Hidrolisis Mikroalga
1. Pendahuluan
1
Tabel 1. Prosedur Hidrolisis/pretreatment [4]
Metode Hidrolisis/pre-treatment Referensi
Fisika Penggilingan [7]
Homogenisasi Tekanan Tinggi [8]
Agitasi [9]
Pembekuan [10][11]
Pengeringan dan penggilingan udara [12][13][14][15]
Autoclaving [13][16]
Ultrasonication [17]
Gelombang mikro [18]
Bahan Kimia Asam [19][20][21][13][22][23]
Basa [24][25][23]
Enzimatik [9][10][23] [26]
Hidrotermal dan [27]
enzimatik
Tabel 2. Kelebihan dan kekurangan hidrolisis mikroalga secara fisis (mekanis) dan
kimia (asam dan alkali)
Metode Pendekatan Keuntungan Kerugian Referens
i
Mekani Pengondisian awal 10-50 Mudah Butuh input
s (fisis) mm pengoperasiannya energi tinggi
Pemotongan pada ukuran Menambah Tidak layak
10-30 mm perpindahan massa secara [28]
Penggilingan pada dan panas pada ekonomi
ukuran 0,2 – 2 mm hidrolisis dan
fermentasi.
Menghasilkan
hidrolisis tinggi
Asam H2SO4 sering digunakan Errata reaksi tinggi Formasi
(kimia) Konsentrasi < 4% untuk Teknik sudah teruji inhibitor tinggi
asam encer dan 70-77% Korosi pada
untuk asam pekat reaktor alat [29]
Temperatur 130 – 220oC Butuh
untuk asam encer dan netralisasi
40-100 OC untuk asam
pekat
Alkali Senyawa yang biasa Membutuhkan Relatif lama
(kimia) digunakan yaitu NaOH, temperatur dan bereaksi
KOH, Ca(OH)2 tekanan rendah Sulit untuk [30]
Meningkatkan laju netralisasi
hidrolisis
2
Tabel 3. Berbagai hidrolisis (satu atau dua atau tiga metode) pada strain mikroalga
Referens
Tahapan hidrolisis
i
Metode Kondisi
Strain
pretreatmen untuk
mikroalga Bahan
t Mekanis Enzim pencernaa
kimia
n
enzimatik
Divisi taksonomi 1 : Chlorophyta (Ganggang Hijau)
3
konten padat,
121°C, 1 jam
Ulva sp. Hidrolisis Pengeringan 3% NaOH, CMCase dari 45°C, 135 [36]
alkali dan 120°C, 20 Aspergillus rpm, 40
diikuti penggilingan menit (pH fumigatus jam
hidrolisis 5) SL1 (13
enzimatik U/mg dw)
Tahapan pretreatment
Referens
i
Metode Kondisi
Strain
pretreatmen untuk
mikroalga Bahan
t Mekanis Enzim pencernaa
kimia
n
enzimatik
Ulva lactuca Hidrolisis Pengeringan Haliatase (30 37°C, 500
enzim udara, g/L) [KURA rpm, 72
pengurangan - BIOTECH jam [37]
ukuran SPA, Puerto
menggunakan Varas, Chili]
ball mill
sentrifugal dan
getaran
(ukuran layar:
0,25 mm,
12.000 rpm;
frekuensi:
15/det.,
Selama 5
menit pada
suhu sekitar)
Divisi taksonomi II : Phaeophyta (Ganggang Cokelat)
4
dengan penggilingan 0,4M
microwave H2SO4,
150°C, 1
menit
Ascophyllum Hidrolisis Kondisi 0,4M - - [41]
nodosum dengan operasi H2SO4,
bahan microwave di 150°C, 1
kimia bawah vakum menit (pH
dengan (80-94°C, 600 7)
microwave W, 24 menit),
penggilingan
& pengayakan
(ukuran
partikel 1-
2mm)
Tahapan pretreatment Referens
i
Metode Kondisi
Strain
pretreatmen untuk
mikroalga Bahan
t Mekanis Enzim pencernaa
kimia
n
enzimatik
Laminaria Hidrolisis Pengeringan 10% b/v Kit Biomassa 50 ° C, [42]
digitata asam dan (80°C, 48 jam) biomassa, Novozymes 150 rpm,
enzim dan 0,2M 18 jam
