients
United States with more than 6980 COVID-19 cases,
and 141 state residents have died. When our C3 survey who were all active participants in cohort studies or
started on 13 March 2020, there were only 46 cases clinical trials sponsored by the National Institutes of
and no deaths; by the end of the survey on 20 March, Health in 1 large U.S. city. Thus, these findings may
there were 585 cases and 5 deaths. Across the United have limited generalizability, especially for younger
States and worldwide, the outbreak was increasing at a adults and those without underlying health conditions.
rate of 40% to 50% more new cases daily during the However, our study samples purposefully include men
week of the interviews. At the same time, several mea- and women who are socioeconomically, racially, and
sures were announced in succession: Schools began ethnically diverse and are at greatest risk for COVID-19
closing across Illinois, employers were sending staff because of age and underlying conditions. Second, to
home to work remotely, various public restrictions were rapidly implement our investigation and quickly recruit
implemented (bar and restaurant closures and limita- as large a sample as possible during the first of multiple
tions on gatherings), and ultimately a “shelter at home” waves of interviews, we were limited in the depth of our
order was announced. Thus, our findings provide a rare survey and number of items to use. Prior research on
snapshot of how a cohort of mostly middle-aged and virus outbreaks guided our selection and creation of
older adults with underlying health conditions adapted survey items (12), but we lacked the time or opportu-
to this unprecedented time and took action, or not. Our nity to validate all questions, particularly in the midst of
study identified concerning demographic and socio- a public health crisis. However, items followed best
economic differences in how individuals perceived the practices for the design of assessments for use among
threat of COVID-19 and, perhaps, their own ability to persons with lower literacy (21). Third, our outcomes
take actions to prevent illness. Specifically, those who capture only initial awareness of COVID-19, degree of
were black, were living below the poverty level, and worry, fundamental knowledge, attitudes, and a limited
had low health literacy were less likely to believe that set of behaviors. Understanding of the virus has since
they might become infected, and black respondents evolved, and we could not expand on those develop-
were less worried about the pandemic. Black adults ments. Items included in planned follow-up waves of
8 Annals of Internal Medicine Annals.org
Awareness, Attitudes, and Actions Related to COVID-19 ORIGINAL RESEARCH
the survey will adapt accordingly and expand data cap- Reproducible Research Statement: Study protocol and statis-
ture on behaviors, among other just-in-time topics. tical code: Available from Dr. Wolf (e-mail, mswolf@northwest-
Finally, as a time-sensitive study, what we have ern.edu). Data set: Available to those who meet prespecified
learned in this initial, critical week, when COVID-19 criteria; access allowed to deidentified data only. Available
most fully took hold in the United States, is that public from Dr. Wolf (e-mail, mswolf@northwestern.edu).
health messaging has dramatically changed: New poli-
cies, state restrictions, and information are being Corresponding Author: Michael S. Wolf, PhD, MPH, MA, Fein-
shared not just daily but hourly. It is likely that all of berg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 750 North
what we report in this 1-week glimpse has considerably Lake Shore Drive, 10th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611; e-mail,
altered. Regardless, our findings depict the initial lack mswolf@northwestern.edu.
of clarity in understanding, perceived susceptibility,
and personal efficacy regarding the pandemic among Current author addresses and author contributions are avail-
those at greatest risk. That is why we intend to continue able at Annals.org.
to follow this cohort as part of an ongoing C3 initiative.
This first wave of the C3 study revealed profound
gaps in awareness, knowledge, concern, and preemp-
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18. Park CL, Cho D, Moore PJ. How does education lead to healthier Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT): a new measure of
behaviours? Testing the mediational roles of perceived control, understandability and actionability for print and audiovisual
health literacy and social support. Psychol Health. 2018;33:1416- patient information. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;96:395-403.
1429. [PMID: 30450977] doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1510932 [PMID: 24973195] doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.05.027
ASPEK YANG
ITEM HASIL ANALISIS
DIANALISIS
Abstrak Penjelasan Wabah COVID-19 terus berkembang
dan membutuhkan upaya social
Gambaran isi distancing serta upaya preventif dalam
menyeluruh melindungi kesehatan masyarakat.
Namun, penyampain informasi
Tujuan penelitian edukasi tidak konsisten dan tidak jelas.
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk
menentukan kesadaran, pengetahuan,
sikap, dan perilaku terkait COVID-19
pada orang dewasa di A.S. yang rentan
terhadap komplikasi infeksi karena
usia dan komorbiditas.
Desain penelitian Survei cross-sectional terkait dengan 3
uji klinis aktif dan 1 studi kohort.
Variabel utama Pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku yang
terkait dengan COVID-19.
Jumlah sampel 630 orang dewasa berusia 23 hingga
88 tahun hidup dengan 1 atau lebih
penyakit kronis.
Lokasi penelitian Akademik 5 praktik kedokteran
penyakit dalam dan 2 pusat kesehatan.
Hasil yang diperoleh 24,6% partisipan “sangat khawatir”
tertular coronavirus. Hampir sepertiga
tidak dapat mengidentifikasi gejala
dengan benar (28,3%) atau cara untuk
mencegah infeksi (30,2%).
Saran Satu dari 10 responden sangat yakin
bahwa pemerintah federal dapat
mencegah wabah nasional melalui
peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat.
Jumlah kata: 100-150 Tidak, jumlah kata 303
kata
Ditulis paling awal Kata yang ditulis setelah judul adalah
setelah judul nama para author.
Pendahuluan Latar belakang masalah Penyakit COVID-19 telah berevolusi
menjadi pandemi yang mengharuskan
orang di seluruh dunia harus
mengambil tindakan segera untuk
104
COVID-19: Pengetahuan
53,6% orang yang terinfeksi hanya
akan memiliki gejala ringan dan
14,2% akan meninggal karena
COVID-19. Sebagian besar peserta
mengidentifikasi dengan benar 3
gejala (71,7%) dan 3 cara untuk
mencegah infeksi (69,8%). Peserta
yang lebih tua, berkulit hitam, belum
menikah, menganggur, atau pensiun;
memiliki kesehatan yang lebih buruk;
atau memiliki tingkat melek kesehatan
yang lebih rendah menunjukkan
pengetahuan COVID-19 yang lebih
rendah. Setelah penyesuaian
multivariabel, karakteristik pasien
tidak lagi dikaitkan dengan
pengetahuan tentang gejala COVID-
19 atau cara pencegahan.
bahaya.
Rekomendasi Pertama, survei ini dilakukan di antara
kelompok pasien yang dipilih yang
semuanya peserta aktif dalam studi
kohort atau uji klinis yang disponsori
oleh National Institutes of Health di 1
kota besar A.S. Dengan demikian,
temuan ini mungkin memiliki
generalisasi terbatas, terutama untuk
orang dewasa muda dan mereka yang
tidak memiliki kondisi kesehatan yang
mendasarinya. Namun, sampel
penelitian kami sengaja memasukkan
pria dan wanita yang secara sosial-
ekonomi, rasial, dan beragam etnis
dan berisiko terbesar untuk COVID-19
karena usia dan kondisi yang
mendasarinya. Kedua, investigasi
kami dengan cepat dan dengan cepat
merekrut sampel sebanyak mungkin
selama gelombang pertama dari
berbagai wawancara Namun,
penelitian selanjutnya bisa
meggunakna alat ukur yang sesuai
pada orang dengan melek huruf yang
lebih rendah (21). Ketiga, kesadaran
awal COVID-19, tingkat
kekhawatiran, pengetahuan mendasar,
sikap, dan serangkaian perilaku yang
terbatas. Penelitian selanjutnya bisa
memulai pada pemahaman masyarakat
terkait virus sejak berevolusi agar
memperluas perkembangan
pengetahuan
Ucapan Orang yang berjasa National Institutes of Health (NIH).
terima kasih membantu
Apendiks Penjelasan Apendiks C3 = Chicago COVID-19
Comorbidities; COVID-19 =
coronavirus disease 2019; EHR =
electronic health record; FQHC =
federally qualified health center; NIH
= National Institutes of Health; T2DM
= type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Referensi Urutan pengutipan Citasi menggunakan Vancouver style
dengan 21 sumber artikel
Nama dan judul 1. Worldometer. COVID-19
coronavirus outbreak. Accessed at
www .worldometers.info/coronavirus
114
on 24 March 2020.
