Teknik Geologi

Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nasional

Yogyakarta

Rock Mass Classification

Paramitha T. Trisnaning
 Tujuan

1. Identifikasi parameter paling signifikan yang

berpengaruh terhadap sifat massa batuan.
2. Membagi massa batuan menjadi suatu kelompok
dengan sifat sama  pembagian kelas kualitas
massa batuan.
3. Sebagai dasar dalam memahami karakter
masing-masing kelas massa batuan.
4. Menghubungkan suatu pengalaman & kondisi
batuan pada satu area terhadap pengalaman &
kondisi lain.
5. Memperoleh data kuantitatif & panduan desain
rekayasa.
6. Sebagai dasar komunikasi antara ahli keteknikan
& geologi.
 Manfaat

1. Mengembangkan kualitas area investigasi berda-

sarkan data input minimum sebagai parameter
klasifikasi.
2. Menyediakan informasi kuantitatif untuk keper-
luan desain.
3. Memungkinkan pertimbangan rekayasa yang le-
bih baik & komunikasi lebih efektif.
Terzaghi -- Metode Pembebanan Batuan

Rock Quality Designation -- RQD

Rock Structure Rating -- RSR

Q-System
 Terzaghi

Kondisi Batuan Keterangan

• Tidak dijumpai kekar ataupun retakan halus.

Hard & • Apabila terjadi retakan karena peledakan, material
Intact rock hancuran akan jatuh/lepas berselang beberapa jam
atau hari setelah peledakan.
• Terdiri dari lapisan individual dengan sedikit atau
tidak adanya ketahanan terhadap pemisahan di
Hard Stratified sepanjang batas antar lapisan.
or Schistose
• Lapisan mungkin-tidak mungkin mengalami pele-
mahan oleh kekar yang terbentuk melintang.
• Hancuran batuan kerapkali dijumpai.

Massive, • Terdiri dari kekar & retakan halus, blok antar

Moderately kekar secara setempat terbentuk bersamaan atau
jointed saling bertautan, sehingga dinding vertikal tidak
memerlukan dukungan lateral.
 Terzaghi

Kondisi Batuan Keterangan

• Secara kimiawi hampir/berupa fragmen intact rock

Blocky & yang sepenuhnya terpisah satu terhadap lainnya
Seamy dan bertautan secara tidak sempurna.
• Dinding vertikal memerlukan dukungan lateral.

• Secara kimiawi intact rock yang memiliki sifat

mudah hancur.
• Apabila sebagian besar atau seluruh fragmen
Crushed berukuran sehalus pasir halus dan tidak meng-
alami sementasi kembali, batuan akan bersifat
pasiran pembawa air pada kondisi di bawah muka
airtanah.
 Terzaghi

Kondisi Batuan Keterangan

• Secara perlahan bergerak ke dalam terowongan

tanpa adanya peningkatan volum yang besar.
Squeezing • Dapat terjadi apabila terkandung partikel mineral
rock mika atau lempung dalam jumlah tinggi. Masing-
masing mineral memiliki kapasitas penambahan
volum/mengembang (swelling) yang rendah.

• Bergerak ke dalam terowongan terutama oleh

adanya pemuaian.
Swelling
rock • Kapasitas untuk mengembang terbatas pada batu-
an yang mengandung mineral lempung berupa
montmorilonit.
 Rock Load
Rock Condition RQD
(Hp in ft)
Hard & Intact rock Zero a 95 - 100
Hard Stratified or Schistose 0 – 0,5 B a 90 – 99
Massive, Moderately jointed 0 – 0,25 B a 85 – 95
Moderately Blocky 0,25 B – 0,35 (B + Ht) a
75 – 85
Blocky & & Seamy 0,25 B – 0,20 (B + Ht) b

Seamy Very Blocky

Dikurangi 50%
(0,35 – 1,10) (B +dari
Ht) a nilai awal yang
& Seamy ditentukan Terzaghi, b karena 30 – 75 air
muka
(0,20 – 0,60) (B + Ht)
memiliki pengaruh yang kecil terhadap
1,10 (B batuan.
pembebanan + Ht) a
3 – 30
Crushed (0,60 – 1,10) (B + Ht) b
Sand & Gravel (1,10 – 1,40) (B + Ht) b 0–3
Squeezing Moderate depth (1,10 – 2,10) (B + Ht) a NA
rock Great depth (2,10 – 4,50) (B + Ht) a NA
Mencapai 250 ft,
Swelling rock NA
terlepas dari nilai (B + Ht)

a. Setelah Terzaghi, 1946

b. Modifikasi oleh Deere et al, 1970 & Rose, 1982
Dukungan atap terowongan dengan lebar B (ft) dan tinggi Ht (ft) pada kedalaman lebih dari 1,5 (B + Ht)
Terzaghi -- konsep pembebanan terowongan
 Rock Quality Designation -- RQD

Metode Langsung

Metode Tidak Langsung

Dikembangkan oleh Deere  Deere et al, 1967.