penggilingan H2SO4,
121°C, 20
mnt (Final
pH 5,5)
Sargassum Hidrolisis Homogenisasi 10g Selulase (30 30°C, pH [43]
crassifolium asam dan (25°C, 10 mnt) biomassa, U/g) [Sigma] 5,5, 1500
enzim 0,2M (0-0,5 g/mL) rpm, 10
H2SO4, menit
121°C (15
psi), 15
menit
Sargassum Hidrolisis Pengeringan 10g Trichoderma 30°C, pH [44]
latifolium asam pada suhu biomassa, asperellum 5,5, 21
diikuti kamar selama 1% HCl, RM1 hari
sakarifikasi 72 jam, 121°C, 1,5 [Petroleum
jamur penggilingan bar, 60 Biotechnolog
dan menit y Lab, EPRI,
pengayakan Mesir]
(1,5–2 mm)
Divisi taksonomi III : Rhodophyta (Ganggang Merah)
5
dan penggilingan 121°C, 30 Meiji Seika
hidrolisis mnt (Final Kaisya Ltd.,
enzim pH 5,5) Jepang]
Gracilaria Hidrolisis Pengeringan 2% H2SO4, Cellulase (5 40°C, pH [47]
salicornia asam encer dengan 120°C, 30 g/L buffered 5, 4 jam
diikuti handuk kertas menit (pH hydrolyzate)
hidrolisis diikuti oleh 7) [MP
enzimatik homogenisasi Biomedicals,
LLC]
Gelidium Hidrolisis Pengeringan 1g biomassa Viscozyme-L 50°C, 150 [48]
amansii asam dan kering, 0,10 dan rpm, 24
diikuti penghancuran N HCl, Celluclast- jam
hidrolisis (< ukuran 121°C, 15 1.5 L (1:1) (1
enzimatik partikel 0,5 mnt (pH mL/100gdw)
cm) 5,5) [Novozymes]
Gelidium Hidrolisis Pengeringan & 1% C2H2O4, - - [49]
corneum asam lemah pengayakan 121°C, 30
(200 mesh) mnt (pH 7)
Tahapan pretreatment Referens
i
Metode Kondisi
Strain
pretreatmen untuk
mikroalga Bahan
t Mekanis Enzim pencernaa
kimia
n
enzimatik
Kappaphycu Hidrolisis Menjemur dan 6,25% (b/v) - - [50]
s alvarezii asam menghancurka biomassa,
n 0,9 N
H2SO4,
100°C, 60
menit (pH
6,4-6,8)
Kappaphycu Hidrolisis Memotong 0,4M - - [51]
s alvarezii asam dan H2SO4,
termal menggiling 100°C, 3
(10 mnt) jam, pH 7
Kappaphycu Hidrolisis Pengeringan 10 g - - [52]
s alvarezii asam encer (60°C) dan biomassa,
penggilingan 0,2M
(5 mnt) H2SO4,
130°C, 15
mnt (pH
Akhir 5.0)
Gracilaria Hidrolisis Pengeringan 50 g Selulase (20 50°C, 150 [53]
verrucosa alkali dan (25°C, 24 jam) biomassa, FPU/g) rpm, 48
asam dan 5,0% [Sigma] dan jam
dengan penggilingan NaOH, beta-
hidrolisis 80°C, 2 glukosidase
enzimatik jam, dan (60 U/g)
1,5% [Sigma]
H2SO4, 2
jam (pH
Akhir 5.0)
Gracilaria Hidrolisis Pengeringan 2% Cellulase 50°C, 100 [54]
sp. asam dan (60°C), (berat/berat) (0,01 g/g rpm, 6
enzimatik homogenisasi biomassa, biomassa) jam
diikuti oleh 0,1 N [Challenge
pengeringan H2SO4, Bioproducts
6
pada suhu 121°C, 60 Co. Ltd.,
kamar menit (pH Touliu,
4,8) Taiwan]
Kappaphycu Hidrolisis Perendaman - Cellulase (1 50°C, 100 [55]
s alvarezii Enzimatik dalam air (2 g/mL) rpm, 12
jam) dan [Endsany jam
pengurangan Jaya
ukuran Engineering,
Surakarta]
Gelidium Hidrolisis Pengeringan 5% berat - - [56]
amansii cairan asam (40°C), biomassa,
ionik asam penggilingan 0,5 mmoL
asetat dan [Tri- EG-
pengayakan (MIm) 2]
(−80 fraksi 2HSO4
mesh) DAIL,
120°C, 1
atm, 3 menit
Kappaphycu Hidrolisis Pengeringan 8g Cellic CTec 45°C, pH [57]