Lampiran:
1) Table 1. Eligible Sample and Associated NIH Parent Studies in the C3 Survey*
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Wolf M. S., Serper M., Opsasnick L., O‟Conor R.M., Curtis L. M., Benavente J. Y.,
Wismer G., Batio S., Eifler M., Zheng P., Russell A., Arvanitis M., Ladner D.,
Kwasny M., Persell S. D., Rowe T., Linder J. A., Bailey S. C. 2020. Awareness,
Attitudes, and Actions Related to COVID-19 Among Adults With Chronic
Conditions at the Onset of the U.S. Outbreak. Ann Intern Med. 9 April 2020 : 1-
11. doi:10.7326/M20-1239
115
Abstract
Objectives: Families are going through a very stressful time because of the COVID-19 outbreak, with age being a risk factor
for this illness. Negative self-perceptions of aging, among other personal and relational variables, may be associated with
loneliness and distress caused by the pandemic crisis.
Method: Participants are 1,310 Spanish people (age range: 18–88 years) during a lock-down period at home. In addition
to specific questions about risk for COVID-19, self-perceptions of aging, family and personal resources, loneliness, and
psychological distress were measured. Hierarchical regression analyses were done for assessing the correlates of loneliness
and psychological distress.
Results: The measured variables allow for an explanation of 48% and 33% of the variance of distress and loneliness, re-
spectively. Being female, younger, having negative self-perceptions about aging, more time exposed to news about COVID-
19, more contact with relatives different to those that co-reside, fewer positive emotions, less perceived self-efficacy, lower
quality of sleep, higher expressed emotion, and higher loneliness were associated with higher distress. Being female, younger,
having negative self-perceptions about aging, more time exposed to news about COVID-19, lower contact with relatives,
higher self-perception as a burden, fewer positive emotions, lower resources for entertaining oneself, lower quality of sleep,
and higher expressed emotion were associated with higher loneliness.
Discussion: Having negative self-perceptions of aging and lower chronological age, together with other measured family
and personal resources, are associated with loneliness and psychological distress. Older adults with positive self-perceptions
of aging seem to be more resilient during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Keywords: Coping, Crisis, Depression, Expressed emotion, Self-efficacy
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic is having a & Wei, 2020). Countries such as Spain are requiring lock-
strong impact among individuals and families, who are downs of their citizens. Epidemiological data indicate
going through a very stressful period (Zhang, Wang, Rauch, that age is clearly associated with the risk of developing
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. 1
For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
2 Journals of Gerontology: PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 2020, Vol. XX, No. XX
critical health problems and mortality related to this illness the Liang and Bollen (1983) Attitudes Toward Own Aging
(Remuzzi & Remuzzi, 2020). Beyond chronological age, subscale. This is a five-item scale (e.g., “Things keep getting
negative self-perceptions of aging may be related to nega- worse as I get older”), with higher scores indicating more
tive outcomes for older adults and play a significant role in negative self-perceptions of aging. Cronbach’s alpha of this
this context, considering previous findings linking negative scale in the current sample was .60.
self-perceptions of aging to less engagement in health be-
than one hour and a half)]. Quality of sleep was rated in Regarding the results of the hierarchical regression for
a scale ranging from 0 (very bad) to 3 (very good). Finally, explaining psychological distress (Table 1), the inclusion
as an indicator of expressed emotion, the following items of variables at each step contributed significantly to the
based on the Family Attitude Scale (Kavanagh et al., 1997) explained variance of psychological distress, with Steps
were included: “To what extent do you like to have people 1 (sociodemographic characteristics and negative self-
around?,” “I feel that people living with me are driving me perceptions of aging) and 4 (personal resources) yielding
Table 1. Hierarchical Regression Analysis Examining the Associations Between Assessed Variables and Psychological Distress
Variables B SE B B SE B B SE B B SE B B SE B
Gender (1 = male) −4.71 .59 −0.21** −4.76 .58 −.21** −4.40 .59 −0.20** −2.76 .53 −0.12** −2.47 .51 −0.11**
Age −0.08 .02 −0.13** −0.10 .02 −.16** −0.08 .02 −0.13** −0.08 .02 −0.13** −0.07 .02 −0.11**
Self-perception of aging 2.75 .19 0.37** 2.60 .19 .35** 2.24 .20 0.30** 1.07 .19 0.14** 0.89 .18 0.12**
Profession of risk for 0.55 .67 .02 0.70 .66 0.03 0.10 .58 0.00 0.11 .57 0.00
COVID-19 (1 = yes)
Health risk if infected by 1.30 .67 .05 1.08 .67 0.05 0.62 .59 0.03 0.64 .57 0.03
COVID-19 (1 = yes)
Time devoted to COVID-19 0.77 .11 .18** 0.83 .11 0.19** 0.76 .10 0.18** 0.72 .09 0.17**
information
People co-residing −0.17 .22 −0.02 −0.40 .19 −0.05* −0.14 .19 −0.02
Satisfaction with family −1.68 .51 −0.09** −0.17 .46 −0.01 0.03 .45 0.00
Self-perception as a burden 1.81 .36 0.14** 0.69 .32 0.05* 0.31 .31 0.02
Contact with relatives not 0.09 .12 0.02 0.39 .11 0.09** 0.47 .11 0.11**
co-residing
Daily positive emotions −0.86 .14 −0.16** −0.68 .14 −0.12**
Resources for entertaining −0.08 .16 −0.01 0.10 .16 0.02
oneself
Perceived self-efficacy −1.45 .13 −0.28** −1.40 .13 −0.27**
Daily hours of exercise −0.29 .22 −0.03 −0.27 .21 −0.03
Sleep quality −1.97 .29 −0.16** −1.79 .29 −0.14**
Expressed emotion 0.63 .11 0.15** 0.51 .10 0.12**
Loneliness 0.83 .10 0.21**
Change in R 2 .21** .04** .03** .18** .03**
Table 2. Hierarchical Regression Analysis Examining the Associations Between Assessed Variables and Loneliness
Variables B SE B B SE B B SE B B SE B
Gender (1 = male) −.47 .16 −.08** −.48 .16 −.09** −.53 .15 −.09** −.35 .15 −.06*
previous results reported by Levy and Myers (2004), In summary, in addition to gender, chronological age,
who found that positive self-perceptions of aging were self-perceptions of aging, and time devoted to COVID-10
related to engagement in more preventive health behav- information, family and personal resources seem to be rele-
iors, and by Bellingtier and Neupert (2018), who found vant for explaining loneliness and psychological well-being
that older adults with more negative attitudes toward own during a critical stressful period.
aging reported increased emotional reactivity to stressors.
Being female was found to be associated with reporting
higher loneliness and distress and, among the assessed
Limitations
stressors, participants having a profession that put them at The cross-sectional nature of the data does not allow clear
risk of being infected with COVID-19 did not show higher identification of the effects of the factors associated with
distress scores. Only time devoted to looking for and proc- an increase in loneliness and distress during the lock-down
essing COVID-19 information, a strategy that can increase period. In addition, the obtained sample may not be rep-
psychological vulnerability (Van Bavel et al., 2020), had a resentative of the general Spanish population (population
significant positive association with loneliness and psycho- census; Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2019). For ex-
logical distress. ample, while the gender distribution of the Spanish popu-
Regarding family resources, having contact with mem- lation is quite similar for the population between 20 and
bers of the family that do not reside in the same house- 89 years old, in our study, most of the participants were
hold was found to be related to more distress (but lower women. In addition, although the percentage of partici-
loneliness) in the final step of the regression analysis. The pants from the age ranges of 30–44, and 45–59 is similar
correlations of distress with lower satisfaction with family to the general population distribution, a higher proportion
support and negative self-perception as a burden, and of participants was obtained for the age range of 18–29,
fewer resources for entertaining oneself at home, are no and a lower proportion for the range of 60 and older. Also,
longer significant when personal resources are considered. older adults who participate in this study are users of on-
Possible mediation effects could explain these findings. line technologies and may not, therefore, be representative
For example, lower satisfaction with the support from of the general older adult population, something that may
the family may lead to higher expressed emotion attitudes be acting as a confounding variable in this study (as well
(Delvecchio et al., 2014). as in similar studies done in the context of COVID-19;
6 Journals of Gerontology: PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 2020, Vol. XX, No. XX
Zhong et al., 2020). Even though studies exist that pro- Caixa) and Pilar Rodríguez from Fundación Pilares, and all
vide support for the use of single-items in surveys and even the institutions that contributed to the sample recruitment.
clinical contexts (e.g., Zimmerman et al., 2006), the use Data collection was not preregistered. The study materials,
of single-items for measuring the wide-ranging effects of analytic methods, and data are available upon request from
the lock-down situation in the context of individuals and the corresponding author on reasonable request.
families through a brief and easy to answer measure is
Lazarus, R. F., & Folkman, S. C. S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and Smilkstein, G. (1978). The family APGAR: A proposal for a family
coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company. function test and its use by physicians. The Journal of Family
Levy, B. (2009). Stereotype embodiment: A psychosocial approach Practice, 6(6), 1231–1239.
to aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(6), Van Bavel, J. J., Boggio, P., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M.,
332–336. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x Crockett, M.,…Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural
Levy, B. R., & Myers, L. M. (2004). Preventive health behaviors science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. doi:10.31234/
19.
