Kekuatan Uniaxcial
100 -250 25 - 50 5 - 25
M assa Comp ressive > 250 M p a 50 - 100 M p 1-5Mpa <1Mpa
Mpa a Mpa Mpa
Batuan Strength
Bobot 15 12 7 4 2 1 0
RQD 90 - 100 % 75 - 90 % 50 - 75 % 25 - 50 % < 25 %
Bobot
Kondisi Diskontinuitas
<1m 1-3m 3 - 10 m 10 - 20 m > 20 m
kemenerusan kekar
(persistence)
Bobot 6 4 2 1 0
Bukaan Kekar Tidak ada < 0.1 mm 0.1 - 1.0 mm 1 - 5 mm > 5mm
Bobot 6 5 4 1 0
Kekasaran Kekar Sangat Kasar Kasar Sedikit Kasar Halus Slickensided
Bobot 6 5 3 1 0
M aterial Pengisi Tidak ada Keras < 5 mm Keras > 5 mm Lunak < 5mm Lunak > 5 mm
Bobot 6 4 2 2 0
Pelap ukan Tidak Lap uk Sedikit Lap Lap uk Sangat Lap Hancur
uk uk
Bobot 6 5 3 1 0
Bobot 15 10 7 4 0
RQD =
∑ of length of core pieces>10 cmlength ×100 %
total length of core run
Dalam menghitung nilai RQD, metode langsung digunakan apabila
core los tersedia. Tata cara untuk menghitung RQD menurut Deere
diilustrasikan pada gambar 1. Call & Nicholas, Inc ( CNI ), konsultan
geoteknik asal Amerika, mengembangkan koreksi perhitungan RQD untuk
panjang total pengeboran yang lebih dari 1,5 m. CNI mengusulkan nilai RQD
diperoleh dari persentase total panjang inti bor utuh yang lebih dari 2 kali
diameter inti ( core ) terhadap panjang total pengeboran ( core run ). Metode
pengukuran RQD menurut CNI diilustrasikan pada gambar 2.1.2.
Panjang total pengeboran ( core run ) = 100 cm
Diameter core = 61.11 cm
jumlah panjang core> 10 cm
RQD = ×100 %
panjang core total
28+11+20+25
RQD = × 100 %
100
RQD = 84 %
Panjang total pengeboran ( core run ) = 100 cm
Diameter core = 61.11 cm
jumlah panjang> 2 x panjang diameter core
RQD = ×100 %
panjang core total
28+20+25
RQD = × 100 %
100
RQD = 73 %
Hubungan antara nilai RQD dan kualitas dari suatu massa batuan
diperkenalkan oleh Barton, 1975 dalam Bell, 1992 seperti Tabel 2. 2
Tabel 2. 2 hubungan RQD dengan kualitas massa batuan
RQD ( % ) Kualitas Batuan
<25 Sangat jelek ( very poor )
25-50 Jelek ( poor )
50-75 Sedang ( fair )
75-90 Baik ( good )
90-100 Sangat baik ( excellent )
Keterangan :
j = dip dir. diskontinuitas j = dip diskontinuitas
s = dip dir. lereng s = dip lereng
P = longsoran bidang T = longsoran guling ( toppling )
Besar bobot untuk metode penggalian F4 dijelaskan pada tabel 2.9 dibawah ini :
Tabel 2.9 Pembobotan Metode Penggalian Lereng
Metode Lereng Peledakan Peledakan Peledakan Peledakan
alamiah presplitting smooth mekanis buruk
F4 +15 +10 +8 0 -8
Besar bobot – bobot F1, F2, F3 dan F4 masing – masing menggambarkan :
F1 : Menggambarkan keparalelan antara strike lereng dengan strike diskontinuitas
F2 : Menerangkan hubungan sudut dip diskontinuitas sesuai dengan model
longsoran
F3 : Menggambarkan hubungan sudut dip lereng dengan dip diskontinuitas
F4 : Faktor penyesuaian untuk metode penggalian yang tergantung pada metode
yang digunakan pada waktu membentuk lereng
Untuk memilih jenis perkuatan lereng yang sesuai dalam mencegah terjadinya
keruntuhan pada lereng batuan, digunakan sistem Slope Mass Rating ( SMR ). jenis – jenis
perkuatan yang dapat digunakan untuk usaha stabilisasi lereng batuan dapat dibagi menjadi
sembilan kelas yang berbeda ( Romana, 1985 )
Tip e Formula Diskontinuitas Sangat baik Baik Biasa Tidak baik Sangat
tidak
Lb= (αj - αs ) baik
Lg= (αj - αs )- Derajat > 30˚ 30 - 20˚ 20 - 10˚ 10 -5˚ < 5˚
F1
180
Lb = Lg Bobot 0,15 0,40 0,70 0,85 1,00
Lb = βj Derajat < 20 ˚ 20 - 30 ˚ 30 - 35 ˚ 35 - 45 ˚ 45 ˚
F2 Lb Bobot 0,15 0,40 0,70 0,85 1,00
Lg Bobot 1 1 1 1 1
Lb= βj – βs Derajat 10 ˚ 10 - 0 ˚ 0˚ 0 - 10 ˚ < -10 ˚
F3 Lg= βj – βs Derajat <110 ˚ 110 - 120 ˚ > 120 ˚ - -
Lb = Lg Bobot 0 -6 -25 -50 -60
Lb = l ongs ora n bi da ng αs = Strike lereng
Keterangan : Lg = l ongs ora n gul i ng βs = Di p l e re n g
αj = Stri ke d i s kon ti n u i ta s βj = Dip diskontinuitas
Tabel 2.10 Rekomendasi jenis perkuatan lereng untuk setiap kelas Slope
Mass Rating ( SMR ) ( Romana, 1985 )
Kelas Nilai SMR Support
Ia 91-100 None
Ib 81-90 None atau scaling
