A-1

LAMPIRAN A
PERHITUNGAN NERACA MASSA

Perhitungan neraca massa pada perancangan pabrik deterjen cair dari

serbuk tempurung kelapa :
Basis perhitungan : 1 jam operasi
Satuan : Kilogram
Waktu operasi : 330 hari/tahun
Jam operasi : 24 jam/hari

Kapasitas produksi yang direncanakan adalah 13.000 Ton/Tahun dengan

waktu operasi 330 hari. Untuk mempermudah perhitungan neraca massa,
kapasitas produksi dihitung untuk satu jam operasi.

13.000ton 1000 kg 1 ta h un 1h ari

= 1ta h un x 1 ton x 330 h ari x 24 jam
= 1641,414 kg/jam

Komposisi tempurung kelapa :

Lignin = 29,4%
Pentosan = 27,7%
Selulosa = 26,5%
Air = 8%
Solvent ekstraktif = 4,2%
Uronat anhidrid = 3,5%
Abu = 0,6%
Nitrogen = 0,1%
(Himawati, 2010)

Komposisi deterjen cair :

Surfaktan = 40%
Air = 28,7%
 A-2

Builder = 20%
Filler = 9,21%
Enzym = 1%
CMC = 0,62%
Pewangi = 0,38%
(Zoller, 2005)

Tempurung Hammer
Rotary Dryer
Kelapa Mill

Tangki
Tangki
Produk Filter Press Reaktor Larutan
Pencampuran
NaHSO3

Bahan
Cake
aditif

Gambar A.1 Blok diagram neraca massa pabrik deterjen cair dari tempurung kelapa

A.1 Hammer Mill (HM-101) dan Screen (SC-101)

Fungsi : Untuk menghancurkan tempurung kelapa kering dengan ukuran 200
mesh dan memisahkan antara tempurung yang masih kasar dan yang
sudah halus untuk kemudian diumpankan menuju hopper tempurung
kelapa.
 A-3

F3
Recycle 20%
F1 = 1591,614 kg/jam
Lignin = 29,4%
F2
Selulosa = 26,5% Screen
Pentosan= 27,7% Hammer mill
Abu = 0,6%
Uronat = 3,5%
Nitrogen = 0,1%
Air = 8%
Solvent = 4,2%

F4 = 1591,614 kg/jam
Lignin = 29,4%
Selulosa = 26,5%
Pentosan= 27,7%
Abu = 0,6%
Uronat = 3,5%
Nitrogen = 0,1%
Air = 8%
Solvent = 4,2%

Gambar A.2 Aliran neraca massa pada Hammer mill (HM-101) dan Screen (SC-
101)

Neraca massa pada hammer mill :

F2 = F1 + F3
F3 = 0,2 F2
Sehingga : F1 = 1591,614 kg/jam
F2 = 1989,517 kg/jam
F3 = 0,2 F2 = 397,903 kg/jam
Pada screen dianggap terjadi recycle sebesar 20% dari F2 sehingga massa
yang di recycle (F3) adalah :
Lignin (C11H14O4) = 20% x 584,918 kg/jam = 116,984 kg/jam
Selulosa (C6H10O5) = 20% x 527,222 kg/jam = 105,44 kg/jam
Pentosan (C5H8O4) = 20% x 551,096 kg/jam = 110,219 kg/jam
Abu = 20% x 11,937 kg/jam = 2,387 kg/jam
Uronat anhidrid = 20% x 69,633 kg/jam = 13,927 kg/jam
Nitrogen = 20% x 1,99 kg/jam = 0,398 kg/jam
Air = 20% x 159,161 kg/jam = 31,832 kg/jam
Solven = 20% x 83,56 kg/jam = 16,712 kg/jam
Total tempurung kelapa yang di recycle = 397,903 kg/jam
 A-4

Massa tempurung kelapa pada F2 adalah :