s alvarezii alkali (25°C) dan biomassa, II (10 FPU/g 4,8, 120
diikuti pengayakan (1 6% KOH dw) rpm, 72
hidrolisis mm) (b/v), 25°C, [Novozymes] jam
enzimatik 24 jam
Tahapan pretreatment
Kondisi
Metode
Strain untuk
pretreatmen Bahan Referens
mikroalga Mekanis Enzim pencernaa
t kimia i
n
enzimatik
7
verrucosa asam beku, biomassa, L, Cellic rpm, 72
diikuti penggilingan 100mM CTec2 dan jam
hidrolisis dan H2NSO3H, Cellic HTec2
enzimatik penggilingan 130°C, 90 (rasio 1:1:0,1
(ukuran menit (pH v/v/v per
partikel <100 4,8) biomassa
μm) kering)
[Novozymes]
Gracilaria Hidrolisis Pengeringan, 6% - - [62]
fisheri asam penggilingan (berat/berat)
termal dan biomassa,
pengayakan 1M H2SO4,
95°C, 150
menit (pH
6,5)
Gracilaria Hidrolisis Pengeringan 2,5% (b/v) - - [63]
manilaensis asam encer (80°C, H2SO4,
semalam) dan 121°C, 40
milling (1 menit(pH 5)
mm)
Gracilaria Hidrolisis Pengeringan 2g - - [64]
fisheri asam udara, biomassa,
penggilingan 1M H2SO4,
dan 95°C, 150
pengayakan menit (pH
6,5)
Tahapan pretreatment
Metode Kondisi
Strain Referens
pretreatmen untuk
mikroalga Mekanis Bahan kimia Enzim i
t pencernaan
enzimatik
Biomassa residual makroalga
Limbah Hidrolisis Pengeringan 0,1% b/v Cellulase (45 50°C, 150 [65]
pemrosesan asam encer (40°C) dan H2SO4, FPU/g) rpm, 48
makroalga diikuti penggilingan 121°C, 1 [Jienuo jam
laut- Sisa hidrolisis jam Enzyme Co.,
mengambang enzimatik China] dan
(FR) cellobiase
(55 CBU/g)
[Sigma, AS]
Bioma Hidrolisis Pengeringan di 1% H2SO4, - - [66]
menghabiska asam bawah sinar 121°C, 15
n industri ringan matahari dan mnt (pH
makroalga penggilingan Akhir 5,3)
laut (BS)
8
Tabel 4. Hidrolisis asam, alkali, dan enzimatik pada berbagai strain mikroalga
Biomassa Kondisi Senyawa yang Referens
diekstraksi i
Metode pretreatment : Hidrolisis asam
Campuran microalgae H2SO4 1 M; 8090oC;120 menit Karbohidrat [67]
(Scenedesmus, Chlorella,
Ankistrosdemus, Micromonas,
Chlamydomonas)
Scenedesmus obliquus H2SO4 2 N; 120oC; 30 menit Karbohidrat [68]
Chlorococcum sp H2SO4 3–8 % (v/v);120–160 °C; Karbohidrat [69]
15–45 menit
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis 2% H2SO4 ; 125°C ;25 menit Karbohidrat [13]
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis 0,5 mol/L HNO3 ; 100°C ; 3 jam Karbohidrat [22]
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 3% (v/v) H2SO450g/L ; 110°C ; glukosa [70]
30 menit
Chlorella sp. 2% HCl dan 2,5% MgCl2; 180°C glukosa [19]
10 menit
Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E 1%(v/v) H2SO450g/L:121°C ;20 glukosa [20]
menit
Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N 2% H 2 SO 4 ; 121°C ; 20 menit glukosa [21]
Campuran kultur mikroalga H2SO40,5 mol/L dan 2,5% glukosa [23]
MgSO4 ; 121°C ; 40 menit
Chlorococcum humicola 1% (v/v) H2SO4 15g/L karbohidrat [71]
Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N 2% (v/v) H2SO4 40g/L karbohidrat [72]
Chlorella vulgaris 5% (v/v) H2SO4 …………………. [38]
.