Jumlah kata: 100-150 kata Jumlah kata abstrak: 257 kata
Ditulis paling awal setelah Setelah abstrak yang ditulis
judul terlebi dahulu yaitu nama
author.
Pendahuluan Latar belakang masalah Wabah pandemi COVID-19
memiliki dampak yang kuat
di antara individu dan
keluarga, yang sedang
mengalami masa yang sangat
menegangkan (Zhang, Wang,
Rauch, & Wei, 2020).
Negara-negara seperti
Spanyol membutuhkan Lock
down warganya. Data
epidemiologis menunjukkan
bahwa usia jelas terkait
dengan risiko
mengembangkan masalah
kesehatan kritis dan kematian
yang berkaitan dengan
penyakit ini (Remuzzi &
Remuzzi, 2020). Di luar usia
kronologis, persepsi diri yang
negatif tentang penuaan
mungkin terkait dengan hasil
negatif untuk orang dewasa
yang lebih tua dan
memainkan peran penting
dalam konteks ini, mengingat
temuan sebelumnya yang
menghubungkan persepsi diri
yang negatif tentang penuaan
dengan keterlibatan yang
kurang dalam perilaku
kesehatan (Levy & Myers,
2004). Paparan stres yang
berkepanjangan karena
skenario Lock down juga
dapat berkontribusi pada
peningkatan tekanan
psikologis dengan
mengurangi sumber
dukungan (misalnya,
keluarga), meningkatkan
pentingnya sumber daya
pribadi, seperti efikasi diri
dan variabel relasional.
122
lockdown di rumah.
Lama penelitian Sabtu 21 Maret (pukul 19.00)
hingga Kamis 24 Maret
(pukul 21.00)
Cara mengumpulkan data Partisipasi dalam penelitian
ini diminta melalui jejaring
sosial dan semua opsi yang
tersedia bagi para peneliti
untuk menghubungi calon
peserta. Deskripsi dan
permintaan partisipasi yang
sama dikirim ke asosiasi atau
lembaga yang sering
berkolaborasi dengan tim
peneliti, serta ke asosiasi atau
lembaga potensial lainnya
yang dihubungi melalui
jejaring sosial, seperti
Whatsapp, Facebook, atau
Linkedin. Data yang
disajikan di sini dikumpulkan
dari Sabtu 21 Maret (pukul
19.00) hingga Kamis 24
Maret (pukul 21.00). Semua
peserta memberikan
persetujuan mereka untuk
berpartisipasi dalam
penelitian ini dan selama
minggu pertama Lock down
menjawab survei yang
dikembangkan menggunakan
Google Formulir.
Uji coba kuesioner Kuesioner diadopsi dari
Levy, Slade, Kunkel, dan
Kasl (2002), dengan Liang
and Bollen (1983) Alfa
Cronbach dari skala ini
adalah 0,60.
Sumber data Primer (Kuesioner)
Instrumen Kuesioner Stressor, Sumber
Daya Keluarga, Sumber Daya
Pribadi, Kesendirian,
Kesulitan Fisik
Tenaga lapangan -
Teknik Pengolahan Menggunakan perangkat
lunak SPSS (versi 22.0)
Teknik analisis data Teknik Deskriptif: (SD,
Mean, Md, n (&))
124
memberikan informasi
penting mengenai pengaruh
variabel psikososial pada
kesepian dan tekanan
psikologis. Dengan adanya
tes and re test dari skala ukur
memungkinkan hasil
penelitian yang representatif
Ucapan terima Orang yang berjasa membantu Penulis berterima kasih
kasih kepada semua peserta dalam
penelitian ini. Para penulis
secara khusus berterima kasih
kepada Cristina Segura dan
Javier Yanguas
(Departamento de Gent Gran
de la Fundación Bancaria la
Caixa) dan Pilar Rodríguez
dari Fundación Pilares, dan
semua lembaga yang
berkontribusi pada sampel
rekrutmen.
Apendiks Apendiks Penjelasan Data tambahan tersedia di
The Journal of Gerontology,
Seri B: Ilmu Psikologi dan
Ilmu Sosial online.
Referensi Urut pengutipan Menggunakan APA style
dengan 28 citasi
Nama dan judul Bellingtier, J. A., & Neupert,
S. D. (2018). Negative aging
attitudes predict greater
reactivity to daily stressors in
older adults. The Journals of
Gerontology, Series B:
Psychological Sciences and
Social Sciences, 73(7), 1155–
1159.
doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw086
sampai dengan
measures of depression
symptom severity,
psychosocial impairment due
to depression, and quality of
life. The Journal of Clinical
Psychiatry, 67(10), 1536–
1541.
doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n1007
Tahun dan halaman Bervariasi mulai 1983 hingga
2020
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Losada-Baltar A., Jiménez-Gonzalo L., Gallego-Alberto A., Pedroso-Chaparro MS,
Fernandes-Pires J., Márquez-González M. 2020. “We Are Staying at Home.”
Association of Self-perceptions of Aging, Personal and Family Resources, and
Loneliness With Psychological Distress During the Lock-Down Period of
COVID-19. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 2020, Vol. XX, No. XX, 1-7 doi:
10.1093 / geronb / gbaa048
129
Abstract
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common diagnosis that includes an amalgam of conditions that are
typically non-traumatic in origin and result in peripatellar and/or retropatellar knee pain. The
purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the physical therapist’s management, including
the evaluation and treatment, of the patient with PFP. A thorough history is critical for
appropriately diagnosing and optimally managing PFP; the history should include the date of
symptom onset, mechanism of injury and/or antecedent events, location and quality of pain,
exacerbating and alleviating symptoms, relevant past medical history, occupational demands,
recreational activities, footwear, and patient goals. Physical examination should identify the
patient’s specific impairments, assessing range of motion (ROM), muscle length, effusion, resisted
isometrics, strength, balance and postural control, special tests, movement quality, palpation,
function, and patient reported outcome measures. Objective assessments should guide treatment,
Author Manuscript
Keywords
Patellofemoral joint; patellofemoral pain (PFP); rehabilitation; physical therapy
Correspondence to: Jacob John Capin. University of Delaware, 540 South College Ave, 210-Z, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
capin@udel.edu.
Contributions: (I) Conception and design: All authors; (II) Administrative support: None; (III) Provision of study materials or patients:
None; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: None; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: None; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors;
(VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Capin and Snyder-Mackler Page 2
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is exceedingly common. Annual prevalence for PFP approaches
Author Manuscript
23% in the general population and is approximately 29% among adolescents, with female
athletes being at particularly high risk (1). Participation in recreationally running or military
training, both of which may lead to high patellofemoral joint contact forces (2), is associated
with an especially high incidence of PFP (1). Persistent symptoms are common and 57% of
individuals with PFP report unfavorable outcomes five to eight years after their initial
diagnosis (3). As such, it is important for individuals with PFP to receive optimal
rehabilitation with the goal of achieving positive short- and long-term outcomes and
preventing the transition from a transient, acute episode into a recurrent, chronic problem.
The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the physical therapist’s management,
including the evaluation and treatment, of the patient with PFP. We begin with a brief
overview of symptom onset, then discuss the importance of considering the complexities of
Author Manuscript
the painful experience when rehabilitating individuals with PFP, particularly among those
with episodic or recalcitrant symptoms. We then present our rehabilitation approach for a
systematic physical therapy examination including a thorough subjective history and
objective clinical, functional, and patient-reported outcome measures. Finally, we present a
comprehensive treatment approach that draws heavily from recently published literature and
clinical trials.
Symptom onset
PFP, or anterior knee pain, is an amalgam of conditions that are typically non-traumatic in
origin and result in peripatellar and/or retropatellar knee pain. A number of structures in and
around the patellofemoral and tibiofemoral joints, such as the synovium or infrapatellar fat
pad, may individually or collectively contribute to PFP (4). The patellofemoral articular
Author Manuscript
cartilage itself, however, is not painful when probed directly sans anesthesia (5), likely due
to its lack of free nerve endings (6). While a variety of factors may also contribute to
symptom onset, disruption of tissue homeostasis via acute injury or repetitive overloading
(i.e., high-frequency moderate loading or an isolated very high loading event) may exceed
tissue homeostasis, or the envelope of function, for a given structure(s) and lead to pathology
and pain (7,8). Conservative management may initially promote relative rest and avoidance
of activities that exacerbate the patient’s pain while attempting to limit loss of muscle
strength, ROM, or function. PFP, however, often persists for months or even years (3,9),
requiring a more complex rehabilitation approach.