IIa 71-80 ( None.Toe ditch atau fence ), spot bolting
IIb 61-70 Toe ditch atau fence, nets, spot atau
systematic bolting
IIIa 51-60 Toe ditch dan atau nets, spot atau systematic
bolting, spot shotcrete
IIIb 41-50 ( Toe ditch dan atau nets ), systematic bolting.
Anchors, systematic shotcrete toe wall dan
atau dental concrete
Iva 31-40 Anchors, systematic shotcrete, toewall dan
atau concrete, ( reexcavation ) drainage
IVb 21-30 Systematic reinforced shotcrete, toewall dan
atau concrete, reexcavation, deep drainage
Va 11-20 Gravity atau anchored wall atau reexcavation
Referensi (in english)
To apply the geomechanics classification system, a given site should be divided into
a number of geological structural units in such a way that each type of rock mass is
represented by a separate geological structural unit. The following six parameters
(representing causative factors) are determined for each structural unit:
Condition of Discontinuities
This parameter includes roughness of discontinuity surfaces, their separation, length
of continuity, weathering of the wall rock or the planes of weakness, and infilling
(gouge) material. Tables 6.4 and 6.5 illustrate the ratings for discontinuities. The joint
set, which is oriented unfavorably with respect to a structure (tunnel or cavern),
should be considered along with spacing of the discontinuities.
Groundwater Condition
For tunnels, the rate of inflow of groundwater in liters per minute per 10 m length of
the tunnel should be determined, or a general condition may be described as
completely dry, damp, wet, dripping, or flowing. If actual water pressure data are
available, these should be stated and expressed in terms of the ratio of the seepage
water pressure to the major principal stress. The ratings according to the water
condition are shown in Table 6.6.
Ratings of the above five parameters (seen in Tables 6.1 to 6.6) are added to obtain
the basic rock mass rating, RMRbasic.
Orientation of Discontinuities
Orientation of discontinuities refers to the strike and dip of discontinuities. The strike
should be recorded with reference to magnetic north. The dip angle is the angle
between the horizontal and discontinuity plane taken in a direction in which the plane
dips. The value of the dip and the strike should be recorded as shown in Table 6.7.
The orientation of tunnel axis or slope face or foundation alignment should also be
recorded. The influence of the strike and dip of discontinuities is considered with
respect to the direction of tunnel drivage, slope face orientation, or foundation
alignment. To decide whether or not the strike and dip are favorable, reference
should be made to Tables 6.8 and 6.9, which provide a quantitative assessment of
critical joint orientation effect regarding tunnels and dam foundations, respectively.
Once the rating for the effect of the critical discontinuity is known, as shown in Table
6.9, the sum of the joint adjustment rating and the RMRbasic can be obtained. This
number is called the “final RMR.”
Keep in mind that the effect of orientation in a rough-dilatant joint is not as important
in tunnels, according to Table 6.10. That is why the orientation of joints is ignored in
the Q-system of the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI; Chapter 8). The effect of
orientation of joints is more important for rafts. It is most important in rock slopes for
which slope mass rating (SMR) is recommended (Chapter 18). The cut slopes of the
trench before the tunnel should be classified according to SMR and not RMR or Q.
Research is needed to devise a new table to assess joint orientation for shafts not
included in Table 6.8. Research should also be done for the assessment of joint
orientation for foundations of buildings and silos and so forth on the basis of Figure
20.1,
because Table 6.9 is only valid for dam foundations, which are subjected to a high
horizontal hydraulic force.