Metode pretreatment : Hidrolisis alkali
Chlorococcum infusionum 0,75% (b/v) NaOH 50g/L; glukosa [24]
120°C ;30 menit
C. sorokiniana 5 mol/L NaOH ;90°C ; 30 menit glukosa [25]
S. almeriensis 5 mol/L NaOH;90°C ; 30 menit glukosa [25]
N. gaditana 5 mol/L NaOH ;90°C ;30 menit glukosa [25]
Campuran kultur mikroalgae 5 mol/L NaOH ;90°C; 30 menit glukosa [23]
Metode pretreatment : Hidrolisis enzim
Chlorella vulgarisFSP-E Selulase + Amilase 20g/L glukosa [20]
Scenedesmus obliquus Endogalactouronase 800 U/g ; Karbohidrat [73]
Esterase 3600 U/g; Protease 90
U/g; pH 6; 50°C; 24 jam
Chlorella pyrenoidosa Cellulase 140 mg/m2;pH 4,6; Karbohidrat dan [74]
50°C; 24 jam lemak
A. plantesis NIES-39 agitasi dengan 500 rpm ;30°C; glukosa [9]
penambahan lisozim
A. plantesis agitasi dengan 30 rpm; 38°C ; glukosa [26]
NIES-39 lisozim 1 g/L dan CaCl2 100
mmol/L
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 0,1 g/L lisozim ;20°C; 3 jam glukosa [10]
pada 37°C
Campuran kultur mikroalga β-glukosidase/ selulase glukosa [23]
termostabil dari T. emersonii
(1000 U/g) ; 65°C ;3 jam
Α-amylase B. licheniformis (EC
3.2.1.1) termostabil
(145.000TSAU/mL); 95°C; 3
jam
Amyloglucosidase dari A. niger
(600 U / ml); pH 5,5 ;55°C ;3
9
jam
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Alcalase 2,5L; 0,2 mL/g DCW CH4 [75]
;pH 8 ;50°C ;2 jam
Chlorella pyrenoidosa Selulose (140 mg/m2) 2% DCW Karbohidrat, [74]
;pH 4,6;50°C ;24 jam ;15 mL lemak
Biomassa Kondisi Senyawa yang Referens
diekstraksi i
Chlorella vulgaris Alcalase 2,5L ; 0,2 mL/g DCW CH4 [75]
;pH 8 ;2 jam ;50°C
Chlorella vulgaris Pectinase (Pectinex SP-L) 240 Glukosa [76]
U/mg protein 200rpm; pH 4,8 ;
72 jam
Chloroccum sp. Selulase dari T. reesei ATCC Glukosa [77]
26921;pH 4,8 ; 40°C;72 jam ;
100 mL
Laminaria digitata Cellulase (Sigma C9748) 1,25 Mengurangi gula [78]
mL/g DCW 300 rpm
pH 5; 37°C ;24 jam ;5 mL
Nannochloropsis oculata Selulase 5 mg/L ;pH 5,5 ;37°C ; Karbohidrat [79]
12 jam
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Α-amylase Glucoamilase yang glukosa [80]
UTEX 90 dapat termoestest 0,005% (v/w) ;
90°C;30 menit
10
Tabel 1.7. Hidrolisis Enzimatik untuk Beberapa Biomassa Mikroalgae
Mikroalgae Enzim Kondisi % Sakarifikasi Referensi
Operasi
Chlorella vulgaris Pektinase pH=4,8; 41 [83]
T=50o C
Chlorella vulgaris Pektimase (bead- pH=4,8; 79 [83]
beating) T=50o C
Chlorella vulgaris β-glukosidase pH=4,8; <20 (Kim et al., 2014)
T=50o C
Chlorella vulgaris Sellulosa pH=4,8; <20 [83]
T=50o C
Chlorella vulgaris Amilase pH=4,8; <20 [83]
T=50o C
Chlorella vulgaris Kitinase pH=4,8; <20 [83]
T=50o C
Chlorella sp. KR-1 Pektinase pH=5,5; 76,8 [83]
T=45 o C
Dunaliella tertiolecta Amiloglukosidase pH=5; 42 [83]
T=55o C
Lakatos 2019
Dengan pra-perawatan kimia (asam dan basa), disintegrasi dinding sel dan
hidrolisis karbohidrat dapat dicapai dalam satu langkah (Tabel 1). Keuntungan besar
dari hidrolisis asam adalah kecepatannya, kemudahannya dan biaya yang lebih rendah
dibandingkan dengan teknik hidrolisis lainnya. Di sisi lain, lingkungan asam dapat
menyebabkan dekomposisi gula menjadi senyawa yang tidak diinginkan yang
menghambat proses fermentasi. Selain itu, konsentrasi asam yang tinggi dapat
menghambat langkah fermentasi karena pembentukan garam setelah netralisasi
campuran. Tabel 2 menunjukkan ikhtisar prosedur asam/termal
2. Hidrolisis Basa
Lakatos (2019)
Sumber :[86]
However, as shown in Table 3,most of the studies concluded that diluted acid hydrolysis
could attain higher sugar recovery and bioethanol yield from microalgae biomass than
enzymatic method (Choi et al., 2010; Ho et al., 2013a). Besides the advantage of mild
reaction conditions, enzymatic hydrolysis method is actually more expensive than
chemical hydrolysis and faces difficulty in the recovery of enzymes, which makes the
process apparently not economically feasible.