Throughout the successful management of PFP and especially when symptoms are chronic
in nature, rehabilitation specialists must appreciate the complexity of the pain experience
(10). In his 2016 Maley Lecture, physical therapist and pain science researcher Steven
George, PT, PhD, calls for a shift in physical therapist education, research, and clinical
practice from the traditional direct link among pain, nociception, and injury to a more
inclusive biopsychosocial model that incorporates pain with movement (10). Healthcare
professionals must consider not only the patient’s underlying knee pathology (e.g., structural
abnormalities, muscle dysfunction) but also the patient’s psychological distress and pain
Author Manuscript
article will delineate strategies for conducting a thorough evaluation and creating an
appropriate, progressive, and individualized treatment approach for PFP.
Evaluation
History
A thorough history is critical for appropriately diagnosing (14) and optimally managing PFP
(15). While one may accurately identify the relatively young, active woman with atraumatic
onset of anterior knee pain as the most likely candidate, men and women of all activity
levels across a wide age range may develop PFP (16). The rehabilitation specialist should
ask the patient to identify the date of symptom onset, mechanism of injury and/or antecedent
events, location and quality of pain, exacerbating and alleviating symptoms, relevant past
Author Manuscript
medical history including prior lower extremity and low back symptoms, diagnostic
imaging, occupational demands, recreational activities, footwear including use of orthotics,
and patient goals (Table 1). Pertinent past medical history may include not only previous
knee symptoms but also ankle, hip, and lumbar pain, as radiculopathy from the spine to the
knee is possible. Referred knee pain may be present due to hip pathology, such as
osteoarthritis or predominantly pediatric conditions like slipped capital femoral epiphysis
(17,18), thus subjective questioning and physical examination should consider the hip,
particularly when the practitioner is unable to provoke the patient’s symptoms during a
thorough, targeted knee evaluation. Gradual and even insidious onset of anterior knee pain
are common in PFP whereas acute onset of knee pain secondary to a traumatic event merits
further evaluation of the integrity of the knee ligaments, tendons, menisci, and bone.
Clinicians should refer their patients to an appropriate specialist if they suspect serious
Author Manuscript
Clinical examination
Author Manuscript
ROM and muscle length testing—ROM of the knee as well as the ankle and hip should
be assessed. The physical therapist should evaluate at a minimum both active and passive
ROM measurements of tibiofemoral flexion and extension, talocrural dorsiflexion, and
femoroacetabular extension, internal and external rotation, and flexion; other motions (e.g.,
hip abduction and adduction) or joints (e.g., subtalar eversion and inversion and lumbar
Author Manuscript
Muscle length testing is also an important consideration as soft tissue tightness (i.e., limited
flexibility) is prevalent in individuals with PFP and may contribute to symptoms (19).
Evaluation of the rectus femoris, hip flexors (1- and 2-joint muscles), tensor fascia lata and
iliotibial band, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and soleus should be performed.
Effusion—Knee joint effusion can easily be evaluated using the stroke test (Table 2). The
stroke test is a reliable grading scale that assesses the presence of intracapsular swelling
(20). While effusion is not often present, mild effusion can occur among individuals with
PFP; significant effusion is likely indicative of more serious pathology (e.g., ligament
rupture, meniscus tear, fracture) and merits further evaluation. Effusion monitoring may help
determine appropriate clinical progression (21,22). Increased effusion can indicate when
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rehabilitation has exceeded the patient’s current envelope of function (7,23) and thus
rehabilitation exercises or activity should be reduced or not progressed further. Tracking or
asking the patient about outside activities is critical in determining whether or not the
prescribed exercises or home exercise program contributed to an exacerbation of effusion
and/or other symptoms or whether other factors are more likely culpable. For example,
asking a student about activities such as walking around school or campus or attending a
party may be pertinent. The use of activity trackers to monitor movement outside of therapy
is becoming increasingly possible and should be considered as a more accurate way to
quantify activity and joint loading (24).
most likely involved. A finding of “strong and painful” with resisted isometric knee
extension is most likely to support the diagnosis of PFP, although weakness is also possible,
particularly in the acute phase (pain-mediated) or in long-standing, chronic cases. The
clinician should evaluate resisted isometrics at multiple angles of knee flexion to see if there
is a range that is more or less painful for the individual patient. The clinician may use these
findings to inform subsequent strength evaluations as well as treatment, selecting ranges of
motion that are least provocative to the patient to improve muscle strength and activation
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Strength—Strength assessments should evaluate not only the muscles crossing the knee
joint but also the surrounding hip and ankle musculature. Knee extensor and hip extensor,
abductor, and external rotator muscle strength and activation are of utmost importance given
their roles in dynamically controlling hip and knee motion and the association of PFP with
weakness of these muscles (25–29), although cause and effect are unknown (28).
Interestingly, Kindel and Challis found that patients with PFP have weaker hip extensors and
poorer neuromuscular control with the knee flexed but not extended compared to healthy
controls (30), suggesting knee position may be important when evaluating hip musculature.
A thorough evaluation should also strength of the core muscles, knee flexors, ankle
plantarflexors and dorsiflexors, and hip flexors, internal rotators, and adductors.
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Given the strength of the lower extremity muscles, clinicians should evaluate lower
extremity muscle, particularly quadriceps, strength using an electromechanical dynamometer
when possible. When an electromechanical dynamometer is not available, one-rep max
testing on knee extension machine for quadriceps strength or handheld dynamometer
secured with a strap are acceptable alternatives, although they overestimate strength of the
involved quadriceps (31). Electrical burst superimposition may be used to evaluate
quadriceps muscle activation (i.e., inhibition) (32), but requires relatively expensive
equipment that is unavailable to many clinicians (Figure 1). In contrast to the usual order, we
recommend that clinicians test the (most) involved limb first to determine the angle of knee
flexion that is pain-free or least provocative; the clinician can subsequently evaluate the
contralateral limb in the same position. Clinicians may also use patellar taping (see below)
to facilitate strength evaluation, enabling some patients to complete testing with less or no
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pain. While we most often use a limb symmetry index [i.e., involved limb strength/
uninvolved limb strength × 100 (%)] for comparison, PFP is often a bilateral condition thus
clinicians should interpret limb symmetry indexes with caution. Additional evaluation using
manual muscle testing of the hip and knee muscles may provide additional insight,
especially in the case of bilateral weakness.
instability during dynamic standing balance (33). Patients with PFP may also exhibit
especially poor postural control with their eyes closed (37). In light of these findings, it is
important to assess both static balance with eyes opened and closed as well as dynamic
balance on both the (most) involved and contralateral limb. To assess static balance, we
evaluate single leg stance, which can be progressed in difficulty by having the patient stand
on an unstable surface such as a foam pad; document the time to error and/or number of
errors in a given time (e.g., 30 seconds). Dynamic balance may be assessed using the
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Step test—We recommend using a modification of the previously described step test
(Figure 2). The step test involves standing on a 15 centimeter block with hands on hips and
using the involved limb to “slowly” and “smoothly” eccentrically lower the body until the
contralateral heel touches the floor (48). A positive result is reproduction of the patient’s
PFP; a positive finding is prevalent in 74% (57 of 77) of individuals with PFP (49) and has a
modest positive likelihood ratio of 2.34 (48). In the authors’ clinical experience, we modify
the test by recording the angle at which pain first occurs and asking the patient to rate the
pain on an 11-point numeric pain rating scale. If the test is positive, we often evaluate the
patient again on the modified step test after applying patellar taping (described below) to
determine whether or not patellar taping provides immediate relief of symptoms and may
therefore be beneficial in facilitating increased function in the short-term.
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Palpation—Individuals with PFP often have pain in or around the patella that may be
reproduced with palpation. Clinicians should also palpate other nearby structures, such as
the patellar and quadriceps tendons, to rule out other sources of anterior knee pain. For
example, reproduction of pain with palpation of the patellar tendon may indicate patellar
tendinopathy; pain at the distal pole of the patella in adolescents may indicate Sinding-
Larsen-Johansson Syndrome (50); and swelling and point tenderness around the tibial
tuberosity in adolescents may indicate Osgood-Schlatter Disease (16,50).
Functional testing—Functional testing may evaluate tasks that are important to the
patient and are currently limited. Examples of functional testing include the stair climb test,
sit to stand test, and 6-minute walk test. Performance as well as symptoms should be
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documented.
use the soreness rules (Table 3), initially developed by Fees et al. (51) and later adapted to
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the lower extremity by Adams et al. (21), to monitor appropriate progression of activities.