Lignin (C11H14O4) = 467,934 kg/jam + 116,984 kg/jam = 584,918 kg/jam
Selulosa (C6H10O5) = 421,778 kg/jam + 105,444 kg/jam = 527,222 kg/jam
Pentosan (C5H8O4) = 440,877 kg/jam + 110,219 kg/jam = 551,096 kg/jam
Abu = 9,55 kg/jam + 2,387 kg/jam = 11,937 kg/jam
Uronat anhidrid = 55,706 kg/jam + 13,927 kg/jam = 69,633 kg/jam
Pentosan (C5H8O4) = 1,592 kg/jam + 0,398 kg/jam = 1,99 kg/jam
Abu = 127,329 kg/jam + 31,832 kg/jam = 159,161 kg/jam
Uronat anhidrid = 66,848 kg/jam + 16,712 kg/jam = 83,56 kg/jam
Total tempurung kelapa pada F2 = 1989,517 kg/jam

Neraca massa total :

F1 + F3 = F2
1591,614 kg/jam + 397,903 kg/jam = 1989,517 kg/jam

Tabel A.1 Hasil perhitungan neraca massa pada hammer mill (HM-101)
Masuk Laju alir Keluar Laju alir
Alira Komponen (kg/jam) Alira Komponen (kg/jam)
Lignin 467,934 Lignin 584,918
Selulosa 421,778 Selulosa 527,222
Pentosan 440,877 Pentosan 551,096
Abu 9,55 Abu 11,937
F1 F2
Uronat 55,706 Uronat 69,633
Nitrogen 1,592 Nitrogen 1,99
Air 127,329 Air 159,161
Solven 66,848 Solven 83,56
Lignin 116,984
Selulosa 105,444
Pentosan 110,219
Abu 2,387
F3
Uronat 13,927
Nitrogen 0,398
Air 31,832
Solven 16,712
Total 1989,517 Total 1989,517
 A-5

Neraca massa pada screen

F2 = F3 + F4
F3 = 0,8 F2
Lignin (C11H14O4) = 80% x 584,918 kg/jam = 467,934 kg/jam
Selulosa (C6H10O5) = 80% x 527,222 kg/jam = 421,778 kg/jam
Pentosan (C5H8O4) = 80% x 551,096 kg/jam = 440,877 kg/jam
Abu = 80% x 11,937 kg/jam = 9,55 kg/jam
Uronat anhidrid = 80% x 69,633 kg/jam = 55,706 kg/jam
Pentosan (C5H8O4) = 80% x 1,99 kg/jam = 1,592 kg/jam
Abu = 80% x 159,161 kg/jam = 127,329 kg/jam
Uronat anhidrid = 80% x 83,56 kg/jam = 66,848 kg/jam
Total tempurung kelapa pada F4 = 1591,614 kg/jam

Tabel A.2 Hasil perhitungan neraca massa pada screen (S-101)

Masuk Laju alir Keluar Laju alir
Alira Komponen (kg/jam) Alira Komponen (kg/jam)
Lignin 584,918 Lignin 116,984
Selulosa 527,222 Selulosa 105,444
Pentosan 551,096 F3 Pentosan 110,219
Abu 11,937 Abu 2,387
F2
Uronat 69,633 Uronat 13,927
Nitrogen 1,99 Nitrogen 0,398
Air 159,161 Air 31,832
Solven 83,56 Solven 16,712
Lignin 467,934
Selulosa 421,778
Pentosan 440,877
Abu 9,55
F4
Uronat 55,706
Nitrogen 1,592
Air 127,329
Solven 66,848
Total 1989,517 Total 1989,517
 A-6

A.2 Rotary Dryer (RD-101)

Fungsi : Untuk mengeringkan air dan komponen pengotor yang mudah menguap
lainnya pada tempurung kelapa

F5 = 195,769 kg/jam
Nitrogen = 0,81%
Air = 65,04%
Solvent = 34,15%
F4 = 1591,614 kg/jam
Lignin = 29,4%
Selulosa = 26,5%
Pentosan= 27,7% F6 = 1395,845 kg/jam
Abu = 0,6% Lignin = 33,52%
Uronat = 3,5% Selulosa = 30,22%
Nitrogen = 0,1% Pentosan = 31,59%
Air = 8% Abu = 0,68%
Solvent = 4,2% Uronat = 3,99%

Gambar A.3 Aliran neraca massa pada rotary dryer (RD-101)

Neraca massa total :

F4 = F5 + F6
1591,614 kg/jam = 195,769 kg/jam + 1395,845 kg/jam
Neraca massa komponen :
Nitrogen : F4 . Xnitrogen = F5 . Xnitrogen + F6 . Xnitrogen
1591,614 kg/jam x 0,001 = 195,769 kg/jam x 0,0081 + 0
1,592 kg/jam = 1,592 kg/jam