 Membantu dalam menentukan perkiraan kuantitatif

kualitas massa batuan.
Rock Quality Designation -- RQD

Kualitas
No RQD (%)
Batuan
1. < 25 Very poor
2. 25 – 50 Poor
3. 50 – 75 Fair
4. 75 – 90 Good
5. 90 – 100 Excellent
 RQD -- Metode Langsung

 Menunjukkan nilai persentase potongan batuan yang

berukuran panjang 10 cm atau lebih di sepanjang inti
bor.
Ukuran diameter inti bor setidaknya 5,47 cm.
 RQD --
Metode Langsung

 panjang tiap potongan

inti bor  10 cm
RQD = x 100 %
Total panjang inti bor
RQD -- Metode Tidak Langsung

Analisis Seismik

Metode Volumetrik Kekar

 RQD -- Metode Tidak Langsung
• Analisis Seismik
 membandingkan kecepatan gelombang kompresi
insitu (VF) terhadap gelombang kompresi pada inti
batuan utuh (VL).
 diterapkan pada batuan berdimensi besar.

RQD (%) = (VF / VL)2 . 100%

Coon & Merritt , 1970 dalam Bieniawski, 1989

 RQD -- Metode Tidak Langsung
• Metode Volumetri Kekar

 diterapkan apabila tidak terdapat data inti bor.

 ditentukan berdasarkan jumlah diskontinuitas per unit
volum, dengan menambahkan jumlah diskontinuitas per
meter untuk setiap set diskontinuitas.

RQD = 115 – 3,3 Jv

(batuan pipih, panjang tanpa ada lempung)

RQD = 110 – 2,5 Jv

(batuan kubik)

dengan Jv : jumlah total kekar per meter kubik massa batuan.

Palmstrom, 1982 dalam Bieniawski, 1989

 RQD -- Metode Tidak Langsung
• Metode Volumetri Kekar
𝐉 𝟏
Jv = 𝐢=𝟏 𝐒
𝐢

𝐉 𝟏 𝐍𝐫
Jv = 𝐢=𝟏 𝐒 +
𝐢
𝟓 𝐀
(apabila terdapat kekar dengan arah acak)

Jv : jumlah total kekar per meter kubik massa batuan.

J : jumlah total set kekar per meter kubik massa batuan.
Si : rata-rata jarak kekar dalam meter untuk setiap set kekar i.
Nr : jumlah kekar dengan arah acak.
A : luas area, dalam m2.

Palmstrom, 1982 dalam Bieniawski, 1989

RQD -- Metode Tidak Langsung

Jumlah Kekar Derajat

Jv
Acak Kekekaran
2 Sangat rendah <1
3 Rendah 1-3
4 Sedang 3 – 10
5 Tinggi 10 – 30
6 Sangat tinggi 30 - 60
7 Hancur > 60

Palmstrom, 1982 dalam Bieniawski, 1989

 Rock Structure Rating -- RSR

• Metode kuantitatif untuk menentukan kualitsa mssa

batuan dan dukungan yang tepat berdasarkan Klasi-
fikasi Rock Structure Rating.
• Diterapkan pada terowongan kecil dengan dukungan
rangka baja dan shotcrete.

RSR = A + B + C  nilai maximum RSR = 100

Wickham et al, 1972 dalam Engineering Rock Mass Classification

 Rock Structure Rating -- RSR

RSR = A + B + C
Parameter Keterangan

(A) a. Jenis batuan asal

Geologi  penilaian kondisi b. Kekerasan batuan
geologi secara general. c. Struktur geologi
(B)
a. Jarak antar kekar
Geometri  pengaruh pola b. Orientasi kekar (strike/dip)
diskontinuitas terhadap pe-
c. Arah terowongan
nentuan arah terowongan.
a. Penggabungan secara keseluruhan kualitas
(C) massa batuan pada Parameter A & B
Pengaruh aliran airtanah & b. Kondisi kekar
kondisi kekar. c. Jumlah aliran air, dalam galon per menit per
1000 feet

Wickham et al, 1972 dalam Engineering Rock Mass Classification

RSR -- Parameter A : Kondisi geologi

Wickham et al, 1972 dalam Engineering Rock Mass Classification

 RSR -- Parameter B : Pola kekar, arah terowongan

a. Dip : flat: 0 - 20°; dipping: 20 - 50°; and vertical: 50 - 90°

Wickham et al, 1972 dalam Engineering Rock Mass Classification

RSR -- Arah terowongan

Atas. Terowongan dibangun searah

dengan arah kemiringan bidang
diskontinuitas.