==
Namun, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel 3, sebagian besar penelitian
menyimpulkan bahwa hidrolisis asam encer dapat mencapai pemulihan gula yang lebih
tinggi dan hasil bioetanol dari biomassa mikroalga daripada metode enzimatik [80][20]
(Choi et al., 2010; Ho et al., 2013a). Selain keuntungan dari kondisi reaksi ringan,
metode hidrolisis enzimatik sebenarnya lebih mahal daripada hidrolisis kimia dan
menghadapi kesulitan dalam pemulihan enzim, yang membuat proses tersebut
tampaknya tidak layak secara ekonomi.
Sumber=Velazquez2019_
Microalgal biomass pretreatment for bioethanol production: a review===Fika (khusus
acid and enzimatik)
13
2. Process parameters 132539903
14
Tabel 5 Metode pendekatan teknologi hidrolisis secara biologi (zabed2019)
Metode Teknologi Utama Durasi Keuntungan Kerugian Catatan Refer
hidrolis ensi
is
dengan Paparan bioma Beber Biaya Kehila Efisien [29]
fungi pada spesies apa penerjemahan ngan untuk
jamur individual, mingg yang rendah Karbo menghindar [87]
terutama jamur u Konsumsi yang hidrat kandari
biomycetes sampa tidak terlalu Waktu LCB, tetapi
[88]
menggunakan i banyak interpr lama dan
eithersubmergedo bebera Konsumsi yang etasi rugi dari
rsorsolid-teknik pa lebih sedikit yang hollocellulos
budidaya bulan Tidak ada panjan akan lebih
pemborosan air g baik karena
Pemulihan biaya kemacetan
rendah yang utama.
berasal dari arus
rendah
Pemulihan
noorlessinformato
r
dengan Paparan Beber Jamur yang lebih Relatif Pretreatment [28]
bakteri bakteri apa tinggi dari jamur rendah yang efektif [89]
deligns to hari Relativelyshorterp menuru dan
lignin retasiwaktu nkan menjanjikan
[90]
degrading perawatan efisiensi terutama
(LCB) Manipulasi yang dibandi untuk
mikroalgaeb [91]
orhydrolytic lebih mudah dari ngkan
(microalga). jamur dengan iomass
Efek yang lebih jamur
baik dari jamur
yang ada
Kemampuan
adaptasi lebih
tinggi dari jamur
Noorlessinhibitorf
ormation
dengan eksploitasi Beber Relatif lebih Ketegan Bisa jadi [28]
konsors sistem kultur apa rendah waktu gan menjanjikan [29]
ium bersama yang hari inkubasi individu perawatan
[92]
mikrob terdiri dari dibandingkan mungki formicroalga
ia e termasuk [92]
bakteri- dengan perawatan n
bakteri atau interpretasi jamur. mengha campuran [93]
jamur-jamur Komunitas dapi dari strain
atau bakteri mikroba yang kesulita bakteri
jamur kompleks, n dalam hidrolitik
organi1isis beradap
hidrolisa yang tasi
memudahkan dengan
aksesibilitas fluktuas
enzim dalam i
lignoselulosa. lingkun
gan
dengan Pemanfaatan Beber Waktu inkubasi Produk Pretreatment [29]
enzim polimer apa relatif lebih si dan biologis [88]
mentah atau jam rendah pembu yang paling
[94]
dimurnikan hingg dibandingkan ktian efisien
15
kembali, a dengan perlakuan enzim terutama
orenzymecock, beber awal jamur dan mungki untuk
ligninolyticorh apa bakteri. n saja mikroalga
ydrolytic hari Hidrolisis Burukn
ormixed. mikromolekul ya
dapat stabilit
memfasilitasi as
proses konversi enzim
lebih lanjut, lignino
terutama selama litik
produksi mikro dalam
proses
industri
dengan Penyimpanan Beber Banyak Lama Penyimpana [29]
pengol simultan dan apa digunakan untuk waktu n yang [88]
esan perawatan mingg penyimpan. inkubas menjanjikan
biomassa u Dapat i untuk
menggunakan bebera mengeluarkan Kerugia perawatan
berbagai pa kondisi n simultan dan
sistem biologi, bulan lingkungan yang organol perawatan
seperti memoderas ogik dari LCB
campuran Menghasilkan (teruta dan
bakteri asam energi yang lebih ma mikrobiasga
laktat (LAB), rendah. • Biaya selulosa ga.
campuran LAB aliran rendah. dan
dan enzim selemik
hidrolitik emia)
16
Daftar Pustaka
18
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