Air : F4 . Xair = F5 . Xair + F6 . Xair

1591,614 kg/jam x 0,08 = 195,769 kg/jam x 0,6504 + 0
127,329 kg/jam = 127,329 kg/jam
Solvent : F4 . Xsolvent = F5 . Xsolvent + F6 . Xsolvent
1591,614 kg/jam x 0,042 = 195,769 kg/jam x 0,3415 + 0
66,848 kg/jam = 66,848 kg/jam
 A-7

Massa komponen bahan baku tempurung kelapa yang akan diumpankan

pada hammer mill setelah dikeringkan adalah sebesar 1395,845 kg/jam. Sehingga
komposisi kandungan tempurung kelapa adalah sebagai berikut :
Lignin (C11H14O4) = 33,52% x 1395,845 kg/jam = 467,934 kg/jam
Selulosa (C6H10O5) = 30,22% x 1395,845 kg/jam = 421,778 kg/jam
Pentosan (C5H8O4) = 31,58% x 1395,845 kg/jam = 440,877 kg/jam
Abu = 0,68% x 1395,845 kg/jam = 9,550 kg/jam
Uronat anhidrid = 3,99% x 1395,845 kg/jam = 55,706 kg/jam

Tabel A.3 Hasil perhitungan neraca massa pada rotary dryer

Masuk Laju alir Keluar Laju alir
Alira Komponen (kg/jam) Alira Komponen (kg/jam)
Lignin 467,934 Nitrogen 1,592
5
Selulosa 421,778 F Air 127,329
Pentosan 440,877 Solvent 66,848
Abu 9,550 Lignin 467,934
F4
Uronat 55,706 Selulosa 421,778
Nitrogen 1,592 F6 Pentosan 440,877
Air 127,329 Abu 9,550
Solvent 66,848 Uronat 55,706
Total 1591,614 Total 1591,614

A.3 Tangki Pelarutan NaHSO3 (T-101)

Fungsi : Melarutkan NaHSO3 dengan air

F8 = H2O
304,019 kg/jam

F7 = NaHSO3
220,152 kg/jam

F9 = 524,171 kg/jam

Gambar A.4 Aliran neraca massa pada tangki pelarutan NaHSO3 (T-101)
 A-8

a. Neraca massa total

F7 + F8 = F9
b. Neraca massa komponen
NaHSO3 : X7 NaHSO3 . F7 NaHSO3 = X9 NaHSO3 . F9
= 1 x 220,152 kg/jam = 0,42 x 524,171 kg/jam = 220,152 kg/jam
Air : X8 H2O . F8 H2O = X7 H2O . F7
= 1 x 304,019 kg/jam = 0,58 x 524,171 kg/jam = 304,019 kg/jam

Tabel A.4 Hasil perhitungan neraca massa pada tangki pelarutan NaHSO3 (D-101)
Masuk Laju alir Keluar Laju alir
Alira Komponen (kg/jam) Alira Komponen (kg/jam)
7
F NaHSO3 220,152 NaHSO3 220,152
8 F9
F H2O 304,019 H2O 304,019
Total 524,171 Total 524,171

A.4 Reaktor (R-201)

Fungsi : Mereaksikan lignin dengan larutan NaHSO 3 untuk menghasilkan larutan
natrium lignosulfonat

F9 = Larutan NaHSO3
524,171 kg/jam

F6 = Tempurung kelapa = 1395,845 kg/jam

Lignin = 33,48%
Selulosa = 30,29%
Pentosan = 31,54%
Abu = 0,71
Uronat = 3,99% F10 = Larutan NLS = 1920,017 kg/jam
Lignin = 1,20%
Selulosa = 21,73%
Pentosan = 22,63%
Abu = 0,51%
Uronat = 2,86%
Air = 16,95%
NLS = 34,12%
Gambar A.5 Aliran neraca massa reaktor (R-201)

Reaksi yang terjadi adalah :

C11H14O4 + NaHSO3 NaC11H14O4HSO3
 A-9

Lignin Bisulfit Lignosulfonat

(Rachim dkk, 2012)