Bawah. Terowongan dibangun ber-

lawanan arah dengan arah kemi-
ringan bidang diskontinuitas.

Wickham et al, 1972 dalam Engineering Rock Mass Classification

 RSR -- Parameter C : Kondisi airtanah & kekar

b. Joint condition : good = tight or cemented; fair = slightly weathered or

altered; poor = severely weathered, altered or open.

Wickham et al, 1972 dalam Engineering Rock Mass Classification

 RSR -- Contoh

Batuan metamorf, dalam kondisi keras dan sedikit

terlipatkan/tersesarkan. Massa batuan, terkekarkan dengan
tingkat sedang dan jurus kekar tegaklurus terhadap sumbu
terowongan yang berarah timur – barat dengan arah
terowongan searah kemiringan bidang kekar sebesar 25° - 45 °.
Kekar dalam kondisi cukup baik dengan sedikit mengalami
pelapukan ataupun alterasi. Dijumpai aliran air dengan debit
menengah antara 200 dan 1.000 galon per menit. Tentukan
jenis dukungan yang tepat untuk terowongan tersebut?

1. Nilai parameter A ?
2. Nilai parameter B ?
3. Nilai parameter C ?
 Parameter A : Kondisi geologi

Nilai parameter A ?
Batuan metamorf, dalam kondisi keras dan sedikit terlipatkan/
tersesarkan.
 Parameter B : Pola kekar, arah terowongan

Parameter B ?
Massa batuan, terkekarkan dengan tingkat sedang dan jurus kekar
tegaklurus terhadap sumbu terowongan yang berarah timur – barat
dengan arah terowongan searah kemiringan bidang kekar sebesar
25° - 45 °.
 Parameter C : Kondisi airtanah & kekar

A + B = 22 + 24 = 46

Nilai RSR = A + B + C = 22 + 24 + 16 = 62
Jenis dukungan untuk terowongan,
diameter 24 ft atau 7, 3 meter
(after Wichkman, et al, 1972)

Suatu terowongan
yang dibangun
pada batuan
RSR = 62
metamorf dengan
nilai RSR = 62,
perlu didukung/
diperkuat dengan
shotcrete setebal 2
inci dan dilakukan
pemasangan
rockbolt dengan
diameter 1 inci
setiap 5 ft.
 Q-System

• Developed by Barton, Lien, & Lunde in Norway, 1974.

• Proposed on the basis of an analysis of 212 tunnel case
histories from Scandinavia.
• It is a quantitative classification system & an engi-
neering system faciliting the design of tunnel sup-
ports/other underground excavations.
• Expanded to provide preliminary estimates of rock
mass properties.
Q-System -- Parameters

RQD

Number of joint sets

Roughness of the most unfavorable joint or

discontinuity

Degree of alteration or filling along the weakest

joint

Water inflow

Stress condition
 Q-System

RQD : Rock Quality Designation

Jn : joint set number

RQD Jr Jw Jr : joint roughness number

Q= 𝐱 x
Jn Ja SRF Ja : joint alteration number
Jw : joint water parameter
SRF : Stress Reduction Factor

• Q can be range from Q : 0.001 to 1000 on a logarithmic

rock mass quality scale.
 Q-System (After Barton et al, 1974)

Description
Value
Rock Quality Notes
RQD
Designation

A. Very poor 0 - 25

B. Poor 25 - 50 1. RQD is reported or measured as ≤

10 (including 0), a nominal value of
C. Fair 50 - 75 10 is used to evaluate Q.
2. RQD intervals of 5, i.e. 100, 95, 90
D. Good 75 - 90 etc. are sufficiently accurate.

E. Excellent 90 - 100
 Description Value
Notes
Joint Set Number Jn

A. Massive, no or few joints. 0,5 – 1,0

B. One joint set. 2

C. One joint set plus random. 3

D. Two joint sets. 4 1. Intersections use

(3.0 × Jn)
E. Two joint sets plus random. 6
2. Portals use
F. Three joint sets. 9 (2.0 × Jn)
G. Three joint sets plus random. 12
H. Four or more joint sets, random
15
heavily jointed, 'sugar cube', etc.
J. Crushed rock, earthlike. 20
 Description Value
Notes
Joint Roughness Number Jr

a. Rock wall contact.