(While avoiding pain and symptom exacerbation is critical during the early management of
acute PFP, clinicians may set a threshold of acceptable symptoms (e.g., 5/10 on numeric
pain rating scale) for individuals with chronic PFP, focusing on increasing function rather
than complete avoidance of symptoms). Successful completion of a running progression
(Table 4) (21) should be pre-requisite to initiating higher level activities.
Valid and reliable patient reported outcome measures should be completed at initial
evaluation and periodically throughout rehabilitation to monitor progress and inform
rehabilitation. The Visual Analog Scale for usual pain or worst pain and the Kujala Anterior
Knee Pain Scale (52) are reliable, valid, and responsive in individuals with PFP (53); the
Kujala Anterior Knee Pains Scale is also valid and reliable in adolescent female athletes
with anterior knee pain (54).
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Throughout the rehabilitation process, the clinicians must appreciate the impact of
psychological factors (e.g., kinesiophobia) (55) and other factors (e.g., stress, sleep) on pain,
particularly when a patient reports a transient increase in symptoms. Anxiety, depression,
catastrophizing, and kinesiophobia may be present in individuals with PFP and correlate
with higher pain ratings and reduced physical function (56); appropriate referral or
consultation may be beneficial. Stress levels (57) and sleep duration (58) also influence pain;
for example, too much (>9 hours) or too little (<6 hours) sleep the previous night is
associated with greater pain the following day (58). Asking and educating patients about
these factors is important when determining whether to progress, maintain, or reduce
interventions.
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Treatment
Patients with PFP present with a wide variety of underlying pathophysiology and associated
impairments (25,47). It is thus imperative to individually assess each patient to identify and
subsequently address his or her impairments, functional limitations, and activity restrictions.
Management of PFP should consist of an individualized (47), multi-modal approach with
exercise therapy as the hallmark of the plan (9,16,26,59–61).
short-, medium-, and long-term; exercise was the only intervention that received such a high
recommendation (9). Exercise therapy should include both hip and knee strengthening
(9,27,62,63) using both open (non-weight-bearing) and closed (weight-bearing) kinetic
chain exercises (9,62). Open kinetic chain exercises include straight leg raises (progress by
adding ankle weights), short arc quadriceps strengthening, knee extensions, side-lying hip
abduction straight leg raise, and clamshells. Closed kinetic chain exercises include wall sits,
double- and single-leg squats, lateral step-downs, and leg press. Strengthening of the core
(47,64) and ankle musculature should be included if the patient exhibits deficits or
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Appropriate selection of open and closed chain strengthening exercises should consider the
patellofemoral joint contact forces in each mode. Steinkamp et al. found that comparison of
patellofemoral joint contact forces during closed (i.e., body weight squat) and open (i.e., 9
kg weighted boot) kinetic chain exercises resulted in relatively less patellofemoral contact
force in the closed kinetic chain condition in less than 48° knee flexion and relatively less
patellofemoral contact force in the open kinetic chain condition in more than 48° knee
flexion (65). Similar findings have been more recently produced by Powers et al., who added
that patellofemoral joint contact force was less during quadriceps strengthening using a
constant resistance knee extension machine compared to squatting at angles greater than
approximately 45° (66). Therefore, particularly during the early stages of rehabilitation,
patients may benefit from performing open kinetic chain exercises in deeper ranges of knee
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flexion (e.g., 50°–90°) and closed kinetic chain exercises in shallower ranges (e.g., 0°–45°)
(66).
Throughout the rehabilitation process, clinicians should design appropriate exercises that
maximize muscle strength while minimizing symptom exacerbation, using the soreness rules
(Table 3) to guide progression. A recent study by van Rossom and colleagues provides peak
and mean patellofemoral joint contact forces during gait plus nine functional exercises and
may serve as a guide for appropriately and gradually progressing loading during
rehabilitation (67). While initially during the acute stage of rehabilitation a clinician may
strive to perform only exercises that are pain-free, the goal of completely eliminating
movement-related pain in the chronic condition may be not only unrealistic but also a
disservice to the patient’s recovery (10). In such cases, setting an acceptable threshold of
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Joint mobilizations
Joint mobilizations may be effective in improving pain and function among individuals with
PFP when joint mobilizations are directed at the knee (i.e., patellofemoral and tibiofemoral
joint) and combined with a comprehensive treatment approach including exercise (59). A
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case study by Lantz et al. highlights the potential benefit of tibiofemoral mobilizations in an
individual with chronic PFP (68).
Patellofemoral taping
Conflicting evidence exists regarding the efficacy of patellofemoral taping (60,69–72). We
recommend using taping in conjunction with a multi-modal, comprehensive treatment plan if
taping alleviates pain during exercises in rehabilitation and/or functional activities.
Clinicians should evaluate the immediate effectiveness of patellofemoral taping within an
individual by assessing a functional task pre- and post-taping that is specific to that patient’s
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symptoms; if pain is alleviated then taping may help the patient complete functional
activities and exercises which may in turn facilitate recovery. While we recommend first
evaluating medial patellar glide therapeutic taping (73), placebo taping plus exercise may be
similarly beneficial to therapeutic tension taping plus exercise (60). The use of patellar
taping in isolation is not recommended (9,16,60,61,69,70,73).
or function, concluding that “insufficient and inconclusive evidence” exists for the effect of
NMES on treating individuals with PFP (74). While one pilot study has found no
statistically significant differences between 38 athletes (19 per group) who completed
physiotherapy or physiotherapy plus electrical stimulation, limitations including study
design, follow-up, and stimulation parameters limit its applicability (75). Given the dose
response relationship between electrical stimulation intensity and quadriceps femoris muscle
torque (76), we recommend using higher NMES intensity levels to facilitate muscular
strength and activation development. A 2010 systematic review on NMES on quadriceps
strength in individuals after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction found that NMES
combined with exercise is more effective than exercise alone at improving quadriceps
muscle strength (77). We therefore recommend using NMES in conjunction with a
comprehensive rehabilitation program in individuals who have PFP and deficits in
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Neuromuscular training
Neuromuscular activation deficits are common in individuals with PFP, especially in the hip
abductors and external rotators, knee extensors, and core musculature (23,26,40,44,45).
Evaluating movements during functional tasks (described above) is essential to identifying
and treating neuromuscular activation deficits. Strengthening alone seldom changes
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Running mechanics and gait retraining in patients with patellofemoral pain have received
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significant attention likely due in part to the high incidence of PFP among runners (1).
Running mechanics are often altered in individuals with PFP and young women may be
especially prone to altered mechanics such as excessive hip adduction and internal rotation
leading to dynamic knee valgus (23,41–43,81). Gait retraining may be considered in
individuals with PFP who have aberrant running mechanics and should address the specific
deficits in the individual (43). Sagittal plane trunk mechanics (82) and footwear (as
described by the Minimalist Index) (83) are related to patellofemoral joint stress during
running, thus should also be considered during gait analysis and running retraining; forward
trunk lean (82) and more minimalist shoes (83) are associated with reduced patellofemoral
joint stress. A systematic review by Agresta and Brown found the use of real-time auditory
and visual feedback in conjunction with therapeutic exercise to be effective in improving
lower extremity kinematics in runners with patellofemoral, although no single method of
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and clinical judgment should be considered. Recently, van Rossom et al. added to Chen’s
findings by evaluating peak and mean patellofemoral joint contact forces during ten
functional tasks; peak patellofemoral joint contact forces were lowest during gait and
progressively higher in sit down, stand up, squat, forward lunge, stair ascent, stair descent,
single leg hop weight acceptance phase, sideward lunge, and single leg hop push-off phase
(67).
Other interventions
Numerous other interventions have been proposed as adjuvants or stand-alone treatments for
individuals with PFP and may be considered as part of a comprehensive plan of care if
impairments warrant or symptoms have been intractable to the more evidence-based
approaches outlined above. Foot orthotics may be beneficial in reducing pain and improving
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function (16). Dry needling does not appear to provide any additional benefit when added to
a multimodal treatment approach including manual therapy and strengthening exercise
compared to manual therapy and strengthening exercise alone (85).
gradual, return-to-activity training protocols, such as the running progression (Table 4) (21),
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Discharge from physical therapy should occur when the patient has achieved his or her goals
and is equipped to transition to self-management or management by an athletic trainer,
strength and conditioning coach, or personal trainer if available. Patient education is thus
critical at this time-point and throughout the rehabilitation process; the patient should know
what exercises to perform and how to progress activity while adhering to basic principles
such as the soreness rules. Although research on return-to-sport criteria in patients with PFP
is lacking, we recommend athletes achieve limb symmetry index scores of 90% of greater
for quadriceps strength and all four hop tests (single, crossover, triple, and 6 meter timed)
(86) prior to resuming full participation; limb symmetry indexes, however, have limitations
(87) particularly in individuals with bilateral involvement thus should be interpreted with
caution.