Neraca massa dengan reaksi kimia
Laju alir masuk – laju alir keluar + laju generasi – laju konsumsi = 0
F6 + F9 = F10
N ¿ reaktan × X reaktan
r= ...............................................(Reklaitis, 1983)
−σs
Derajat konversi lignin dapat mencapai 90-95% (Othmer, 1995)
N ¿ C 11 H 14 O4 × X C11 H 14 O 4
r=
−σs
2,228× 95 %
¿ = 2,117 kmol/jam
−(−1)
Reaktan :
Nout C11H14O4 = Nin C11H14O4 – r
= 2,228 kmol/jam – 2,117 kmol/jam = 0,111 kmol/jam
= 23,397 kg/jam
Nout NaHSO3 = Nin NaHSO3 – r
= 2,117 kmol/jam – 2,117 kmol/jam
= 0 kmol/jam

Produk :
Nout NLS = Nin NLS – r
= 0 kmol/jam + 2,117 kmol/jam
 A-10

= 2,117 kmol/jam
= 664,690 kg/jam
F6 + F9 = F10
[(1395,845 kg/jam) + (524,171 kg/jam)] = (23,397 kg/jam + 421,778 kg/jam +
440,877 kg/jam + 9,550 kg/jam + 55,706 kg/jam + 304,019 kg/jam + 664,690
kg/jam)
1920,017 kg/jam = 1920,017 kg/jam

Tabel A.5 Hasil perhitungan neraca massa pada reaktor (R-201)

Masuk Laju alir Keluar Laju alir
Alira Komponen (kg/jam) Alira Komponen (kg/jam)
Lignin 467,934 Lignin 23,397
Selulosa 421,778 Selulosa 421,778
6
F Pentosan 440,877 Pentosan 440,877
Abu 9,550 F10 Abu 9,550
Uronat 55,706 Uronat 55,706
NaHSO3 220,152 H2O 304,019
F9
H2O 304,019 NLS 664,690
Total 1920,017 Total 1920,017

A.5 Filter Press (FP-301 A/B)

Fungsi : Untuk memisahkan larutan natrium lignosulfonat yang keluar dari
reaktor menjadi filtrate dan cake

F10 = Larutan NLS = 1920,017 kg/jam

Lignin = 1,20%
FP-301 A/B
Selulosa = 21,73% F11 Larutan NLS = 959,022 kg/jam
Pentosan = 22,63% NLS = 68,62%
Abu = 0,51% Air = 31,38%
Uronat = 2,86%
Air = 16,95%
NLS = 34,12%
F12 = Cake = 960,995 kg/jam
Lignin = 2,44%
Selulosa = 43,89%
Pentosan = 45,88%
Abu = 0,99%
Uronat = 5,80%
Air = 0,69%
NLS = 0,32%
Gambar A.6 Aliran neraca massa pada filter press (FP-301 A/B)
 A-11

Asumsi filtrat yang terikut pada cake sebesar 1% dari jumlah filtrat yang masuk,
sehingga total filtrat yang terikut pada cake :
Natrium lignosulfonat = 664,690 kg/jam x 0,01 = 6,647 kg/jam
H2O = 304,019 kg/jam x 0,01 = 3,040 kg/jam
Total = 9,687 kg/jam

Jumlah filtrat yang keluar dari filter press :

Natrium lignosulfonat = 664,690 kg/jam – 6,647 kg/jam = 658,043 kg/jam
H2O = 304,019 kg/jam – 3,040 kg/jam = 300,979 kg/jam
Total = 959,022 kg/jam

Maka total cake yang keluar dari filter press adalah :

Lignin = 23,397 kg/jam
Selulosa = 421,778 kg/jam
Pentosan = 440,877 kg/jam
Abu = 9,550 kg/jam
Uronat = 55,706 kg/jam
Total = 951,308 kg/jam

Maka total cake keseluruhan (F12) adalah :

F12 = Filtrat yang terikut pada cake + cake yang keluar dari filter press
= 9,687 kg/jam + 951,308 kg/jam
= 960,995 kg/jam
Neraca massa total :
F10 = F11 + F12
F11 = F10 – F12
= 1920,017 kg/jam – 960,995 kg/jam
= 959,022 kg/jam
 A-12