b. Rock wall contact before 10 cm shear.
A. Discontinuous joints. 4
B. Rough & irregular, undulating. 3
C. Smooth undulating. 2 1. Add 1,0 if the mean
D. Slickensided undulating. 1,5 spacing of the relevant
joint set is greater than
E. Rough or irregular, planar. 1,5 3 m.
F. Smooth, planar. 1 2. Jr = 0.5 can be used for
planar, slickensided
G. Slickensided, planar. 0,5
joints having lineations,
c. No rock wall contact when sheared. provided that the
lineations are oriented
H. Zones containing clay minerals thick for minimum strength.
1
enough to prevent rock wall contact.
J. Sandy, gravely or crushed zone thick
1
enough to prevent rock wall contact.
 Description Value r degrees
Joint Alteration Number Ja (approx.)
a. Rock wall contact.
A. Tightly healed, hard, non-softening,
0,75
impermeable filling.
B. Unaltered joint walls, surface
1,0 25 – 35
staining only. Values of r,
the residual
C. Slightly altered joint walls, non-
friction angle,
softening mineral coatings, sandy
2,0 25 – 30 are intended as
particles, clay-free disintegrated
an approximate
rock, etc.
guide to the
D. Silty-, or sandy-clay coatings, small mineralogical
3,0 20 – 25 properties of
clay-fraction (non-softening).
the alteration
E. Softening or low-friction clay mine- products, if
ral coatings, i.e. kaolinite, mica, present.
chlorite, talc, gypsum & graphite etc.,
4,0 8 – 16
and small quantities of swelling
clays. (Discontinuous coatings, 1 - 2
mm or less).
Ja --1
 Description Value r degrees
Joint Alteration Number Ja (approx.)
b. Rock wall contact before 10 cm shear
F. Sandy particles, clay-free,
4,0 25 – 30
disintegrating rock etc.
Values of r,
G. Strongly over-consolidated, non-
the residual
softening clay mineral fillings 6,0 16 – 24
friction angle,
(continuous < 5 mm thick).
are intended as
H. Medium or low over-consolidation, an approximate
softening clay mineral fillings 8,0 12 – 16 guide to the
(continuous < 5 mm thick). mineralogical
properties of
J. Swelling clay fillings, i.e. the alteration
montmorillonite, (continuous < 5 products, if
mm thick). Values of Ja depend on 8,0 – 12,0 6 – 12 present.
percent of swelling clay-size
particles, and access to water.

Ja --2
 Description Value r degrees
Joint Alteration Number Ja (approx.)

c. No rock wall contact when sheared

K. Zones or bands of disintegrated or 6,0; 8,0 Values of r,

crushed rock and clay (see G, H & J or 6 – 24 the residual
for clay conditions). 8,0 – 12,0 friction angle,
are intended as
L. Zones or bands of silty- or sandy- an approximate
clay, small clay fraction, non- 5,0 guide to the
softening. mineralogical
properties of
M. Thick continuous zones or bands of 10,0; 13,0 the alteration
clay (see G, H & J for clay or 12 – 16 products, if
conditions). 13,0 – 20,0 present.

Ja --3
 Description Value Approx.
Joint Water Reduction Jw Water Pressure (kgf/cm2)
A. Dry excavation or minor inflow i.e.
1,0 < 1,0
5 L/min locally.
B. Medium inflow or pressure,
0,66 1,0 – 2,5 1. Factors C to F
occasional outwash of joint fillings.
are crude esti-
C. Large inflow or high pressure in mates; incre-
0,5 2,5 – 10,0
competent rock with unfilled joints. ase jw if drai-
nage installed.
D. Large inflow or high pressure, con-
0,33 2,5 – 10,0 2. Special pro-
siderable outwash of joint fillings.
blems caused
E. Exceptionally high inflow or by ice forma-
water pressure continuing without 0,2 – 0,1 > 10,0 tion are not
noticeable decay. considered.
F. Exceptionally high inflow or
water pressure at blasting, 0,1 – 0,05 > 10,0
decaying with time
 Description Value
Notes
Stress Reduction Factor SRF
a. Weakness zones intersecting excavation, which maycause loosening of rock
mass when tunnel is excavated.
A. Multiple occurrences of weakness zones containing
clay or chemically disintegrated rock, very loose 10,0
surrounding rock any depth).
B. Single weakness zones containing clay, or chemi-
5,0 1. Reduce
cally distegrated rock (excavation depth  50 m).
these values of
C. Single weakness zones containing clay, or chemi- SRF by 25 - 50%
2,5
cally distegrated rock (excavation depth  50 m). but only if the
D. Multiple shear zones in competent rock (clay free), relevant shear
7,5 zones influ-
loose surrounding rock (any depth).
ence do not
E. Single shear zone in competent rock (clay free). intersect the
5,0
(depth of excavation  50 m) excavation.
F. Single shear zone in competent rock (clay free).
2,5
(depth of excavation  50 m)
G. Loose open joints, heavily jointed or 'sugar cube',
5,0
(any depth). SRF -- 1
 Value
Description
Notes
Stress Reduction Factor
σc/σ1 σt/σ1 SRF

b. Competent rock, rock stress problems.