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Conclusions
Early, appropriate rehabilitation may be critical to preventing poor outcomes (88) and
optimizing function for individuals with PFP. We strongly recommend exercise therapy,
including hip and knee strengthening and stretching, to improve short-, medium-, and long-
term outcomes in individuals with PFP (9,16,26,27). A multimodal, individually tailored
rehabilitation program should be designed to target the patient’s specific impairments and
functional limitations identified during the evaluation (47). Treatments may include open-
and closed-chain exercises, strengthening, stretching, aerobic exercise, patellofemoral and
tibiofemoral mobilizations, patellar taping, high-intensity NMES, neuromuscular training,
and gait retraining. Although short-term changes or reductions in movement often are
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Acknowledgements
Funding: JJ Capin receives funding from the Foundation for Physical Therapy (Promotion of Doctoral Studies
Level I Scholarship) and the University of Delaware (Doctoral Fellowship Award). L Snyder-Mackler receives
funding from the National Institutes of Health: NICHD (R44-HD068054, R37-HD037985, and T32-HD007490),
NIAMS (R01-AR048212), and NIGMS (U54-GM104941).
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strength and changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running. Clin Biomech (Bristol,
Avon) 2009;24:26–34.
Author Manuscript
79. Willy RW, Halsey L, Hayek A, et al. Patellofemoral joint and achilles tendon loads during
overground and treadmill running. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46:664–72. [PubMed:
27170525]
80. Bowersock CD, Willy RW, DeVita P, et al. Reduced step length reduces knee joint contact forces
during running following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction but does not alter inter-limb
asymmetry. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2017;43:79–85.
81. Noehren B, Scholz J, Davis I. The effect of real-time gait retraining on hip kinematics, pain and
function in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:691–6.
[PubMed: 20584755]
82. Teng H-L, Powers CM. Sagittal Plane Trunk Posture Influences Patellofemoral Joint Stress During
Running. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44:785–92. [PubMed: 25155651]
83. Esculier JF, Dubois B, Bouyer LJ, et al. Footwear characteristics are related to running mechanics
in runners with patellofemoral pain. Gait Posture 2017;54:144–7. [PubMed: 28292715]
84. Agresta C, Brown A. Gait Retraining for Injured and Healthy Runners Using Augmented
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26158882]
85. Espí-López GV, Serra-Añó P, Vicent-Ferrando J, et al. Effectiveness of Inclusion of Dry Needling
in a Multimodal Therapy Program for Patellofemoral Pain: A Randomized Parallel-Group Trial. J
Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2017;47:392–401. [PubMed: 28504067]
86. Grindem H, Snyder-Mackler L, Moksnes H, et al. Simple decision rules can reduce reinjury risk by
84% after ACL reconstruction: the Delaware-Oslo ACL cohort study. Br J Sports Med
2016;50:804–8. [PubMed: 27162233]
87. Wellsandt E, Failla MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Limb Symmetry Indexes Can Overestimate Knee
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88. Matthews M, Rathleff MS, Claus A, et al. Can we predict the outcome for people with
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Author Manuscript
Author Manuscript
Author Manuscript
Figure 1.
Quadriceps strength may be evaluated isometrically using an electromechanical
dynamometer during with an electrical burst superimposition technique (32) to assess
muscle activation. Clinicians may evaluate the (most) involved limb first to determine the
angle of knee flexion that is pain-free or least provocative and subsequently evaluate the
contralateral limb at the same angle of knee flexion for comparison. Patellar taping may be
Author Manuscript
Figure 2.
The patients stand on the involved limb on a 15-cm box (A) to begin the modified step test.
We document the angle at which the patient experiences pain and the patient’s numeric pain
rating both before (B) and after (C) applying patellar taping.
Author Manuscript
Author Manuscript
Table 1
Questions Notes
Date of onset
Mechanism of injury (traumatic vs. atraumatic): If traumatic, consider and evaluate thoroughly for alternative diagnoses including
ligament sprain, meniscus tear, fracture, etc.
If atraumatic, sudden or gradual onset? What factors led to symptoms (i.e., any changes in activity level,
exercise, footwear, stress levels, sleep habits, diet or body mass)?
Capin and Snyder-Mackler
If traumatic, describe event in detail including presence of swelling and time to swelling onset
Chief complaint (location and quality of pain):
Exacerbating factors (e.g., stair descent, squatting)?
Alleviating factors (e.g., ice, heat, rest, stretching)?
Are other symptom(s) present? If true giving way episodes are present, consider ligament exam; if locking is present,
consider meniscus involvement
If yes, any giving way/buckling, locking/clicking/popping/crepitus, stiffness?
Diagnostic tests and imaging
Relevant past medical history (e.g., previous lower extremity injury, previous back pain with or without If history of back pain or unable to elicit symptoms during targeted knee evaluation,
radiculopathy) perform lumbar and spinal radiculopathy examination
Consider also the hip joint as a source of knee pain, particularly in the child (17,18) or
older adult
Has the patient received any prior treatment? If so, describe in detail
What are the patient’s occupational demands?
What recreational activities does the patient typically engage in? Are these activities limited? If so, how?
Describe footwear and orthotic use Examine footwear and orthotics for wear and irregularities
Goals for rehabilitation
Table 2
Clinicians should monitor knee effusion throughout rehabilitation using the reliable stroke test (20) (Effusion Grading Scale of the Knee Joint Based on
the Stroke Test)
Reprinted with permission from Sturgill LP, Snyder-Mackler L, Manal TJ, et al. Interrater reliability of a clinical scale to assess knee joint effusion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2009;39:845–9. https://
doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.3143. ©Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®.
Table 3
The soreness rules provide clinicians with a guideline to monitor symptoms and evaluate progression throughout rehabilitation (21,51) (Soreness rules)
Criterion Action
Soreness during warm-up that continues 2 days off, drop down 1 level
Soreness during warm-up that goes away Stay at level that led to soreness
Soreness during warm-up that goes away but redevelops during session 2 days off, drop down 1 level
Capin and Snyder-Mackler
Soreness the day after lifting (not muscle soreness) 1 day off, do not advance program to the next level
No soreness Advance 1 level per week or as instructed by healthcare professional
Reproduced with permission from Michael J. Axe, MD and Sage Publications, Inc. (51), available online: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03635465980260052301.
Table 4
A running progression may facilitate gradual resumption of loading; progression should occur only in the absence of increased effusion or pain and on
nonconsecutive days (Running progression*)
Level 3 Alternate 0.1-mi walk/0.3-mi jog (2 mi) Jog straights/jog 1 curve every lap (2 mi)
Level 4 Alternate 0.1-mi walk/0.4-mi jog (2 mi) Jog 1.75 laps/walk curve (2 mi)
Level 5 Jog full 2 mi Jog all laps (2 mi)
Level 6 Increase workout to 2.5 mi Increase workout to 2.5 mi
Level 7 Increase workout to 3 mi Increase workout to 3 mi
Level 8 Alternate between running/jogging every 0.25 mi Increase speed on straights/jog curves
*
progress to the next level when the patient is able to perform activity for 2 mi without increased effusion or pain. Perform no more than 4 times in 1 week and no more frequently than every other day. Do
not progress more than 2 levels in a 7-day period. Conversion: 1 mi =1.6 km. Reproduced with permission from Tara Manal, PT, DPT, FAPTA, University of Delaware Physical Therapy Clinic.
“The current management of patients with patellofemoral pain from the physical
therapist’s perspective”
pengambilan keputusan
klinis.
Desain penelitian Literatur Review
Variabel utama Nyeri patellofemoral (PFP)
dan Terapi Aktvitas Fisik
Jumlah sampel 88 artikel
Lokasi penelitian Tidak menggunakan
penelitian lapangan, teknik
yang digunakan adalah
tinjauan literatur
Hasil yang diperoleh Penilaian obyektif harus
memandu pengobatan,
perkembangan, dan
pengambilan keputusan
klinis. Program rehabilitasi
harus dirancang secara
individual, menangani
gangguan spesifik dan
keterbatasan fungsional
pasien dan mencapai tujuan
pasien. Terapi olahraga,
termasuk penguatan pinggul,
lutut, dan inti serta latihan
peregangan dan aerobik,
adalah pusat keberhasilan
manajemen PFP. Perawatan
gratis lainnya mungkin
termasuk mobilisasi sendi
patellofemoral dan
tibiofemoral, tapell
patellofemoral, pelatihan
neuromuskuler, dan pelatihan
ulang gaya berjalan.
Perkembangan intervensi
yang tepat harus
mempertimbangkan evaluasi
obyektif (misalnya, efusi,
aturan nyeri), peningkatan
pembebanan yang sistematis,
dan kronisitas gejala.