Tabel A.6 Hasil perhitungan neraca massa pada filter press (FP-301 A/B)
Masuk Laju alir Keluar Laju alir
Alira Komponen (kg/jam) Alira Komponen (kg/jam)
Lignin 23,397 Lignin 23,397
Selulosa 421,778 Selulosa 421,778
Pentosan 440,877 Pentosan 440,877
10 12
F Abu 9,550 F Abu 9,550
Uronat 55,706 Uronat 55,706
H2O 304,019 H2O 3,040
NLS 664,690 NLS 6,647
H2O 300,979
F11
NLS 658,043
Total 1920,017 Total 1920,017

A.6 Tangki Pencampuran (T-303)

Fungsi: Untuk mencampurkan larutan natrium lignosulfonat dengan Na 2SO4,
Na3PO4, alkaline protease, pewangi dan carboxyl methyl cellulosa
F15 = Alkaline protease = 16,414 kg/jam F16 = Na3PO4 = 328,283 kg/jam
F14 = Na2SO4 = 151,174 kg/jam F17 = Carboxyl methyl cellulosa = 10,177 kg/jam
F13 = Air = 170,107 kg/jam F18 = Pewangi = 6,237 kg/jam

F11 Larutan NLS = 959,022 kg/jam

NLS = 68,62%
Air = 31,38%

F19 = Larutan deterjen = 1641,414 kg/jam

NLS = 40,09%
Air = 28,7%
Na2SO4 = 9,21%
Alkaline protease = 1%
Na3PO4 = 20%
Carboxyl methyl cellulosa = 0,62%
D-303
Pewangi = 0,38%

Gambar A.7 Aliran neraca massa pada tangki pencampuran (T-303)

a. Neraca massa total

F11 + F13 + F14 + F15 + F16 + F17 + F18 = F19
b. Neraca massa komponen
NLS : X11NLS . F11 = X19NLS . F19 = 658,043 kg/jam
0,686 x 959,022 kg/jam = 0,4009 x 1641,414 kg/jam
= 658,043 kg/jam
 A-13

Air : X11NLS . F11 + X13NLS . F13 = X19NLS . F19 = 471,086 kg/jam

0,314 x 959,022 kg/jam + 1 x 170,107 kg/jam = 0,287 x 1641,414 kg/jam
= 471,086 kg/jam
Na2SO4 : X14Na2SO4 . F14Na2SO4 = X19Na2SO4 . F19 = 151,174 kg/jam
1 x 151,174 kg/jam = 0,0921 x 1641,414 kg/jam = 151,174 kg/jam
Alkaline protease : X15Alkaline protease . F15Alkaline protease = X19Alkaline protease . F19
1 x 16,414 kg/jam = 0,01 x 1641,414 kg/jam
= 16,414 kg/jam
Na3PO4 : X16Na3PO4 . F16Na3PO4 = X19Na3PO4 . F19
1 x 328,283 kg/jam = 0,2 x 1641,414 kg/jam = 328,283 kg/jam
Carboxyl methyl cellulosa :
X17Carboxyl methly cellulosa . F17Carboxyl methly cellulosa = X19Carboxyl methyl cellulosa . F19
1 x 10,177 kg/jam = 0,0062 x 1641,414 kg/jam = 10,177 kg/jam
Pewangi : X18Pewangi . F18Pewangi = X19Pewangi . F19
1 x 6,237 kg/jam = 0,0038 x 1641,414 kg/jam = 6,237 kg/jam

Tabel A.7 Hasil perhitungan neraca massa pada tangki pencampuran (T-303)
Masuk Laju alir Keluar Laju alir
Alira Komponen (kg/jam) Alira Komponen (kg/jam)
H2O 300,979 H2O 471,086
F11
NLS 658,043 NLS 658,043
13
F H2O 170,107 Na2SO4 151,174
F14 Na2SO4 151,174 Alkaline protease 16,414

F15 Alkaline protease 16,414 Na3PO4 328,283

F19
Carboxyl methyl
F16 Na3PO4 328,283 10,177
cellulosa
Carboxyl methyl
F17 10,177
cellulosa
Pewangi 6,237
18
F Pewangi 6,237
Total 1641,414 Total 1641,414
 A-14

Maka, produk deterjen cair :

= H2O + NLS + Na2SO4 + Alkaline protease + Na3PO4 + Carboxyl methyl
cellulosa + Pewangi
= 1641,414 kg/jam x 24 jam/hari = 39393,936 kg/hari = 39,393 ton/hari = 13.000
ton/ tahun