2. For strongly
anisotropic
H. Low stress, near surface > 200 > 13 2,5 stress field
(if measured):
When 5 ≤ σ1/
I. Medium stress 200 – 10 13 – 0,66 1,0 σ3 ≤ 10, reduce
σc & σt to 0,8 σc
& 0,8 σt. When
J. High stress, very tight struc- σ1/σ3 > 10,
ture (usually favourable to reduce σc & σt to
10 – 5 0,66 – 0,33 0,5 – 2 0,6 σc & 0,6 σt,
stability, may be unfavour-
(σc : unconfined
able to wall stability)
compressive
strength; σt : ten-
K. Mild rockburst sile strength
5 – 2,5 0,33 – 0,16 5 – 10 (point load);
(massive rock)
σ1 & σ3 : major &
minor principal
L. Heavy rockburst stresses).
< 2,5 < 0,16 10 – 20
(massive rock)
SRF -- 2
 Description Value
Notes
Stress Reduction Factor SRF
c. Squeezing rock, plastic flow of incompetent rock under
influence of high rock pressures. 3. Few case
records avai-
M. Mild squeezing rock pressure . 5 – 10 lable where
depth of crown
N. Heavy squeezing rock pressure . 10 – 20 below surface
is less than
d. Swelling rock, chemical swelling activity depending on span width.
presence of water. Suggest SRF
increase from
O. Mild swelling rock pressure 5 – 10 2.5 to 5 for such
cases (see H).
P. Heavy swelling rock pressure 10 – 15

SRF -- 3
 Q-System

• RQD & Jn : represent the structure of the rock mass

or a relative measure of the block size.
• Jr & Ja : an indicator of the interblock shear
strength (of the joints)
• Jw : a measure of water preassure.
• SRF : a measure of 1) loosening load in the
case of shear zones & clay bearing rock;
2) rock stress in competent rock; and 3)
squeezing & swelling loads in plastic
incompetent rock.
 Classification Prosedures

• Q value : related to tunnel support requirements by

defining the equivalent dimension of the excavation.
• Equivalent dimension : a function of both the size &
the purpose of the excavation,
It is obtained by : dividing the span; diameter or wall
height of the excavation by ESR quantity.
• Excavation Support Ratio (ESR) : the use for which
the excavation is intended & the degree of safety
demanded.
Span or Height (m)
Equivalent Dimension =
ESR
 Excavation Support Ratio & Its Category

Excavation Category ESR

A. Temporary mine openings 3–5
B. Vertical shafts :
Circular section 2.5
Rectangular/square section 2.0
C. Permanent mine openings, water tunnels for hydropower
(excluding high-pressure penstocks), pilot tunnels, drifts,
& headings for large excavation 1.6
D. Storage caverns, water treatment plants, minor highway
& railroad tunnels, surge chambers, access tunnels 1.3
E. Power station, major highway or railroad tunnels, civil
defense chambers, portals intersections 1.0
F. Underground nuclear power stations, railroad stations,
0.8
factories
Estimated support categories based on the tunnelling
quality index Q (After Barton et al., 1974)
 Estimated
support
categories
based on the
tunnelling
Quality
index Q
(After
Grimstad &
Barton, 1993)
• Bolt Length (L) : not specified in support tables, its
determined from equation below :
*B : the excavation width
2 + 0.15 B
Bolt length (L) =
ESR

• Maximum unsupported span, obtained as follows :

Maximum span (unsupported) = 2(ESR) . Q0.4

• The relationship  Q value & the permanent support

pressure Proof , calculated from equation below :
2.0 -1/3
Proof = Q
ESR
• If the number of joint sets is less than 3, the equation :
2 ½ -1 -1/3
Proof = J Jr Q
3 n
Table of Q-System : Support Measures of Q Range 10 to 1000a
Table of Q-System : Support Measures of Q Range 1 to 10a
Table of Q-System : Support Measures of Q Range 0.1 to 1.0a
Table of Q-System : Support Measures of Q Range 0.001 to 0.1a
 Table of Q-System :
Support Measures –
Supplementary Notes
SEKIAN UNTUK HARI INI