Meskipun perubahan jangka
pendek atau pengurangan
gerakan sering diperlukan
dalam kapasitas
perlindungan,
Saran Etiologi PFP sebagian besar
terkait dengan gerakan dan
pengobatan konservatif.
133
Dengan menggunakan
gerakan yang komprehensif
dapat mencapai keberhasilan
penurunan gejala PFP.
Jumlah kata: 100-150 kata Tidak, abstrak sejumlah285
kata
Ditulis paling awal setelah Urutan author yang ditulis
judul setelah judul
Pendahuluan Latar belakang masalah Nyeri patellofemoral (PFP)
sangat umum. Prevalensi
tahunan untuk PFP
mendekati 23% pada
populasi umum dan sekitar
29% di kalangan remaja,
dengan atlet wanita berada
pada risiko yang sangat
tinggi (1). Gejala persisten
adalah umum dan 57%
individu dengan PFP
melaporkan hasil yang tidak
menguntungkan lima hingga
delapan tahun setelah
diagnosis (3). Dengan
demikian, penting bagi
individu dengan PFP untuk
menerima rehabilitasi
optimal dengan tujuan
mencapai hasil positif jangka
pendek dan jangka panjang
dan mencegah transisi dari
episode akut sementara ke
masalah kronis berulang.
Pernyataan masalah PFP, atau nyeri lutut anterior,
adalah campuran kondisi
yang biasanya tidak
traumatis dan menyebabkan
nyeri lutut peripatellar dan /
atau retropatellar. Sejumlah
struktur di dalam dan di
sekitar sendi patellofemoral
dan tibiofemoral, seperti
sinovium atau bantalan
lemak infrapatellar
berkontribusi pada PFP (4).
Sementara berbagai faktor
mungkin juga berkontribusi
terhadap timbulnya gejala,
gangguan homeostasis
134
analisis statistik
Penyajian Penyajian paragraf
pembahasan disajikan dalam
poin-poin:
a. Gejala yang timbul
b. Pengalaman nyeri yang
kompleks
c. Evaluasi
d. Sejarah
e. Pemeriksaan klinis
f. ROM dan pengujian
kekuatan otot
g. Efusi
h. Isometrik
j. Kontrol keseimbangan dan
postural
k. Penilaian gerakan
l. Tes langkah
m. Rabaan
n. Pengujian fungsional
o. Perkembangan
pengobatan, dan
pengambilan keputusan
klinis
p. Pengobatan
q. Terapi olahraga:
penguatan, peregangan,
dan latihan aerobik
r. Mobilisasi
s. Rekaman patellofemoral
t. Stimulasi listrik
neuromuskuler (NMES)
u. Pelatihan neuromuskuler
v. Modifikasi aktivitas dan
w. pemuatan bertahap
x. Intervensi lain
y. Perkembangan dan
pemulangan yang tepat
Judul tabel Tabel 1. A thorough patient
history should include the
following questions
Tabel 2. Clinicians should
monitor knee effusion
throughout rehabilitation
using the reliable stroke test
(20) (Effusion Grading Scale
of the Knee Joint Based on
the Stroke Test)
136
Sejarah
Riwayat menyeluruh sangat
penting untuk diagnosis yang
tepat (14) dan mengelola
PFP secara optimal (15).
Pemeriksaan klinis
Pemeriksaan fisik harus
memasukkan berbagai
tindakan termasuk ROM,
kekuatan otot, efusi,
resistensi isometrik,
kekuatan, keseimbangan dan
138
Treatment
Sangat penting untuk menilai
secara individual setiap
pasien untuk
mengidentifikasi dan
selanjutnya mengatasi
gangguannya, keterbatasan
fungsional, dan pembatasan
aktivitas. Manajemen PFP
harus terdiri dari pendekatan
individual (47), multi-modal
dengan terapi aktivitass fisik
sebagai ciri khas rencana
perawatan (9,16,26,59-61).
Appropriate progression
and discharge
Rehabilitasi harus progresif
dan berakar pada temuan
klinis objektif. Pemantauan
efusi dan nyeri harus terjadi
selama rehabilitasi dan
memandu perkembangan
kesehatan klien.
Perbedaan dengan temuan Didalam jurnal ini
sebelumnya disebutkan bawa temuan
penelitian konsisten dengan
literatur sebelumnya.
Generalisasi Metode literatur review bisa
menjadi panduan dalam
melakukan terapi akvitas dan
panduan evaluasi klien
Saran Pertama rehabilitasi yang
tepat mungkin sangat penting
untuk mengoptimalkan
fungsi untuk individu dengan
PFP. Sarannya terapi
aktivitas fisik, termasuk
penguatan dan peregangan
pinggul dan lutut, untuk
meningkatkan hasil jangka
pendek, menengah, dan
139
Sampai artikel
140
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAPORAN PENDAHULUAN
1. Latar Belakang
Keluarga merupakan lembaga sosial yang memiliki pengaruh paling besar
terhadap anggotanya (Allender, et al., 2013). Unit dasar ini sangat mempengaruhi
perkembangan seorang individu, sehingga dapat menjadi penentu keberhasilan
atau kegagalan hidup seseorang. Keluarga berfungsi sebagai variabel penengah
penting antara dan individu. Dalam masyarakat, keluarga melalui fungsi
perawatan kesehatan dan sosialisasi anggota baru berfungsi untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan vital dan informasi kesehatan. Dengan demikian, tugas utama keluarga
adalah membantu meningkatkan kesejahteraan fisik, psikososial anggota selama
hidupnya (Friedman, et al., 2010).
Berdasarkan hasil pengkajian pada tanggal 1 Juni 2020 didapatkan data
bahwa keluarga Tn. S merupakan keluarga inti dengan jenis keluarga tradisional
nuclear family. Pada keluarga ini, Tn. S merupakan kepala keluarga dengan
seorang istri yang memiliki 2 anak, dengan anak pertama berada pada usia dewasa
muda jadi dapat dikategorikan keluarga Tn. S berada pada tahap perkembangan
keluarga dengan dewasa muda. Dari lima tugas perkembangan keluarga pada
tahap 6 perkembangan keluarga Tn. S dua tugas diantaranya sudah dapat
dilaksanakan, yaitu mempertahankan keintiman pasangan dan membantu anak
untuk mandiri di masyarakat. Dan tiga tugas perkembangan belum terlaksana
antara lain memperluas keluarga inti menjadi keluarga besar, membantu orang tua
memasuki masa tua, dan penataan kembali peran dan kegiatan rumah tangga.
Sesuai dengan teori diatas, didapatkan hasil pengkajian keluarga Tn. S
dengan tahap perkembangan keluarga VI dengan persiapan pelepasa anak dewasa
dan remaja. An. Gt mengatakan ingin menambah pengetahuan, dan keterampilan
dalam manajemen kesehatan terutama di masa Pandemi CODIV-19 dan
manajemen untuk ibunya Ny. S. Kemandirian keluarga yang telah pada tahap III
dan perawatan kesehatan yang utuh mendukung keluarga dapat meningkatkan
manajemen kesehatan keluarganya. Tn. S dan keluarga memiliki prinsip yang
dibuat bersama yaitu “Laksanakan yang baik berdasar perintah agama dan norma
143
keseharian serta tinggalkan yang buruk karena akan merugikan diri sendiri dan
orang lain”. Prinsip tersebut sengaja dibuat bersama sebagai aturan didalam
keluarga. Tn. S dan Ny. S tidak pernah membatasi seluruh anggota keluarga untuk
senantiasa meningkatkan manajemen kesehatan keluarga. Untuk itu, perlu adanya
kesiapan meningkatkan manajemen kesehatan, hal ini perlu dilakukan karena
(Wolf, et al., 2020), jika manajemen kesehatan keluarga tidak optimal akan
menurunkan kinerja dan mengarah pada kesakitan keluarga.
Mahasiswa merumuskan masalah bersama keluarga ditemukan
permasalahan yang terdapat di keluarga Tn. S yaitu Kesiapan Meningkatkan
Manajemen Kesehatan Keluarga Tn. S. Hal ini dikarenakan Tn. S ada usaha untuk
memenuhi kesehatan istri dan anaknya walaupun belum maksimal pada masa
COVID-19 ini. Pada diagnosa ini akan menggunakan intervensi yang dapat
Meningkatkan Manajemen Kesehatan Keluarga yaitu Edukasi Kelompok
(Kognitif), Promosi Kesehatan (Attitude), Skrining Kesehatan (Psikomotor)
(PPNI, 2018) tanda gejalannya ini keluarga mengatakan ingin meningkatkan
manajemen penyakitnya termasuk pencegahan COVID-19 (PPNI, 2017).
2. Rencana Keperawatan
a. Diagnosis keperawatan keluarga (apabila belum ada masalah saja)
Kesiapan meningkatkan manajemen kesehatan keluarga Tn. S dalam pencegahan
COVID-19 dan menghadapi New-Normal
b. Tujuan umum (kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan)
Setelah dilakukan asuhan keperawatan selama 4 minggu diharapkan keluarga
Tn.S menunjukkan peningkatan manajemen kesehatan dalam keluarga Tn. S
Selama masa COVID-19.
c. Tujuan khusus
Setelah dilakukan tindakan keperawatan diharapkan keluarga Tn. S mampu:
1. Mengetahui COVID-19, New Normal, dan Osteomyelitis (Aspek Kognitif)
2. Bersikap patuh terhadap program prevensi COVID-19 meliputi: Cuci
Tangan, Mengenakan Masker, dan Etika Batuk (Aspek Attitude)
3. Mampu Mempraktikkan Cuci Tangan, Mengenakan Masker, dan Etika
144
c. Media
Media yang digunakan adalah leaflet dan video
19
Hari/Tanggal : Selasa, 16 Juni 2020
Jam : 18.00 WIB
Tempat : Rumah Tn. S
Topik 3 : Pendkes Agar Anak Terhindar dari COVID-19
Hari/Tanggal : Rabu, 17 Juni 2020
Jam : 18.00 WIB
Tempat : Rumah Tn. S
Topik 4 : Pendkes dan Simulasi Etika Batuk
Hari/Tanggal : Jumat, 19 Juni 2020
Jam : 18.00 WIB
Tempat : Rumah Tn. S
Topik 5 : Pendkes dan Simulasi Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun dan Air
Mengalir
Hari/Tanggal : Jumat, 20 Juni 2020
Jam : 18.00 WIB
Tempat : Rumah Tn. S
Topik 6 : Pendkes dan Simulasi Cara Memakai Masker
Hari/Tanggal : Senin, 22 Juni 2020
Jam : 18.00 WIB
Tempat : Rumah Tn. S
Topik 7 : Pendkes New-Normal
Hari/Tanggal : Selasa, 23 Juni 2020
Jam : 18.00 WIB
Tempat : Rumah Tn. S
Topik 8 : Pendkes Osteomyelitis dan Simulasi Terapi Aktivitas
Fisik
Hari/Tanggal : Rabu, 23 Juni 2020
Jam : 18.00 WIB
Tempat : Rumah Tn. S
146
dimengerti
6. Berikan evaluasi
7. Jawab pertanyaan klien
2. Caregiver Tn. S 1. Mendengarkan tentang
Keluarga identitas diri tiap anggota
keluarga
2. Melakukan tanya jawab
3. Melakukan diskusi bersama
4. Menerima informasi yang
diberikan
3. Peserta Anggota keluarga 1. Mendengarkan tentang
identitas diri tiap anggota
keluarga
2. Melakukan tanya jawab
3. Melakukan diskusi bersama
4. Menerima informasi yang
diberikan
Topik 5 : Pendkes dan Simulasi Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun dan Air Mengalir
No Peran Nama Uraian Tugas
1. Fasilitator Grysha Viofananda 1. Lakukan identifikasi terkait
A. K. A., S.Kep pengetahuan klien dan
keluarga
2. Mulai pembelajaran ketika
klien sudah siap
3. Berikan informasi tentang
identitas diri tiap anggota
149
e. Setting tempat
Keterangan :
: Keluarga
: Pemateri
: Laptop
4. Kriteria Evaluasi
a. Evaluasi stuktur
Materi yang akan disampaikan telah siap disampaikan pada Tn. S sekeluarga.
Tempat yang akan digunakan untuk terapi 3 aspek yakni rumah Tn. S sendiri.
Persiapan mahasiswa telah dilakukan meliputi: leaflet, laptop, kuesioner, dan
alat lainnya. Persiapan pasien telah dilakukan meliputi: pasien telah diedukasi
saat penetapan rencana kegiatan untuk melakukan terapi. Persiapan perawat:
mahasiswa telah mengkaji rekam medis keluarga
b. Evaluasi proses
Proses terapi 3 aspek pada keluarga Tn. S berjalan dengan lancar mulai dari
awal hingga akhir terapi sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Keluarga seluruhnya
kooperatif selama dilakukan terapi 3 aspek. Tujuan umum dan tujuan khusus
tercapai setelah terapi 3 aspek tercapai.
c. Evaluasi hasil
Menjelaskan topik seputar COVID-19 dan New Normal, dapat mempraktikan
langkah prevensi COVID-19 dan melakukan terapi aktivitas fisik sesuai dosis
yang dianjurkan. Kuesioner final pasien post terapi mengalami peningkatan
sesudah terapi 3 aspek
153
BERITA ACARA
Pada hari ini, ______ tanggal ___ Bulan Juni tahun 2020 jam 18.00 s/d 19.00
WIB bertempat di rumah Tn. S Lingkungan Gladakan Kebonsari Kabupaten
Jember Provinsi Jawa Timur telah dilaksanakan Kegiatan
_____________________________ oleh Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan
Profesi Ners Fakulltas Keperawatan Universitas Jember. Kegiatan ini diikuti oleh
3 orang (daftar hadir terlampir)
DAFTAR HADIR
1. Konsep COVID-19
WHO telah menyatakan Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) sebagai
sebuah pandemi. Penyebaran COVID-19 di Indonesia saat ini sudah semakin
meluas lintas wilayah dan lintas negara yang diiringi dengan peningkatan jumlah
kasus dan/atau jumlah kematian. Mencermati penyebaran dan penularan COVID-
19 di Indonesia yang semakin memprihatinkan, Pemerintah melalui Keputusan
Presiden Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 telah menetapkan Kedaruratan Kesehatan
Masyarakat Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) di Indonesia yang wajib
dilakukan upaya penanggulangan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-
undangan. Upaya Saat Melakukan Karantina / Isolasi Mandiri:
1. Tinggal di rumah, dan jangan keluar rumah.
2. Gunakan kamar terpisah di rumah dari anggota keluarga lainnya jika
memungkinkan, upayakan menjaga jarak setidaknya 1 meter dari anggota
keluarga lain.
3. Gunakan selalu masker selama masa karantina/isolasi mandiri.
4. Lakukan pengukuran suhu harian dan observasi gejala klinis seperti batuk atau
kesulitan bernapas.
5. Hindari pemakaian bersama peralatan makan (piring, sendok, garpu, gelas), dan
perlengkapan mandi (handuk, sikat gigi, gayung) dan linen/seprai.
6. Terapkan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) dengan mengonsumsi
makanan bergizi melakukan kebersihan tangan rutin, mencuci tangan dengan
sabun dan air mengalir serta keringkan, lakukan etika batuk/bersin.
7. Berada di ruang terbuka dan berjemur di bawah sinar matahari setiap pagi.
8. Jaga kebersihan rumah dengan cairan desinfektan.
9. Jika timbul gejala atau mengalami perburukan segera laporkan pada petugas
kesehatan di tempat kerja dan menghubungi fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan
terdekat (Kemenkes, 2020; Huang, et al, 2020; Rothan & Byrareddy, 2020;
Susilo, dkk. 2020).
3. Konsep Osteomyelitis
Definisi: Osteomielitis adalah infeksi pada tulang. Berasal dari kata osteon
(tulang) dan myelo (sum-sum tulang) dan dikombinasi dengan itis (inflamasi)
untuk menggambarkan kondisi klinis dimana tulang terinfeksi oleh
mikroorganisme. Osteomielitis kronis didefinisikan sebagai osteomielitis dengan
gejala lebih dari 1 bulan.
Etiologi: Penyebab tersering osteomielitistermasuk patah tulang terbuka,
penyebaran bakteri secara hematogen, dan prosedur pembedahan orthopaedi yang
mengalami komplikasi infeksi. Organisme utama penyebab infeksi adalah
Staphylococcus aureus, organisme ini ditemukan baik sendiri maupun kombinasi
dengan patogen yang lain pada 65% hingga70% pasien.
Patofisiologi: Terdapat tiga mekanisme dasar terjadinya osteomielitis.
1. Osteomielitis hematogen biasanya terjadi pada tulang panjang anak-anak,
jarang pada orang dewasa, kecuali bila melibatkan tulang belakang.
2. Osteomielitisdari insufisiensi vaskuler sering terjadi pada diabetes melitus.
157
bersihkan tangan dengan cairan antiseptik berbahan dasar alkohol atau sabun
dan air mengalir jika tangan terlihat kotor
5. Segera ganti masker saat masker menjadi lembap dengan masker baru yang
bersih dan kering
6. Jangan gunakan kembali masker sekali pakai
7. Buang masker sekali pakai setelah digunakan dan segera buang setelah dilepas
(WHO, 2020).
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